Studies of the Variability of Primary Metabolites in the Epicarp, Mesocarp and Seed of Dacryodes edulis Fruit at Taste Maturity

The fruits of Dacryodes edulis are rich in biologically active substances, which makes them of great interest in terms of validation. In this study, we targeted the primary metabolites in the epicarp, the mesocarp and the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis at taste maturity, which were selected for their nutritional quality and its appreciation throughout the Gulf of Guinea area, which is very popular because of its large size, texture and special taste. The evaluation of total carbohydrates, total lipids and soluble proteins in the epicarp, mesocarp and seed of the fruit at taste maturity was made from spectrophotometer measurements. The overall analysis of the results of the present study shows that total carbohydrates, total lipids and proteins accumulate more in the seed with respectively 251.33 ± 1.15 mg/g DM;9.92 ± 0.201 mg/g DM and 55.075 ± 0.024 mg/g DM. Likewise, the results indicate low concentrations of total carbohydrates and total lipids in the epicarp with respectively 245 ± 1 mg/g DM and 4.77 ± 0.047 mg/g DM, on the other hand, it is the mesocarp which presents the lowest content of soluble proteins: 28.075 ± 3.231 mg/g DM. This variation could be linked to the nature of the compartment, more particularly to the storage location. This comparative study could lead to the valorization of the seed of the fruit of Dacryodes edulis for its richness in metabolites and arouse significant interest in nutrition.

Identification of Genes Related to Mesocarp Development in Cucumber

Cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)is an agriculturally and economically important vegetable crop worldwide.The thickness of mesocarp is an important quality pertaining to edibility.The development of mesocarp,however,has received little attention.In this study,we selected one thick mesocarp line D8 to analyze the gene expression profiles of mesocarp at 0,3,6,and 9 days after pollination(DAP)by RNA sequencing.Genes mainly related to ribosomes,carbon metabolism,biosynthesis of amino acids,and oxidative phosphorylation were up-regulated at 3 DAP.From 3 to 6 DAP,the genes related to oxidative phosphorylation,photosynthesis,and phagosome were highly induced.From6 to 9 DAP,the genes related to plant hormone signal transduction were highly induced.Differentially expressed genes linked to cyclin,hormone biosynthesis and signaling,carbon metabolism,and transcription factors MYB and WRKY were common up-regulated at 3,6,9 DAP in comparison with 0 DAP.The auxin-responsive and cytokinin-responsive genes were significantly up-regulated in mesocarp development.The higher expression levels of the auxin-responsive gene indole-3-acetic acid-amido synthetase 3.6 and the cytokinin response regulator 3/4b in the thick mesocarp cultivar D8 than in the thin mesocarp cultivar XUE1 might have explained the different growth rates of the mesocarp.

Morphogenesis of Oil Palm Fruit （Elaeis guineensis Jacq.） in Mesocarp and Endocarp Development

This work aims to study the development of the pericarp of the fruit of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. var. dura. The thickness, the water and the oil contents of its tissues are evaluated every two weeks, from pollination to the maturity of the fruit. The development of the oil palm fruit takes 5.5 months. The endocarp reaches its maximum thickness at the 70th DPP （day post-pollination）, with a water content of 72%. It then starts its dehydration, while sclerifying. It therefore isolates the seed at start and later protects it. The mesocarp is visible at anthesis and its water content is close to 92%. From the 100th DPP, it begins a continuous dehydration associated, from the 130th DPP, with an active lipids biosynthesis. Ultimately, the pericarp of the oil palm fruit fulfills both functions, namely to protect the seed by early sclerification of the endocarp and ensure the dissemination of the species by the high oil content of the mesocarp. A comparative anatomy of the pericarp tissues of the three genotypes.of E. guineensis Jacq., during the first three weeks of fruit development, will enhance the understanding of the primary effect of sh gene.

Effects of <i>Raphia sudanica</i>Mesocarp and Arrowroot (<i>Tacca involucrata</i>) Flour Incorporation on the Chemical Composition of Sorghum Composite Spaghetti

Obesity and food allergy (celiac disease) are serious public health problems, which should be addressed through encouraging the consumption of foods with high amount of low digestible carbohydrates and gluten free. Obesity arises through an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, so it is important for products to have a balanced nutritional composition. Spaghetti is low in sodium, iron, fat, lysine, threonine and vitamins but a rich source of complex carbohydrates. The study evaluated the mineral elements, phytochemical, amino and fatty acids composition and sensory properties of sorghum/Raphia sudanica/Tacca involucrata spaghetti. The iron, zinc, potassium and calcium contents of the composite spaghetti samples increased with every 5% addition of Raphiasudanica mesocarp flour while the magnesium and sodium contents decreased. The total flavonoids, polyphenols, amino and fatty acids contents were also elevated with every 5% addition of Raphia sudanica mesocarp flour. Spaghetti sample 200:50:100 g was generally the most accepted by consumers. Raphia sudanica mesocarp flour is a rich source of mineral elements, polyphenols, amino and fatty acids. Its use as a food fortificant may improve the nutritional and health status of man.

