The Friction and Wear Properties of the Spherical Plain Bearings with Self-lubricating Composite Liner in Oscillatory Movement

A test method based on the condition simulation and a friction and wear test machine featuring in oscillatory movement were set up for self-lubricating spherical plain bearings (SPB). In the machine the condition parameters such as load, angle and frequency of oscillation and number of test cycles can be properly controlled. The data relating to the tribological properties of the bearing, in terms of friction coefficient, linear wear amount, temperature near friction surface and applied load, can be monitored and recorded simultaneously during test process by a computerized measuring system of the machine. Efforts were made to improve the measurement technology of the friction coefficient in oscillating motion. In result, a well-designed bearing torque mechanism was developed, which could reveal the relation between the friction coefficient and the displacement of oscillating angle in any defined cycle while the curve of friction coefficient vs number of testing cycles was continuously plotted. The tribological properties and service life of four kinds of the bearings, i.e, the sampleⅠ-Ⅳ with different self-lubricating composite liners, including three kinds of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fiber weave/epoxy resin composite liners and a PTFE plastic/copper grid composite liner, were evaluated by testing, and the wear mechanisms of the liner materials were analyzed.

Rare metal-bearing pegmatites from the Southeastern Desert of Egypt:Geology,geochemical characteristics,and petrogenesis

The pegmatite province of the Southeastern Desert (SED) is part of a pegmatite district that extends from Egypt (extends to 1200 km2). Rare metal pegmatites are divided into (1) unzoned, Sn-mineralized; (2) zoned Li, Nb, Ta and Be-bearing; and (3) pegmatites and pegmatites containing colored, gem-quality tourmaline. The Rb/Sr data reflect a crustal origin for the rare metal pegmatites and indicate that the original SED magma was generated during the peak of regional metamorphism and predates the intrusion of post-tectonic leucogranites. These bodies developed an early border zone consisting of coarse to very coarse muscovite+quartz+alkali feldspar, followed by an intermediate zone of dominant quartz+feldspar+muscovite rock. Garnet, tourmaline, beryl, galena, pyrite, amblygonite, apatite and monazite are rare accessories in both zones. Cassiterite tends to concentrate in replacement zones and along fractures in albite+quartz+muscovite-rich portions. The highest concentrations of cassiterite occur in irregular greisenized zones which consist dominantly of micaceous aggregates of green Li-rich muscovite, quartz, albite and coarse-grained cassiterite. The different metasomatic post-solidification alterations include sodic and potassic metasomatism, greisenization and tourmalinization. Geochemically, the pegmatite-generating granites have a metaluminous composition, showing a differentiation trend from coarse-grained, unfractionated plagioclase-rich granite towards highly fractionated fine- to medium-grained, local albite-rich rock. Economically important ore minerals introduced by volatile-rich, rare metal-bearing fluids, either primarily or during the breakdown of the primary mineral assemblages, are niobium-tantalum oxides, Sn-oxides (cassiterite), Li-silicates (petalite, spodumene, euctyptite, and pollucite), Li-phosphates (amblygonite, montebrasite and lithopilite) and minor REE-minerals (Hf-zircon, monazite, xenotime, thorian, loparite and yttrio-fluorite). The pollucite is typically associated with spodumene, petalite, amblygonite, quartz and feldspar. The primary pollucite has Si/Al (at) ratios of 2.53-2.65 and CRK of 79.5- 82.2. Thorian loparite is essentially a member of the loparite (NaLREETi2O6)-lueshite (NaNbO3)-ThTi2O6-ThNb4O12 quaternary system with low or negligible contents of other end-member compositions. The mineral compositionally evolved from niobian loparite to niobian thorian and thorian loparite gave rise to ceriobetafite and belyankinite with high ThO2 contents. Thorian loparite is metamict or partly metamict and upon heating regains a structure close to that of synthetic loparite NaLaTi2O6.

