Fatigue damage evaluation by metal magnetic memory testing

Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of Hp(x),throughout the fatigue process were presented and analyzed.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed after loading; Hp(y) curves rotated clockwise and Hp(x) curves elevated significantly with the increase of fatigue cycle number at the first a few fatigue cycles,both Hp(y) and Hp(x) curves were stable after that,the amplitude of abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak value of Hp(x) increased more quickly after fatigue crack initiation.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) at the notch reversed again after failure.The characteristics were found to exhibit consistent tendency in the whole fatigue life and behave differently in different stages of fatigue.In initial and crack developing stages,the characteristics increased significantly due to dislocations increase and crack propagation,respectively.In stable stage,the characteristics remained constant as a result of dislocation blocking,K value ranged from 20 to 30 A/(m·mm)-1,and Hp(x)M ranged from 270 to 300 A/m under the test parameters in this work.After failure,both abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed,K value was 133 A/(m·mm)-1 and Hp(x)M was-640 A/m.The results indicate that the characteristics of Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals were related to the accumulation of fatigue,so it is feasible and applicable to monitor fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components using metal magnetic memory testing(MMMT).

Metal magnetic memory testing for early damage assessment in ferromagnetic materials

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of metal magnetic memory testing, both the influences of earth magnetic field and applied stress on magnetic domain structure were discussed. Static tension and fatigue tests for low carbon steel plate specimens were carried out on hydraulic servo testing machine of MTS810 type and magnetic signals were measured during the processes by the type of EMS-2003 instrument. The results indicate that the initial magnetic signals of specimens are different before loading. The magnetic signals curves are transformed from initial random to regular pattern due to the effect of two types of loads. However, the shape and distribution of magnetic signal curves in the elastic region are different from that of plastic region in tension test. While in fatigue test those magnetic signals curves corresponding to different cycles are similar. The H_p(y) value of magnetic signals on the fracture zone increases dramatically at the breaking transient time and positive-negative magnetic poles occur on the two parts of fracture zone.

Characterization of Stress Concentration by Tangential Component Hp(x) of Metal Magnetic Memory Signals

The correlation between the stress concentration and the spontaneous magnetic signals of metal magnetic memory(MMM) was investigated via tensile tests. Sheet specimens of the Q235 steel were machined into standard bars with rectangular holes to obtain various stress concentration factors. The tangential component Hp(x) of MMM signals and its related magnetic characteristic parameters throughout the loading process were presented and analyzed. It is found that the tangential component Hp(x) is sensitive to the abnormal magnetic changes caused by the local stress concentration in the defect area. The minimum magnetic field is positively correlated to the magnitude of the load and the distance from the notch. The tangential magnetic stress concentration factor presents good numerical stability during the entire loading process, and can be used to evaluate the stress concentration factor. The results obtained will be a complement to the MMM technique.

Variation regularity of metal magnetic memory signals with inspecting time-interval and location

Influences of inspecting time-interval and location on varying behavior of metal magnetic memory (MMM) signals of defects were studied. Different areas in two precracked weldments were inspected at different time-intervals by type TSC-1M-4 stress-concentration magnetic inspector to obtain MMM signals. Mechanisms of MMM signals varying behavior with inspecting time and space were analyzed and discussed respectively. It is found that MMM signals don't change with inspecting time-interval, since stress field and magnetic leakage field maintain unchanged at any time after welding. On the other hand, MMM signals differ greatly for different inspecting locations, because stress field and magnetic leakage field are unevenly distributed in defective ferromagnetic materials.

Quantitative Detection of Corrosion State of Concrete Internal Reinforcement Based on Metal Magnetic Memory

Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rate
of the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.

基于磁记忆技术的海洋出水铁质文物状态评估与监测——以南海Ⅰ号出水铁器为例

为评估南海Ⅰ号出水铁器的保存状态,运用磁记忆检测技术对铁条(锻钢)进行4通道双分量线扫,对比了置于大气环境中三年后未经保护修复和经过保护修复铁条的保存状态;对铁锅残片(过共晶白口铸铁)进行4通道单分量面扫,并与X射线照相结果进行比较。研究结果表明:磁记忆检测与X射线照相结果相匹配,良好指示裂隙、锈蚀发展区,能有效检出海洋出水铁器内部风险程度较高的应力集中区。风险位置的判据为:(1)磁场强度法向分量方向相对于基线改变,切向分量出现极值;(2)磁场梯度值高,超过检测区段均值的四倍。风险程度量化评估参数为:(1)磁记忆信号特征值,如磁场强度、磁场梯度(G)的平均值、最大值、峰-谷值等;(2)理论应力集中系数m=G_(max)/G_(ave)。量化评估参数的值越大,表明铁质文物的风险程度越高。磁记忆技术能对铁质文物病害的发生和发展进行早期预警,为海洋出水铁质文物的保存状态评估和监测、保护修复流程的安全性监测和有效性评估提供便捷有效的手段,为文物保护工作提供有力的参考。

MMM testing and failure analysis of fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover

To avoid the serious accidents caused by the failure fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover,a new nondestructive testing(NDT) technology,metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing,was applied to safety evaluating and failure analyzing for the fastening bolts.Based on the dynamic stress calculation of the failure bolts,MMM testing was carried out at workshop.Given are the MMM stress distribution characteristics of the failure bolts and fracture faces.It has been found that the MMM signal variation amplitude of the crack transition zone in the fracture surface is minimal,that of the crack initiation zone is in the middle,and that of the tear fracture zone is maximal.The failure reasons were analyzed with MMM effect.The results of the metallographic examination showed that the validity and feasibility of MMM testing and failure analysis.This means MMM technology is a new,fast and validity method of failure analysis.