Estimation of Peanut Maturity Using Color Image Analysis

Peanuts pods grow underground and mature unevenly, resulting that choosing the correct time to harvest is more complicated than other crops. Pod maturity can be determined by blasting with a pressure washer to remove outer skin of the pod (exocarp) to expose the color of the middle layer (mesocarp). The mesocarp color changes with maturity from white to yellow, orange, brown and finally black. The sum of percentage from orange, brown, and black mesocarp (OBB) color and black color (BL) represents the kernels that are mature enough to harvest. The goal of this research is to identify methodologies to estimate OBB and BL of the pods using RGB images taken in the field and validate the proposed model using other pod images. The Mahalanobis distance classification method was used to process sets of images and calculate pod area (number of pixels) corresponding to two classes (mesocarp and background) with nine different color groups. The results showed a performance of 94% effectiveness for mesocarp using Mahalanobis distance classification. Statistical regression for OBB and BL was developed based on 315 images of peanut pods taken from the field. The R2 and root mean square error of predicted and actual OBB were 0.93 and 4.1%, respectively. The R2 and root mean square error of predicted and actual BL were 0.88 and 1.8%, respectively. The validation of OBB using other images provided reasonable estimation (R2 = 0.98 and RMSE = 2.73%). This study introduces a novel, cost-effective, and non-destructive method for estimating peanut maturity using RGB imagery and Mahalanobis distance classification in the field. This innovative approach addresses the limitations of traditional methods and offers a robust alternative for real-time maturity assessment.

不同含油量油梨果肉的转录组、生理生化和细胞学水平差异分析

【目的】分析不同含油量油梨果肉的转录组、生理生化和细胞学水平差异,为挖掘油梨果肉脂肪酸合成过程的相关基因及油梨新品种选育提供参考依据。【方法】以3个油梨品种Hass、RL-1和RL-2成熟果肉为试验材料,采用IlluminaHiSeq2500测序平台完成测序,以|log2FoldChange|>1和P<0.05为标准,通过DEGseq(v2)获得差异表达Unigenes,通过韦恩图和火山图分析3个比较组(RL-1vsHass、RL-2vsHass和RL-2vsRL-1)差异表达Unigenes,并进行GO功能注释、KEGG信号通路富集和聚类分析,采用实时荧光定量PCR验证转录组测序结果,测定3个油梨品种的含油量,采用激光共聚焦技术在40倍物镜下观察油梨成熟果肉中的油体。【结果】3个油梨品种成熟果肉的转录本中,在至少2个样品间有显著差异的Unigenes共19007条(P<0.05,下同);在3个比较组间相对表达量有明显差异的Unigenes共3000个。在RL-2 vs Hass比较组中有9个功能条目显著富集,RL-1 vs Hass比较组中只有细胞组分类别下的3个功能条目显著富集;仅2个KEGG信号通路在RL-2 vs Hass比较组中显著富集。筛选到32条参与油梨果肉脂肪酸合成的差异表达Unigenes;聚类分析结果显示,差异表达Unigenes表达模式分为2组。实时荧光定量PCR验证结果表明转录组测序数据可靠。3个油梨品种成熟果肉含油量排序为Hass>RL-2>RL-1,油梨果肉油体差异观察结果显示,Hass成熟果肉中油体较大,最大的直径达15~20μm。【结论】筛选到与油梨果肉脂肪酸成分合成相关的32条差异表达Unigenes,其中5条Unigenes[PaPDH(E1β)、PaACP4-1、PaACP4-2、PaSAD(FAB2)和PaFaTA]在3个油梨品种成熟果肉中的相对表达量较高。

桃果肉组织异常木栓化现象浅析

【目的】近年来,在福建产区发现桃果肉组织出现异常木栓化的现象,对此现象进行观测研究,为该症状的诊断及其防控技术的研发提供理论参考。方法采集果肉组织异常木栓化的晚熟“红花鹰嘴桃”果实进行症状观察、病原菌培养、矿质营养元素检测和组织切片染色。【结果】桃果肉组织异常木栓化早期果皮无明显症状,去皮后可见果肉白斑;晚期果皮可见黄斑、凹陷,果肉组织呈海绵状且褐化加剧。果肉异常木栓化组织经PDA培养基培养,未产生菌丝亦无明显菌落形态且无异味;果肉异常木栓化组织的Ca、Zn、N等矿质营养元素含量显著低于健康组织,而P、B、Mo等矿质营养元素含量显著高于健康组织;荧光检测技术诊断显示果肉异常木栓化组织的木栓质累积加强。【结论】桃果肉组织异常木栓化可能是一种果实生理性病害,其果肉异常木栓化组织的Ca等矿质营养元素含量降低,而木栓质累积增加。

