The Impact of Meso-Scale Eddies on the Subtropical Mode Water in the Western North Pacific

Based on the temperature and salinity from the Argo profiling floats and altimeter-derived geostrophic velocity anomaly (GVA) data in the western North Pacific during 2002-2011, the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (NPSTMW) distribution is investigated and cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies (CEs and AEs) are constructed to study the influence of their vertical structures on maintaining NPSTMW. Combining eddies identified by the GVA data and Argo profiling float data, it is found that the average NPSTMW thickness of AEs is about 60 dbar, which is thicker than that of CEs. The NPSTMW thicker than 150 dbar in AEs accounts for 18%, whereas that in CEs accounts for only 1%. About 3377 (3517) profiles, which located within one diameter of the nearest CEs (AEs) are used to construct the CE (AE). The composite AE traps low-PV water in the center and with a convex shape in the vertical section. The 'trapped depth' of the composite CE (AE) is 300 m (550 m) where the rotational velocity exceeds the transitional velocity. The present study suggests that the anticyclonic eddies are not only likely to form larger amounts of NPSTMW, but also trap more NPSTMW than cyclonic eddies.

Case study on the three-dimensional structure of meso-scale eddy in the South China Sea based on a high-resolution model

Meso-scale eddies are important features in the South China Sea（SCS）. The eddies with diameters of 50–200 km can greatly impact the transport of heat, momentum, and tracers. A high-resolution wave-tide-circulation coupled model was developed to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS in this study. The aim of this study is to examine the model ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations The simulated Sea Surface Height（SSH） anomalies agree with the observed the AVISO SSH anomalies well. The simulated subsurface temperature profiles agree with the CTD observation data from the ROSE（Responses of Marine Hazards to climate change in the Western Pacific） project. The simulated upper-ocean currents also agree with the main circulation based on observations. A warm eddy is identified in winter in the northern SCS. The position and domain of the simulated eddy are confirmed by the observed sea surface height data from the AVISO. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilation.The three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddy in the SCS is analyzed using the model result. It is found that the eddy center is tilted vertically, which agrees with the observation. It is also found that the velocity center of the eddy does not coincide with the temperature center of the eddy. The result shows that the model has the ability to simulate the meso-scale eddy in the SCS without data assimilations. Further study on the forming mechanism and the three-dimensional structure of the meso-scale eddies will be carried out using the model result and cruise observation data in the near future.

Study on circulation and meso-scale eddies in the South China Sea in summer of 1998

By using wide scope ADCP data which were got during SCSMEX (South China Sea Monsoon Experiment) period in the summer of 1998, and comparing these data with numerical modelling result, the distribution and variation characteristics of the circulation and meso-scale eddies in the South China Sea (SCS) were studied. The results show that: (1) in the SCS, 18 different scale eddies or motion systems with characteristics similar to meso-scale eddy were found during the investigation; (2) a strong westward current was found in the south of the Taiwan Shoal; (3) the energy of those eddies west of 114°E was much stronger than that of the east;(4) and there exist many powerful meso-scale eddies in the Nansha region south of 12°N. The distributions of numerous eddies reflect the complexity of the circulation in the SCS. It seems that the formation of those eddies should be caused by joint work of wind, coast feature, bottom topography, water density, inertial force and continental shelf waves.

Vertical structure and evolution of the Luzon Warm Eddy

Eddies are frequently observed in the northeastern South China Sea （SCS）. However, there have been few studies on vertical structure and temporal-spatial evolution of these eddies. We analyzed the seasonal Luzon Warm Eddy （LWE） based on Argo float data and the merged data products of satellite altimeters of Topex/Poseidon, Jason-1 and European Research Satellites. The analysis shows that the LWE extends vertically to more than 500 m water depth, with a higher temperature anomaly of 5℃ and lower salinity anomaly of 0.5 near the thermocline. The current speeds of the LWE are stronger in its uppermost 200 m, with a maximum speed of 0.6 m/s. Sometimes the LWE incorporates mixed waters from the Kuroshio Current and the SCS, and thus has higher thermohaline characteristics than local marine waters. Time series of eddy kinematic parameters show that the radii and shape of the LWE vary during propagation, and its eddy kinetic energy follows a normal distribution. In addition, we used the empirical orthogonal function （EOF） here to analyze seasonal characteristics of the LWE. The results suggest that the LWE generally forms in July, intensifies in August and September, separates from the coast of Luzon in October and propagates westward, and weakens in December and disappears in February. The LWE＇s westward migration is approximately along 19°N latitude from northwest of Luzon to southeast of Hainan, with a mean speed of 6.6 cm/s.