NONFERROUS METALS AND PLAIN BEARINGS

The definition of a plain bearing is given.The requirements for bearing materials are pro-posed.The historical perspective and recent development of the bearing materials are intro-duced,and the performances of current bearing materials are

Heavy Metals and the Alternate Bearing Effect in the Date Palm (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>)

The alternate bearing effect is when plants produce abundant crops of fruit in some years, but sparse yields in others. This review summarises recent studies that suggest a connection between the alternate bearing effect in the date palm, Phoenix dactylifera, and the presence of certain chemical elements (mostly metals) in the tree tissues. So far, there is evidence that levels of Ag, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Se, Tl, and Zn in the dates and leaflets are affected by the alternate bearing phenomenon. The significance of this work, therefore, emphasises the prospect of using our experimental data to overcome sparse yields, due to the alternate bearing effect, and producing more prolific growth of fruits. The potential agricultural, economic, environmental and health implications of these findings are considered.

Modeling and verification of comprehensive errors of real-time wear-depth detecting for spherical plain bearing tester

Because of various error factors,the detecting errors in the real-time experimental data of the wear depth affect the accuracy of the detecting data.The self-made spherical plain bearing tester was studied,and its testing principle of the wear depth of the spherical plain bearing was introduced.Meanwhile,the error factors affecting the wear-depth detecting precision were analyzed.Then,the comprehensive error model of the wear-depth detecting system of the spherical plain bearing was built by the multi-body system theory(MBS).In addition,the thermal deformation of the wear-depth detecting system caused by varying the environmental temperature was detected.Finally,according to the above experimental parameters,the thermal errors of the related parts of the comprehensive error model were calculated by FEM.The results show that the difference between the simulation value and the experimental value is less than 0.005 mm,and the two values are close.The correctness of the comprehensive error model is verified under the thermal error experimental conditions.

Role of Rare Earth in Low Sulphur Nb-Ti-Bearing Steel

The effect of rare earth on the microstructures, mechanical properties and inclu sions in low sulphur Nb-Ti-bearing steel were investigated. It is shown that t h e transverse yield point, the traverse tensile strength and elongation of testin g steels decrease initially and then rise with increasing content of rare earth. The impact energy values of the testing steels exhibit a contrary trend. Proper amount of rare earth in the steels can improve the anisotropy of impact toughne ss above -20 ℃ and it does not affect the type of microstructures which ar e st ill composed of ferrites and pearlites, but the pearlite amount increases. On one hand, rare earth cleans the molten steel and reduces the amount of inclusions; on the other hand, rare earth makes the inclusions spheroidizd, refi ned and dispersed, and thus improves the distribution of inclusions.

Preparation of Scandium Bearing Master Alloys by Aluminum Magnesium Thermoreduction

The new preparation method of scandium bearing master alloys, in which scandium oxide was fluorinated by reaction with NH 4HF 2 and then reduced by aluminum magnesium in fused salt containing alkali and alkaline fluoride under atmosphere, was studied. The effect of sorts of metallic reductive and technique conditions such as reducing temperature and time on the recovery of Sc was discussed. When the liquid aluminum magnesium was used as the reductive agent, the all recovery exceeds 80% and the concentration of Sc in master alloy prepared exceeds 1.9%. The best reducing reaction temperature and time are 1100 K and 40 min respectively. The newly produced Sc from reduction combines with Al to produce the stable compound Al 3Sc, so the reduction progress is sustained and the recovery of Sc is increased.

Flexible metal–organic frameworks based self-lubricating composite

To expand the use of metal–organic frameworks(MOFs)based self-lubricating composite,flexible MOFs MIL-88D has been studied as a nanocontainer for loading lubricant.In this work,the mechanism of oleamine adsorption and desorption by MIL-88D was investigated through molecular simulations and experiments.Molecular simulations showed that the oleamines can be physically adsorbed into open MIL-88Ds with the Fe and O atoms of MIL-88D interacting with oleamine NH2-group.Higher temperature can cause Ole@MIL-88D to release more oleamines,while higher pressure on Ole@MIL-88D caused less oleamines released.Moreover the Ole@MIL-88D was incorporated into epoxy resin(EP)for friction tests.The optimum mass ratio of MIL-88D to EP is 15 wt%,and the EP/Ole@MIL-88D prefers light load and high frequency friction.This work suggests that flexible MOFs can be used as a nanocontainer for loading lubricant,and can be used as a new self-lubricating composite.