考虑残余应力影响的典型钢结构对接焊缝缺陷定位研究

对接焊缝为典型的钢结构焊缝形式,其位置处的裂纹和气孔型缺陷的准确检测对于钢结构维护有着重要的意义,使用磁记忆检测技术对焊缝裂纹和气孔型缺陷进行定位时,传统的零点极值理论由于焊接残余应力的影响,难以区分残余应力、焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷所产生的磁信号,从而在实际检测中造成缺陷定位的误判和漏判,因此,从焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷和残余应力所在区域磁信号产生机理的不同入手,开展考虑残余应力影响下的焊接裂纹和气孔型缺陷定位检测研究。首先对焊接残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生磁信号的机理进行分析,提出采用三维磁模量梯度极值判定方式来区分残余应力与裂纹和气孔型缺陷产生的磁信号;其次再进行焊接缺陷有限元COMSOL模拟,将所得磁信号代入梯度极值特征公式中进行表征判断;最后为了验证模拟表征判断的准确性,人工制作焊接钢板,提取三维磁信号进行分析。研究结果表明,理论分析、数值模拟与试验结果相互吻合,三维磁模量梯度极值能定位焊接缺陷并定量表征缺陷的长度,且裂纹和气孔型的三维磁模量梯度值远远高于无缺陷残余应力区域的梯度值。

金属磁记忆检测技术在双金属复合管道上的探索应用

采用双金属复合管被认为是解决高腐蚀性油气田地面集输管线腐蚀问题的一种相对安全的办法,但目前国内应用过程中存在管道失效及检测难等问题。金属磁记忆检测技术应用于检测埋地双金属复合管,并通过对磁异常危险等级较高位置进行开挖验证,配合测厚和磁饱和-脉冲涡流等无损检测技术,取得了良好的应用效果。检测结果明确了金属磁记忆检测技术在一定程度上可以满足埋地双金属复合管的应力集中程度检测需求,有一定的推广价值。

20钢板焊缝缺陷的磁记忆检测

与磁粉检测和射线检测相比,磁记忆检测灵敏度更高,利用金属磁记忆技术对20钢板的焊缝缺陷进行无损检测评价。研究表明:磁记忆检测法能够有效表征钢板的焊缝缺陷;与磁场强度参数相比,磁场梯度对焊缝缺陷更为敏感,表现为在被测4块钢板的焊缝缺陷处,其磁场梯度的法向分量均出现了明显增加、并呈凸峰状,且在焊缝一些局部应力集中处,也出现了异常磁记忆信号。在实际应用时,可以利用磁记忆检测快速的特点,先对被测构件焊缝的异常信号进行提取,同时与其他无损检测进行比较,有效实现提高缺陷检测准确性与可靠性的目的。

机器学习在金属磁记忆检测中的应用与展望

金属磁记忆检测技术(MMMT)能够检测以应力集中为代表的早期损伤,在铁磁性构件损伤检测领域具有广阔的应用前景。由于金属磁记忆检测信号十分微弱并且具有较强的非线性,在实际检测时容易出现漏检或误检。机器学习方法对信号数据集特征分析具有良好的自学习和自适应性能力,较适合金属磁记忆检测信号的分析与处理。对机器学习技术在金属磁记忆检测中的应用进行了综述,讨论了金属磁记忆信号传统特征提取方法的特点,分析了机器学习在金属磁记忆检测中的特征提取、定量识别及剩余寿命预测等方面的研究现状,指出了机器学习在金属磁记忆检测领域的难点问题,并对其发展方向进行了展望。

金属磁记忆检测技术的现状与发展

金属磁记忆检测是目前无损检测领域的最新技术 ,适用于铁磁性金属构件失效的早期诊断 ,在疲劳强度和寿命评估研究中极具潜力。介绍了金属磁记忆效应的概念及国内外磁记忆检测技术的现状 ,分析了磁记忆检测技术的特点和发展趋势 ,总结了目前磁记忆检测领域的研究进展。