Impact of warm mesoscale eddy on tropical cyclone intensity

The spatial-temporal patterns of tropical cyclone(TC) intensity changes caused by the warm ocean mesoscale eddy(WOME) distribution are evaluated using two sets of idealized numerical experiments. The results show that the TC was intensified and weakened when a WOME was close to and far away from the TC center, respectively.The area where the WOME enhanced(weakened) TC intensity is called the inner(outer) area in this study.Amplitudes of the enhancement and weakening caused by the WOME in the inner and outer area decreased and increased over time, while the ranges of the inner and outer area diminished and expanded, respectively. The WOME in the inner area strengthened the secondary circulation of the TC, increased heat fluxes, strengthened the symmetry, and weakened the outer spiral rainband, which enhanced TC intensity. The effect was opposite if the WOME was in the outer area, and it weakened the TC intensity. The idealized simulation employed a stationary TC, and thus the results may only be applied to TCs with slow propagation. These findings can improve our understanding of the interactions between TC and the WOME and are helpful for improving TC intensity forecasting by considering the effect of the WOME in the outer areas.

台风右侧暖涡对台风“鲇鱼”的响应

基于多源观测数据,分析了台风右侧暖涡对2010年南海台风“鲇鱼”的响应,发现了意料之外的暖涡增强和海水下沉现象。台风“鲇鱼”过境期间,暖涡海面高度距平(SLA)最大值从30 cm增加至36 cm、半径从78 km增大至116 km、涡动能从166 m^(2)s^(2)增加至303 m^(2)s^(2)、振幅从3 cm增大至9 cm,台风右侧暖涡边缘的Argo站位处温跃层海水下沉20~40 m。为此,诊断分析了台风风应力旋度对暖涡的单独作用,结果显示暖涡及暖涡边缘的Argo站位处总体受正风应力旋度作用,正风应力旋度将使暖涡减弱、温跃层抬升,与观测到的暖涡增强和海水下沉结果不符。而基于实际海面流场的诊断分析表明,台风“鲇鱼”过境期间台风路径下方的海水辐散,路径右侧暖涡区域海水辐聚,暖涡SLA最大值、涡旋振幅均与辐聚强度呈正相关,Argo站位处海水下沉29 m,都与观测结果相符。个例分析研究表明,位于台风路径外围的中尺度涡对台风的响应不仅受风应力旋度的作用,还受海洋背景环境条件的调制,存在着需要深入研究的过程和机制。

南海北部夏季浮游植物群落对中尺度涡物理过程的响应

为了分析南海北部浮游植物群落对中尺度暖涡的响应,于2021年夏季在南海北部海域布设了19个大面站,采集浮游植物水样,并分析浮游植物丰度、群落特征指数,以及水体叶绿素极大值层和营养盐浓度分布等,结果表明:共鉴定出隶属于3门82属的307种浮游植物,其中甲藻和硅藻为该海域主要的浮游植物类群,分别有176种(33属)和129种(48属),优势种为菱形海线藻(Thalassionema nitzschioides)、菱形藻属(Nitzschia spp.)、环沟藻属(Gyrodinium spp.)、斯克里普藻属(Scrippsiella spp.);在中尺度暖涡中心,叶绿素极大值层(Deep Chlorophyll Maximum, DCM)相比边缘区域更深,营养盐浓度分布也呈现类似特点;中尺度涡的物理过程对浮游植物群落结构产生显著影响,表现为暖涡中心区域的浮游植物丰度低于边缘区域。斯皮尔曼相关性分析(Spearman Correlation Analysis)表明,在暖涡中心区域,随着温度升高,硅藻丰度开始降低,且硅藻在中心区域的丰度低于边缘区域;相比之下,甲藻在中心区域的丰度高于边缘区域。进一步分析硅甲藻优势种的分布特征可知,菱形海线藻,菱形藻在暖涡中心区域的丰度要小于边缘区域,而环沟藻、斯克里普藻则相反。通过对暖涡区域群落特征指数的分析发现,从边缘区域到中心区域,物种多样性显著降低,物种分布趋于均匀。本研究可为探索浮游植物对中尺度涡响应提供基础资料。