Microstructure and tribological behavior of the nickel-coated-graphitereinforced Babbitt metal composite fabricated via selective laser melting

To improve the properties of Babbitt alloys,Ni-coated-graphite-reinforced Babbitt metal composite specimens were prepared via selective laser melting(SLM),and the composites microstructures,mechanical properties,and tribological properties were studied through scanning electron microscopy(SEM),shear testing,and dry-sliding wear testing,respectively.The results showed that most of the nickel-coated graphite(NCGr)particles were distributed at the boundaries of laser beads in the cross section of the SLM composite specimens.Microcracks and microvoids formed at the boundaries of laser beads where NCGr particles accumulated.Both the shear strength and the friction coefficient of the SLM composite specimens decreased with increasing NCGr content.The shear strength and the friction coefficient of the SLM composite sample with 6 wt%NCGr were approximately 20%and 33%lower than those of the NCGr-free sample,respectively.The friction mechanism changed from plastic shaping furrow to brittle cutting with increasing NCGr content.A practical Babbitt material with a lower friction coefficient and sufficient strength can be obtained by controlling the NCGr particle dispersion;this can be achieved by choosing NCGr particles with a thicker Ni layer and precisely controlling the laser energy input during the SLM process.

煤系中关键金属元素的成矿作用研究进展与展望

煤系中关键金属元素的赋存状态、分布规律、成矿机制以及有效提取和综合利用的研究是近10年来煤地质学等相关领域的研究前沿和热点问题,国内外学者在煤系中关键金属矿床的发现,关键金属元素赋存状态,成矿物质来源、迁移、富集和保存,开发利用潜力评价,精细勘查技术研发,关键元素的分离提取等方面取得了重要研究进展,为煤系关键金属矿产资源的开发利用奠定了坚实的理论和技术基础,同时在揭示与煤系关键金属相关重大地球科学问题方面取得了长足进展。本文结合国内外近些年来的进展,对煤系中关键金属元素(主要是锗、镓、锂、铌、锆等)的成矿作用进行了总结和凝练,指出了存在的问题及其解决方案和思路。

Effect of Ti on the microstructure and mechanical properties of MAG multipass weld metal

Metal active gas （ MAG） welding has been carried out on microalloy controlled rolling steel （S355J2W） by two kinds of welding wires with different Ti content. The mechanical tests have been carried out on the welded joint. The optical microscope and scanning electron microscope （SEM） observations have been performed to investigate the effect of microalloy element Ti on the microstructure of weld metal and impact fracture, respectively. The microstrueture of the MAG multipass weld metal includes the columnar grain zone （CGZ） consisting of primary ferrite （ PF）, ferrite with second phase （FS） and acicularferrite （AF）, and the fine grain zone （FGZ） consisting of polygonal ferrite due to the heat effect of subsequent welding pass. It has been found that the small amount of Ti can significantly increase the impact energy of the weld metal at low temperature and weakly affect tensile strength of welded joint. By adding small amount of Ti, the inclusions have changed from Mn-Si-O inclusions to Ti-bearing inclusions, which causes the Mn-depleted zones（MDZs） much larger and is beneficial to the impact energy by promoting the AF formation, refining the PF and pinning the austenite grain boundary during the subsequent transformation process.