水分胁迫对柑橘果皮细胞壁结构与代谢的影响

研究水分胁迫下,盆栽‘暗柳橙(Citrus Sinensis Osbeck cv.Anliu)’的果实成熟期果皮细胞壁超微结构、细胞壁物质成分、细胞壁代谢相关酶活性的变化规律及其之间关系。结果表明,在果实发育成熟期,果皮细胞壁代谢相关水解酶果胶酶、纤维素酶、果胶甲酯酶的活性随着水分胁迫的加强而增加,多酚氧化酶活性与果胶酶活性变化趋势相反,果皮细胞壁代谢相关成分离子结合型果胶、共价结合型果胶、半纤维素、纤维素的含量随着水分胁迫的加强而降低,水溶性果胶含量随着水分胁迫的加强而增加,果皮细胞壁超微结构随着水分胁迫的加强而加速解体。

柚中果皮水不溶性膳食纤维对胆固醇的吸附研究

测定了柚中果皮水不溶性膳食纤维（IDF）的持水力和膨胀力,探讨了吸附时间及温度、IDF用量及粒径和胆固醇浓度与胆固醇吸附量的关系。结果显示,柚皮IDF具有良好的持水和膨胀特性,其持水力和膨胀力分别为19.12 g/g和20.88 ml/g;IDF对胆固醇具有较强的吸附作用,其吸附的适宜条件为：IDF用量0.1-0.2 g,胆固醇浓度1.2-1.5 mg/ml,吸附达最大的时间为90-120 min;IDF的粒径可明显影响其对胆固醇的吸附能力,粒径越小,吸附量越大;低温有利于吸附,37℃时IDF对胆固醇的吸附量为18.44 mg/g;IDF对胆固醇的吸附规律符合Freun-dlich方程,吸附方式包括物理吸附和化学吸附。

沙田柚果皮精油、中果皮和果核提取物的抗氧化活性研究

用硫氰酸铁法测定了沙田柚外果皮精油、中果皮和果核提取物在亚油酸体系中的抗氧化活性 ,发现沙田柚中果皮的乙醚提取物和果核的乙酸乙酯提取物对亚油酸的过氧化抑制率高达 99.17%和 92 .5 5 % ,它们的抗氧化活性前者高于丁基羟基茴香醚 (BHA)而后者与BHA相当 ;果皮精油对亚油酸的过氧化抑制率为 5 5 .2 4% ;

花生荚果不同成熟度对籽仁品质性状的影响

本研究以高油酸大花生品种"花育963"为材料,利用气相色谱(gas chromatography,GC)技术和近红外光谱(near infrared reflectance spectroscopy,NIRS)分析技术对不同成熟度花生籽仁8种脂肪酸成分、含油量、蛋白质含量以及有害脂肪酸含量进行检测,结果表明,未成熟荚果籽仁基豆油酸含量显著高于先豆;棕榈酸、亚油酸、花生烯酸、山嵛酸含量显著低于先豆。成熟荚果基豆和先豆的油酸含量均相应显著高于未成熟荚果的基豆和先豆,而成熟荚果基豆亚油酸、山嵛酸含量显著低于未成熟荚果基豆,其先豆棕榈酸、亚油酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、山嵛酸含量则显著低于未成熟荚果先豆;成熟荚果单仁果油酸含量显著高于未成熟荚果单仁果,其亚油酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、山嵛酸和二十四碳烷酸含量显著低于未成熟荚果单仁果。籽仁含油量随着荚果成熟呈上升趋势,并且成熟荚果籽仁基豆含油量极显著高于先豆。蛋白质含量在未成熟荚果籽仁基豆、先豆和单仁果之间差异不大,成熟和过成熟荚果籽仁基豆都极显著低于先豆。有害脂肪酸含量随着荚果成熟总体呈下降趋势,相同成熟度荚果籽仁基豆显著低于先豆。本研究证明高油酸表型在"花育963"不同成熟度荚果中可稳定表达,同时可为花生脂肪酸遗传育种和花生适宜的收获期确定提供参考。

柑橘生物酶法脱囊衣技术研究

本实验进行了生物酶法脱除柑橘囊衣的优化工艺条件研究。同时利用扫描电镜观察了酶解过程中囊衣结构变化。结果表明,复合酶制剂脱囊衣的优化酶解工艺为酶浓度0.35%(g/L)、变电频率40Hz、pH4.5、在40℃下酶解50min。柑橘生物酶法脱囊衣桔瓣呈现优良的外观,组织紧密和光泽好。