A Comparison of Polar Vortex Response to Pacific and Indian Ocean Warming

During recent decades, the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean has become increasingly warmer. Meanwhile, both the northern and southern hemispheric polar vortices （NPV and SPV） have exhibited a deepening trend in boreal winter. Although previous studies have revealed that the tropical Indian Ocean warming （IOW） favors an intensifying NPV and a weakening SPV, how the tropical Pacific Ocean warming （POW） influences the NPV and SPV remains unclear. In this study, a comparative analysis has been conducted through ensemble atmospheric general circulation model （AGCM） experiments. The results show that, for the Northern Hemisphere, the two warmings exerted opposite impacts in boreal winter, in that the IOW intensified the NPV while the POW weakened the NPV. For the Southern Hemisphere, both the IOW and POW warmed the southern polar atmosphere and weakened the SPV. A diagnostic analysis based on the vorticity budget revealed that such an interhemispheric difference in influences from the IOW and POW in boreal winter was associated with different roles of transient eddy momentum flux convergence between the hemispheres. Furthermore, this difference may have been linked to different strengths of stationary wave activity between the hemispheres in boreal winter.

Effects of Kuroshio intrusion optimization on the simulation of mesoscale eddies in the northern South China Sea

The impacts of Kuroshio intrusion(KI) optimization on the simulation of meso-scale eddies(MEs) in the northern South China Sea(SCS) were investigated based on an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model by comparing two numerical experiments with differences in their form and intensity of KI due to the optimizing topography at Luzon Strait(LS). We found that a reduced KI reduces ME activities in the northern SCS, which is similar to the observations. In this case, the biases of the model related to simulating the eddy kinetic energy(EKE) west of the LS and along the northern slope are remarkably attenuated. The reduced EKE modeling bias is associated with both the reduced number of anti-cyclonic eddies(AEs) and the reduced amplitude of cyclonic eddies(CEs). The EKE budget analysis further suggests that the optimization of the KI will change the EKE by changing the horizontal velocity shear and the slope of the thermocline, which are related to barotropic and baroclinic instabilities, respectively. The former plays the key role in regulating the EKE in the northern SCS due to the changing of the KI. The EKE advection caused by the KI is also important for the EKE budget to the west of the LS.

South China Sea Warm Pool in Boreal Spring

During the boreal spring of 1966, a warm-core eddy is identified in the upper South China Sea (SCS) west of the Philippines through an analysis of the U.S. Navy′s Master Oceanographic Observation Data Set. This eddy occurred before the development of the northern summer monsoon and disappeared afterward. We propose that this eddy is a result of the radiative warming during spring and the downwelling due to the anticyclonic forcing at the surface. Our hypothesis suggests an air-sea feedback scenario that may explain the development and withdrawal of the summer monsoon over the SCS. The development phase of the warm-core eddy in this hypothesis is tested by using the Princeton Ocean model.

A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KUROSHIO FRONTAL EDDY IN THE EAST CHINA SEA IN SPRING

The Kuroshi’o front eddy’s surface and sectional isothermal distribution characteristics were analyzed on the basis of observation data obtained in April 13-16 of 1989 in the East China Sea. It was found from the similarity between these isothermal distributions with those in January and beginning of June for the years 1986-1990 that the Kuroshio front eddy often occurred from March to the beginning of June. The Kuroshio front eddy movement in the East China Sea in spring was along two routes: the Okinawa Trough route, and the continental shelf slope route. The two moving routes both in the surface layer and in the section are described, their causes are discussed, and differences are compared.