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查理论与技术体系框架探讨

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型的建立,是实现煤系战略性金属元素向金属矿产转变的前提条件,煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查基础理论与关键技术研究,则是建立协同勘查模型的核心任务。从煤系战略性金属元素的基本特点分析入手,论证了实施煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查的必要性;通过对协同勘查概念演变历史的梳理,阐明了煤炭综合勘查与协同勘查的关系,认为协同勘查是综合勘查的继承和发展,强调2种或多种矿产综合勘查过程中的协调有序和科学组织,其核心是协同组织勘查工程、协同实施关键技术。在论述煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查原则的基础上,初步提出煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查理论与技术方法体系框架,作为建立煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型的基础。煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查应以煤系战略性金属元素富集成矿机制、组合类型与赋存规律研究为前提条件,以煤地质学、矿床学、地球化学、地球物理学、勘查工程学等多学科理论为基础,以精准钻探、精细物探和精细化探等关键技术构成的协同勘查技术体系为支撑,以固体矿产勘查规范等标准为工作依据,遵循固体矿产资源勘查和综合勘查及单矿种勘查的一般性原则,以及研究先行、技术有效、精细勘查、动态调整、分区施策、协调同步等原则,协同组织勘查工程、协同实施关键技术,实现煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查的最佳技术效益和最佳经济效益的平衡,在完成煤炭地质勘查任务的基础上,查明共伴生战略性金属矿产的地质特征和开发地质条件,获得相应的资源量或元素分布特征,为煤系矿产资源综合开发利用提供地质依据。煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查值得关注并深入研究的核心问题包括:协同勘查对象的确定,勘查技术的选择和协同实施,勘查工程的协同部署,资源量的科学估算。

大尺寸均质化M50轴承钢坯的构筑成形

针对大尺寸M50轴承钢锭中液析碳化物粗大的问题,提出采用金属构筑成形技术制备大尺寸均质化M50轴承钢坯的新思路。通过基元加工、真空封焊、高温变形、保温扩散和多向锻造工艺制备了80 mm×80 mm×1000 mm的M50轴承钢构筑坯料。拉伸和疲劳性能的试验结果表明,M50轴承钢构筑界面实现了完全冶金结合,其力学性能达到与基体相当的水平,通过构筑成形技术制备的均质化M50轴承钢坯的疲劳性能显著优于采用一体化冶炼工艺制备的大尺寸M50轴承钢坯。

压水堆主泵及液态金属泵转子动力学研究进展

核主泵是核电站的关键设备之一,也是反应堆冷却系统的唯一旋转机械设备,其稳定运转对整个反应堆的正常工作至关重要,因此,针对核反应堆主泵开展转子动力学研究,探究主泵转子部件的模态振型、固有频率和支撑系统的刚度阻尼、液膜厚度十分必要。以国内外有关压水堆主泵及液态金属泵的转子动力学研究为重点,围绕压水堆主泵、钠冷快堆主泵、熔盐堆主泵、铅冷快堆主泵4种核主泵类型,从核主泵及其转子部件的结构特点出发,对现阶段主泵导轴承润滑性能和主泵转子结构固有频率、模态分析、临界转速等转子动力学特性的研究进展进行综述和展望,以期对有关核主泵转子动力学特性的计算分析起到一定的借鉴和指导作用。

煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型

战略性金属矿产资源在国民经济发展和国防安全中发挥重要作用。煤系作为一种特殊的含煤沉积岩系,在特定地质环境下可形成大型乃至超大型战略性金属矿床,煤系战略性金属矿产已成为矿产资源勘查的新领域和新方向。本文分析了煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,从煤与煤系战略性金属矿产有效的协同勘查技术方法(组合)和协同勘查工程布置方面,构建了地质-地球物理-地球化学-钻探等关键技术的煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查模型。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的基本特征,确定协同勘查对象包括煤-锂/镓矿床、煤-锗矿床、煤-铌-锆-镓-稀土矿床、煤-铀矿床。在煤炭勘查的技术上,煤-锂/镓矿床协同勘查需加强地震和测井资料的处理分析,增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层、煤层顶底板、夹矸的采样测试;煤-锗矿床协同勘查增加岩石地球化学勘探技术手段对煤层的采样测试;煤-铌、锆、镓、稀土矿床协同勘查技术手段要加强测井技术(自然伽马)及岩石地球化学勘探对自然伽马高异常层样品的采集测试;煤-铀矿床协同勘查充分利用煤炭钻孔自然伽马测井、地震勘探、电磁法勘探及磁法勘探资料进行分析,在自然伽马高异常区划定铀潜力资源区,加强自然伽马能谱测井、伽马能谱录井、穿透性地球化学测量及岩石地球化学勘探等技术手段协同运用。基于煤系战略性金属矿产的分布特征和经济性,遵循“全面筛查,分区施策”的原则,依据勘查对象相应的矿产地质勘查规范,确定煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查类型和协同勘查工程布置方案,包括勘查系统选择、勘查工程布置、勘查施工顺序,探讨了资源量估算方法和估算参数。基于煤与煤系战略性金属矿产的协同勘查技术方法(组合)和协同勘查工程布置,分别构建了煤-锂/镓矿床、煤-锗矿床、煤-铌-锆-镓-稀土矿床、煤-铀矿床的协同勘查模型,为煤与煤系战略性金属矿产协同勘查工作提供理论基础和方法依据。

金属预埋吊件剪切力学性能试验研究

为确定可行的金属预埋吊件(简称预埋吊件)剪切试验方法以及为安全系数提供可靠依据,对100、150mm两种不同边距的预埋吊件混凝土试件进行抗剪试验研究。研究预埋吊件的受剪力学性能,测量楔形体破坏角度,分析荷载-位移曲线,探究混凝土楔形体破坏的抗剪极限承载力与预埋吊件的物理特性之间的关系。结果表明:试验中所有预埋吊件均发生混凝土楔形体破坏,其角度与理想状态下的破坏角度接近;预埋吊件的直径、预埋到混凝土中的深度、预埋吊件轴心到剪力垂直边缘的距离与抗剪极限承载力之间均呈正相关。

希夏邦马峰地区岗布锂辉石伟晶岩的发现及其指示意义

近年来,喜马拉雅稀有金属成矿的研究与找矿工作不断取得突破,使得喜马拉雅地区成为我国重要的稀有金属成矿带。本文报道了希夏邦马峰地区新发现的锂辉石伟晶岩,发现地位于吉隆岩体东北侧的岗布地区,与吉隆扎龙沟隔山相望。这是在吉隆岩体附近首次发现锂辉石伟晶岩露头,是继琼嘉岗(普士拉)锂辉石伟晶岩、嘎波锂辉石伟晶岩、热曲锂辉石伟晶岩和库曲锂辉石伟晶岩之后,又一锂成矿发现点。结合已有研究显示吉隆扎龙沟地区具有极高的岩浆分异演化程度,表明吉隆岩体北侧具有很好的稀有金属成矿前景。该成矿伟晶岩产出于海拔5300m的变质地层(黑云母片岩和符山石矽卡岩)之中,根据野外产状可以将其分为两类,一类为强变形锂辉石伟晶岩,其发生明显糜棱岩化作用,呈透镜体形式产出;另一类为弱变形锂辉石伟晶岩,其规模相对较大,变形较弱,但其走向也受区域构造控制。结合地层的变质变形特征,我们认为此处为藏南拆离系的发育位置。成矿伟晶岩下部海拔5200m处出露绿柱石伟晶岩以及切层电气石花岗伟晶岩,5100m处出露电气石白云母花岗岩。通过对电气石白云母花岗岩和两类锂辉石伟晶岩及切层电气石花岗伟晶岩进行独居石和铌铁矿族矿物定年分析,显示电气石白云母花岗岩和锂辉石伟晶岩的形成时代均为25Ma,而切层电气石花岗伟晶岩的形成时代为17.5Ma。岗布锂辉石伟晶岩中铌铁矿族矿物的Mn#[Mn/(Mn+Fe)]值明显高于切层电气石花岗伟晶岩中的铌铁矿族矿物,同时也高于喜马拉雅带内其他已知伟晶岩的铌铁矿族矿物,反映其岩浆相对富氟的特征。时间上,岗布锂辉石伟晶岩与琼嘉岗(普士拉)和库曲锂辉石伟晶岩基本一致,表明喜马拉雅带内~25Ma是重要的锂成矿期,与藏南拆离系的活动密切相关。空间上,岗布锂辉石伟晶岩的剖面特征与琼嘉岗(普士拉)锂辉石伟晶岩和嘎波锂辉石伟晶岩等类似,均表现为下部为电气石白云母淡色花岗岩,之上为绿柱石伟晶岩,再向上则为锂辉石伟晶岩,成矿伟晶岩的产出明显受藏南拆离系的控制,反映了喜马拉雅带的锂成矿作用具有较好的空间一致性,这对于理解喜马拉雅稀有金属成矿作用与找矿具有重要意义。