葡萄果实发育过程中果肉细胞超微结构的观察

用透射电镜观察了“巨峰”葡萄(Vitis vinifera×V.labrusca)果实3个发育时期中果肉细胞超微结构的变化。果实第一次快速生长期的果肉细胞超微结构表现出物质和能量代谢旺盛的特点。缓慢生长期的果实虽外部形态平静少变,但果肉细胞超微结构表现出深刻的变化:细胞核形状特化为裂瓣状是最显著的特点;线粒体数目丰富;粗面内质网槽库膨大形成的囊泡富集,出现向液泡汇融和向质膜靠近的现象;质膜内陷;液泡膜完整。另外,原生质也出现一些降解的现象。但总体结构特点表明果肉细胞在此期处于十分活跃的物质周转代谢和信息交换过程中。果实第二次快速生长期果肉细胞超微结构表现出衰老降解的特点,但线粒体结构依然完整,数量仍然丰富,原生质膜也保持了很好的完整性,这似乎与维持第二次快速生长或成熟有关。

椰子中果皮4种微量元素含量动态规律的研究

对椰子果的中果皮Fe、Cu等4种微量元素的动态变化规律进行研究,并对不同果龄及不同品种间的微量元素含量进行比较和相关性分析。结果表明,椰子果在发育阶段,中果皮Mn、Cu、Zn的含量均呈降低趋势,且与果串发育程度呈显著正相关;所测4种微量元素中Fe含量最高,Cu含量最低。本地高种椰子的中果皮Mn、Cu、Zn含量间均呈极显著的正相关;小黄椰子的中果皮Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量间均呈极显著正相关。相同果龄椰子果的中果皮Mn和Zn的含量在2个品种间没有显著差异。

疏花对大久保桃中果皮细胞分裂与膨大的影响

研究了大久保桃树〔Prunuspersica(L.)Batsch.‘Okubo’〕疏花后果实生长发育期间果皮细 胞分裂与膨大的变化。结果表明:果皮细胞分裂一直持续到盛花后6周。疏花明显促进了花后3周内幼果 中果皮的细胞分裂,增加了果实中果皮细胞层数和果皮厚度,这是导致成熟果实体积增大的主要原因。

椰子中果皮K、Ca、Na、Mg含量变化规律研究

研究了本地高种和小黄椰子中果皮K、Ca、Na、Mg含量的动态变化规律,结果表明:在椰果发育过程中,2个品种的椰果中果皮K、Mg含量呈现下降的趋势,Na呈增加的趋势,Ca在本地高种中表现出下降的趋势,而在小黄中无明显变化;2个品种同果串中果皮K、Ca含量以本地高种较高,Na、Mg含量则以小黄较高。2个品种中果皮Na与K、Mg、Ca含量均呈负相关,其中本地高种Na与Ca含量呈极显著负相关;2个品种中果皮K、Ca、Mg含量之间均呈正相关,其中本地高种的K与Mg含量呈极显著正相关。

油梨PaWRI1和PaWRI2基因的克隆、序列分析及表达研究

以‘哈斯’油梨(PerseaamericanaMill.)为试材,通过RACE及RT-PCR技术分别克隆得到2个AP2/EREBP类转录因子WRI1和WRI2基因的c DNA全长,分别命名为PaWRI1(GenBank登录号:MH367865)和PaWRI2(GenBank登录号:MH367866)。其中,PaWRI1基因全长为1 396 bp,含1 155 bp开放阅读框,编码384个氨基酸;PaWRI2基因全长为1 782 bp,含1 287 bp开放阅读框,编码428个氨基酸。PaWRI1和PaWRI2基因属于AP2/EREBP类转录因子家族,其编码氨基酸序列中分别均存在2个和1个典型的AP2/ERF DNA结合位点。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明:在油梨果实发育过程中,果肉中PaWRI1基因的相对表达量始终快速上升,PaWRI2基因的相对表达量先少量下降,而后缓慢上升;PaWRI1基因相对表达量变化与油脂积累的变化较一致,PaWRI2基因相对表达量变化与油脂积累的变化不一致。因此,推测在油梨果实发育过程中,果肉中PaWRI1基因可能参与调控油脂积累过程。

柑桔不同去囊衣方法对囊瓣质量的影响

本文研究了柑桔三种不同去囊衣方法对囊瓣的营养成份和外观品质的影响。磷酸盐一碱法处理囊瓣的各种营养成份保存率最高，酸碱法次之，酶法最低。酸法处理囊瓣的破碎率较低，感观质量也优于其他两种方法．

芸香科Citrus属部分药用植物中果皮细胞的显微观察

目的 :阐明CitrusL .属部分药用植物中果皮细胞的显微特征 ,纠正以往文献报道的一些失实之处。方法 :生药显微观察和显微摄影。结果 :发现该属植物中果皮细胞多为分枝状薄壁细胞组成 ,有巨大细胞间隙 ,为海绵组织 ,其细胞壁加厚多不明显 。