Living coccolithophores in the western Pacific Ocean with mesoscale eddies

Living coccolithophores(LCs)are regarded as a group of calcifiers and play important roles in global carbon cycle.This study used microscopic observations of LCs in the western Pacific Ocean to investigate their community structure and biodiversity,especially to test whether local physical traits(mesoscale eddies)could explain their biogeographic distributions during autumn of 2017.The coccolithophore calcite inventory based on carbon-volume transformation was estimated in this study.A total of 28 taxa of coccospheres and 19 types of coccoliths were identified from 161 samples.Gephyrocapsa oceanica was the most predominant species in all the coccolithophore community,followed by Florisphaera profunda,Emiliania huxleyi,Umbilicosphaera sibogae,Gladiolithusflabellatus and Umbellosphaera tenuis.The abundance of coccospheres and coccoliths ranged from 0 to 26.8×10^(3)cells/L and from 0 to 138.5×10^(3)coccoliths/L,averaged at 4.2×10^(3)cells/L and 10.9×10^(3)coccoliths/L,respectively.This study indicated that coccolithophore community in the survey area can be clustered into four groups.Three ecological niches of coccolithophores were characterized by their vertical profiles and multivariate statistical analysis.Coccolithophore abundance and species composition were remarkably different among warm-eddy region,G.oceanica dominated warm-eddy region,while F.profunda dominated warm-eddy and none-eddy region.The average values of estimated particulate inorganic carbon,particulate organic carbon were0.197μg/L and 0.140μg/L,respectively.The current field study widened the dataset of coccolithophores in western Pacific Ocean.

2017-2018年河南宝天曼天然栎林碳水通量观测数据集

基于微气象学理论的涡度相关通量观测技术,直接测定了亚热带暖温带过渡区天然栎林生态系统尺度的生产力、能量分配和水分利用等功能和过程,为研究森林生态系统碳水循环过程机理提供了重要的数据基础。本研究选取位于河南宝天曼森林生态站的天然栎林作为研究对象,使用涡度相关系统和环境梯度系统进行长期定位观测,并对2017年1月至2018年12月的监测数据进行了整理、质量控制和分析。本数据集包括空气温湿度、土壤温湿度、风速、风向、光合有效辐射、向上/向下的短波辐射、向上/向下的长波辐射、净辐射、显热通量、潜热通量和碳通量等观测指标,形成了半小时、日尺度、月尺度和年尺度的数据产品,以期为研究亚热带-暖温带过渡区典型森林生态系统对气候变化的响应和适应及其机制提供数据基础。

气候变暖下全球大洋大、中尺度过程变化

【目的】研究大尺度海洋运动以及中尺度海洋过程受气候变暖影响所产生的变化。【方法】通过计算全球绝对动力高度(ADT)的方差确定海平面在1993-2014年振荡幅度的变化。【结果和结论】ADT方差的增加趋势表明全球海洋的波动和地转流的增强。将全球绝对动力高度(ADT)分为两个不同部分:全球3 a平均海表面高度(MSS)和残余绝对动力高度(RADT),以确定不断增加的波动在何种尺度上占主导地位。在全球变暖大背景下这两部分表现出不同的变化趋势。MSS方差的增加可归因于全球海平面的不均匀上升和太平洋海洋环流的增强,而RADT方差变化趋势接近于0,这表明海洋中尺度信号无明显增强或减弱。通过引入信息熵以及对全球ADT分布的研究,发现全球ADT呈类高斯分布,信息熵的增加趋势表明极端海平面的出现频率增加。

人工高效经营雷竹林CO_2通量估算及季节变化特征

利用涡度相关技术观测高效经营雷竹林生态系统的1a碳通量变化过程,初步计算分析了碳收支以及影响的环境因子。数据结果表明,雷竹林系统全年碳收支情况为碳汇,固碳能力小于毛竹林和杉木林,同时也小于水稻田和北方农田。全年净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)为-126.303Cg.m-.2a-1,生态系统呼吸(RE)为1108.845 Cg.m-.2a-1,生态系统总交换量(GEE)为-1235.15Cg.m-.2a-1。其中冬季(12月—2月)覆盖时为碳源,其余月份为碳汇。各月碳吸收量以11月最高,6月次之,呈双峰变化,碳排放量以1月为最高。计算全年平均固碳效率为11%,12—2月为负值,11月最高33%。生态系统呼吸呈单峰变化,以夏季最高,冬季覆盖提高地温后生态系统呼吸随之增加,全年RE受温度影响显著成指数关系。人工经营下温度是影响雷竹林CO2通量过程的主要因素,同时大量有机物覆盖增加了碳排放。