铝土岩系和煤系地层中沉积黏土型锂矿床:研究现状与展望

沉积岩型锂矿是自然界中最主要的锂矿床之一,我国铝土岩系和煤系地层中沉积黏土型锂矿主要分布在扬子地块西南部和华北地块,该类型锂矿分布广、储量大,对其进行研究对破解我国未来锂资源困局具有重要意义。本文总结了我国铝土岩系和煤系地层中黏土型锂矿的分布状况,锂的赋存状态、来源,以及开发利用现状等方面的研究进展。锂的富集过程主要与风化-沉积作用及火山岩浆活动有关,锂主要来源于火山凝灰岩、早期形成的岩浆岩、黏土岩等富锂基底岩石。锂以锂绿泥石独立矿物或者类质同象/吸附在黏土矿物、三水铝石和勃姆石中。锂的提取流程与锂的赋存状态密切相关。随着实验及工业提锂技术的发展,该类型锂资源具有广阔的前景。

金属橡胶桥梁支座疲劳试验研究

以某公路桥梁为工程背景,设计并制作了两个足尺金属橡胶桥梁支座试件,开展了200万次的竖向疲劳试验,探讨了疲劳前后支座力学性能的变化规律。在疲劳试验过程中每隔20万次进行了一次压缩试验,得到了一组支座竖向压缩滞回曲线。疲劳试验前后分别进行了支座压剪试验,得到了支座水平剪切滞回曲线。引入疲劳损伤因子对金属橡胶桥梁支座的疲劳损伤进行了定量表征。结果表明:金属橡胶桥梁支座疲劳损伤主要表现为内部金属丝之间的磨损、局部断丝、掉丝。疲劳损伤会显著降低支座一侧的水平承载力、屈服后刚度和等效剪切刚度,且使支座的水平剪切滞回曲线变得明显不对称,但会增大支座的整体耗能能力。支座竖向等效刚度及等效阻尼比随着疲劳加载次数先增大后减小然后再趋于稳定。200万次疲劳循环后的剪切等效刚度、竖向等效刚度及竖向等效阻尼比损伤因子均小于0.3,支座具有良好的疲劳性能。

模块式金属隔震支座设计方法与试验研究——以电流互感器为例

提出了模块式金属隔震支座的构造与解耦设计方法,通过电流互感器振动台试验验证了隔震装置和设计方法的可行性。研究结果表明:隔震支座具有良好的隔震效果,隔震设备顶部加速度响应为非隔震设备的7.32%~32.57%;隔震支座具有良好的自复位能力,实际残余位移在不同地震动类型、地震动强度下均小于设计值。隔震支座具有较强的抗倾覆能力,可满足支柱类电气设备层间隔震需求,竖向地震输入影响时隔震支座的性能有所削弱,变形增大。电气设备的隔震设计应充分考虑设备本体的抗震性能与支架的动力放大作用,慎重选择隔震设计目标,避免支座达到极限位移。