不同检测环境下磁记忆信号变化研究

通过开展中碳45#钢试件的静载拉伸实验,采用磁记忆检测技术,研究了在线及离线2种检测环境下、不同加载阶段试件磁信号变化情况。结果显示:对应不同的检测环境,检测得到的试件磁信号差别显著。在线检测时试件周围磁环境对检测准确性影响较大,磁记忆检测判据——“过零点”失去作用;离线检测时检测效果良好,过零点能够反映试件应力集中部位。同时,对实验过程中的磁场强度变化及过零点漂移现象进行了理论分析。

疲劳损伤磁性无损评估技术研究现状及发展前景

磁性无损检测技术是评估铁磁材料疲劳损伤以及重要结构件可靠性的重要检测手段。针对铁磁材料的疲劳损伤,介绍了几种典型的磁性无损检测技术,如磁巴克豪森噪声(MBN)、磁声发射(MAE)、漏磁(MFL)和金属磁记忆(MMM)等,对其产生机理及应用特点进行了概述;对几种磁性检测技术在疲劳损伤评估领域的研究现状以及取得的主要研究成果进行了综述;最后指出几种技术尚存的问题和进一步的研究方向,并对其发展前景进行预测。

中低碳钢静拉伸时磁记忆效应的实验研究

研究静拉伸情况下低碳X70管线钢和中碳45#钢的金属磁记忆效应.对X70钢试件进行了拉伸前后的金属磁记忆检测,总结了拉伸至塑性变形后试件表面磁场强度零值线的分布变化规律.在对45#钢所做的静拉伸实验中,发现磁记忆检测方法对于压磁效应具有一定的敏感性,为在弹性区域内检测应力的变化提供了可能性.

50MW汽轮机断裂叶片及断口的磁记忆研究

从断裂叶片及断口应力分布研究及评估的角度,在对事故叶片进行动、静应力分析基础上,进行了现场50MW汽轮机断裂叶片及断口应力分布的磁记忆检测,研究了断裂叶片及断口应力分布的磁记忆信号特点。结果表明,叶片型线部分出气侧较进气侧磁感应强度过零点信号多,形状复杂;叶根部分断口上出气侧裂纹起始区磁感应强度变化幅度很大,而中间过渡区幅值变化最小,进气侧瞬断区的幅值变化最大且具有过零点的特征。这些磁记忆数值记录了叶片断裂过程的应力变化和分布,磁记忆检测结果与盲孔法应力分布检测结果有较好的一致性。

焊缝两种典型缺陷的磁记忆特征对比

为了将金属磁记忆检测技术应用于焊缝不同典型缺陷的定性和定量评价上,对Q235钢未焊透和固体夹渣两种缺陷进行实验研究,通过比较0、150和230 kN不同载荷级别下的磁记忆信号检测结果,提取了焊缝未焊透和夹渣两种缺陷的不同磁记忆信号特征,结果表明,未焊透的磁记忆特征信号波宽D的变化更为突出,而固体夹渣的磁记忆特征信号梯度K变化明显,并进一步从磁记忆机理的角度加以推导分析.分别以相应载荷级别下焊缝X射线检测结果作为依据,验证了磁记忆特征信号在焊缝缺陷种类确定和缺陷严重程度定量评价上的可行性与有效性.

基于金属磁记忆检测和涡流检测技术的大型振动筛下横梁裂纹检测方法

讨论了振动筛下横梁裂纹的振动检测方法,但尚无法确定裂纹的位置和大小。根据振动筛下横梁裂纹检测的难点和要求,提出了金属磁记忆检测和涡流检测技术相结合的振动筛下横梁早期裂纹故障快速检测方法。实验研究和工业应用表明该检测方法有效可行,可实现振动筛下横梁早期裂纹故障的快速检测,减少甚至避免突发性事故的发生,降低洗煤厂由此造成的经济损失。

铁路专用金属磁记忆检测仪的研制及初步应用

阐述金属磁记忆的基本原理。介绍MTR 1型铁路专用金属磁记忆检测仪的研制内容和主要功能。检测仪由主机和检测小车两部分组成。给出检测仪主要技术参数。在10个厂段、总长为1820m、81个焊接接头的钢轨检测应用试验中,磁记忆检测技术显示出良好的重复性和规律性。初步试验表明,它有望成为一种新的探测金属材料或设备的早期失效或故障的有效手段。

鼓风机叶轮快速断裂的检测及失效分析

针对焦化厂鼓风机叶轮运行近15d后产生穿透性裂纹、并延伸至叶轮半径2/3处的严重断裂事故,采用具有早期缺陷诊断功能的金属磁记忆新技术及其他多种手段,从宏观力学及微观机理角度对其进行综合性能评定及失效分析。研究结果表明,叶轮材料强度、韧性均过低,且韧性指标分散性大、同类型试样的韧性指标最大值与最小值之间相差3倍多;金相组织晶粒粗大,断口表现为脆性开裂。沿叶轮的断裂与非断裂面分别进行磁记忆扫描,磁场强度分析表明,断裂面内存在两处具有明显应力集中的危险源。分析表明,锻造及锻后热处理不良造成了快速疲劳断裂。最后,结合5年中3次叶轮断裂事故,对失效原因进行了相关性分析。