南黄海冷涡沉积和通道沉积的发现

为解决南黄海及东海北部的沉积环境和物质来源问题,1992年5月对黄海和济州岛西南的泥质沉积进行了多方面调查和研究,发现济州岛西南、南黄海中部和北黄海西部泥质沉积区,分别与那里的冷涡活动区相对应。因此,这些泥质沉积应属于“冷涡沉积”;而在冷涡之间又出现连接它们的“通道”,形成了具有特殊结构的“通道沉积”,它分布于黄海暖流之下,呈南北向延伸。表明冷涡沉积和通道沉积是受控于冷涡、黄海暖流及其相关的环流体系。

1997年夏季西北太平洋环流模拟

采用 1 997年 7月中日副热带环流合作调查资料 ,即“向阳红 1 4”号、“东方红”两调查船CTD观测资料、日本TK和IK断面资料以及GTSPP同步资料 ,应用开边界情形的MOM 2模式计算了西北太平洋 2 1 875°～ 35 1 2 5°N ,1 2 0 875°～ 1 37 1 2 5°E范围的环流 ,主要结果如下 :在此期间 ,(1 )黑潮在台湾以东并不存在东分支流向琉球群岛以东海域 ;(2 )东海黑潮的流量约为 30× 1 0 6 m3/s,日本以南黑潮流量最大约为 70× 1 0 6 m3/s;(3)在 2 1 875°～ 2 5°N之间大约有 1 5× 1 0 6 m3/s的流量向西流去 .速度分布与流函数分布均表明这一支向西的海流大约在冲绳岛西南分为 3支 ,主要分支转向东北沿冲绳岛以东海域向东北流去 ;(4)琉球海流主要来自上述西向海流 .

三维斜压模式对冬季南海环流的数值计算

用一个三维、自由表面、原始方程模式对南海环流进行了计算 .计算结果表明 :黑潮在巴士海峡以西呈一反气旋弯曲流动路径 ,有一相对高温高盐的水舌从巴士海峡伸入南海 ,表明有部分黑潮水侵入南海 .冬季南海的一些观测事实在模式结果里得到了很好的反映 ,像冬季逆风向东北方向流动的“南海暖流”和一些中尺度涡旋 .同时还分析了巴士海峡沿 1 2 0 75°E断面的流速和盐度的垂直结构 ,并同观测结果进行了比较 .根据模式结果 ,我们还进一步讨论了“南海暖流”的形成和驱动机制 .

中尺度涡诱导的陆架上升流

台湾东北海域 NOAA卫星 AVHRR反演的 MCSST图像表明 ,黑潮进入东海时产生的中尺度暖涡对上升流 (或冷涡 )有明显的调制作用。为证实这一现象 ,我们通过对中尺度暖涡流场结构分析 ,提出了中尺度暖涡诱导陆架上升流的必然性。利用有耗散的层结流体中的慢环流理论 ,导出了由中尺度涡诱导的陆架上升流流场解析表达式 。

中国南海西部浮游植物对中尺度涡的响应

2011-09应用高效液相色谱分离技术并结合CHEMTAX软件研究了中国南海西部冷涡和暖涡区浮游植物的群落结构组成。结果表明,南海西部优势类群为定鞭金藻、聚球藻和原绿球藻。中尺度涡影响了总叶绿素a(Chl-a)的垂直分布和浮游植物群落组成,暖涡使叶绿素最大层下移,但冷涡并未使叶绿素最大层上移;同时,暖涡区定鞭金藻贡献量减少,原绿球藻和聚球藻贡献量增加,而冷涡区硅藻贡献量增加,聚球藻贡献量减少。中尺度涡并未显著影响南海西部浮游植物优势类群的优势地位,但其对水柱积分生物量的影响不同,暖涡区总叶绿素a显著增加,而冷涡区总叶绿素a无显著变化。