Multiple metal sources in polymetallic W-Sn ore deposits revealed by mercury stable isotopes

Granite-related W-Sn ore systems are commonly associated with coeval Pb-Zn mineralization. It remains unclear whether these metals are derived from the same sources or not. Mercury(Hg) is a common minor component in such systems. Hg isotopes undergo unique mass-independent fractionation(expressed as Δ^(199)Hg values), which is mainly generated during Hg photochemical reactions on Earth's surface and not affected by magmatic-hydrothermal processes, offering an excellent opportunity to trace metal sources in hydrothermal systems. We observed near-zero Δ^(199)Hg values in wolframite(-0.10‰ to0.08‰, n=11), and in skarn-(-0.17‰ to 0.12‰, n=48) and greisen-type(-0.12‰ to 0.10‰, n=11) bulk tin-tungsten ore from eight major ore deposits in South China. These values are identical to those of coeval highly evolved granites(-0.13‰ to 0.12‰,n=49), supporting that Hg in W-Sn ores were sourced from granite. However, sulfides(e.g., pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite,galena, and sphalerite) in these deposits exhibit negative to near-zero Δ^(199)Hg values(-0.42‰ to 0.09‰, n=124), which indicates a contribution of Hg and by inference other metals from both Precambrian basement rocks(Δ^(199)Hg<0) and ore-related granites.The study demonstrates that multiple sources of metals were involved in the formation of the polymetallic W-Sn deposits, and further highlights that extraction of metals from basement rocks may be a critical control on the formation of economically important mineralization of base metal sulfides(e.g., Pb, Zn) in granite-related magmatic-hydrothermal systems.

Application of Isotope Tracer Technique in Source Apportionment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil

The formation of heavy metal pollution in soil is closely related to human production and life. In order to effectively control heavy metal pollution and repair damaged soil,the pollution source should be known and judged first. Based on the preliminary analysis of major sources of soil heavy metal pollution in soil,combined with relevant literatures on heavy metal pollution source of soil or sediment at home and abroad in recent years,application progress of isotope tracer technique,especially lead isotope tracer technique,in the study of heavy metal pollution sources in soils and sediments were reviewed. The key points of future isotope tracer technology in the field of heavy metal pollution source apportionment were prospected.

The source of heavy metals and its indication to the sediment transfer in the Hangzhou Bay

-Suspended matters are important carriers of heavy metals in the hydrocycle.In this paper, the field investigation , lab. experiment and 'corresponding analysis' were made to study sources of the heavy metals and the transfer of suspended matters from the Hangzhou Bay.This conclusion shows that the contents of heavy metals in this area are the natural background values ; the distributions of heavy metals are controlled by the plume front.

Advancement of metal(loid)research on farmland

Metal(loid)pollution has emerged as a pressing environmental issue in agriculture,garnering extensive public attention.Metal(loid)s are potentially toxic substances that infiltrate the soil through diverse pathways,leading to food chain contamination via plant uptake and subsequent animal exposure.This poses a serious threat to environmental quality,food security,and human health.Hence,the remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated agricultural soil is an urgent concern demanding immediate attention.Presently,the majority of research papers concentrate on established,isolated remediation technologies,often overlooking comprehensive field management approaches.It is imperative to provide a comprehensive summary of remediation technologies and identify future development directions.This review aims to comprehensively summarize a range of soil remediation and enhancement technologies,incorporating insights from multiple disciplines including physics,chemistry,biology,and their interdisciplinary intersections.The review examines the mechanisms of action,suitable scenarios,advantages,disadvantages,and benefits associated with each remediation technology.Particularly relevant is the examination of metal(loid)sources,as well as the mechanisms behind both established and innovative,efficient remediation and enhancement technologies.Additionally,the future evolution of remediation technologies are considered with the aim of offering a scientific research foundation and inspiration to fellow researchers.This is intended to facilitate the advancement of remediation technologies and establish a robust foundation for sustainable development of soil.

H-O-S-Cu-Pb Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of the Nage Cu-Pb Deposit, Southeast Guizhou Province, SW China

The Nage Cu-Pb deposit, a new found ore deposit in the southeast Guizhou province, southwest China, is located on the southwestern margin of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt. Ore bodies are hosted in slate and phyllite of Neoproterozoic Jialu and Wuye Formations, and are structurally controlled by EW-trending fault. It contains Cu and Pb metals about 0.12 million tonnes with grades of 0.2 wt% to 3.4 wt% Cu and 1.1 wt% to 9.27 wt% Pb. Massive and disseminated Cu-Pb ores from the Nage deposit occur as either veinlets or disseminations in silicified rocks. The ore minerals include chalcopyrite, galena and pyrite, and gangue minerals are quartz, sericite and chlorite. The H-O isotopic compositions of quartz, S-Cu-Pb isotopic compositions of sulfide minerals, Pb isotopic compositions of whole rocks and ores have been analyzed to trace the sources of ore-forming fluids and metals for the Nage Cu-Pb deposit. The oSCUNBs values of chalcopyrite range from -0.09% to ＋0.33%0, similar to basic igneous rocks and chalcopyrite from magmatic deposits. J6SCUNBS values of chalcopyrite from the early, middle and final mineralization stages show an increasing trend due to 63Cu prior migrated in gas phase when fluids exsolution from magma, ja4ScDT values of sulfide minerals range from -2.7‰ to ＋2.8‰, similar to mantle-derived sulfur （0±3‰）. The positive correlation between J65CUNBs and ja4SCDT values of chalcopyrite indicates that a common source of copper metal and sulfur from magma. JDu2o- SMOW and JlSOH2O-SMOW values of water in fluid inclusions of quartz range from -60.7‰ to -44.4‰ and ＋7.9‰ to ＋9.0%0 （T=260℃）, respectively and fall in the field for magmatic and metamorphic waters, implicating that mixed sources for H20 in hydrothermal fluids. Ores and sulfide minerals have a small range of Pb isotopic compositions （208Pb/204pb=38.152 to 38.384, 207Pb/204Pb=15.656 to 17.708 and 206Pb/204Pb=17.991 to 18.049） that are close to orogenic belt and upper crust Pb evolution curve, and similar to Neoproterozoic host rocks （208Pb/204Pb=38.201 to 38.6373, 207pb/204pb=15.648 to 15.673 and 206pb/204pb=17.820 to 18.258）, but higher than diabase （208Pb/204pb=37.830 to 38.012, 207pb/204pb=15.620 to 15.635 and 206pb/204pb=17.808 to 17.902）. These results imply that the Pb metal originated mainly from host rocks. The H-O-S-Cu-Pb isotopes tegather with geology, indicating that the ore genesis of the Nage Cu-Pb deposit is post-magmatic hydrothermal type.

Geology and Isotope Geochemistry of the Yinchanggou-Qiluogou Pb-Zn Deposit,Sichuan Province,Southwest China

The Yinchanggou-Qiluogou Pb-Zn deposit,located in the western Yangtze Block,southwest China,is hosted by the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation dolostone.Ore bodies occur in the Qiluogou anticline and the NS-and NNW-trending faults.Sulfide ores mainly consist of sphalerite,pyrite,galena and calcite,with subordinate dolomite and quartz.Seventeen ore bodies have been discovered to date and they have a combined 1.0 million tons of sulfide ores with average grades of 2.27wt%Zn and 6.89wt%Pb.The δD（H2O-SMOW） and δ18O（H2O-SMOW） values of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite samples range from-68.9‰ to-48.7‰ and 7.3‰ to 15.9‰,respectively,suggesting that H2O in the hydrothermal fluids sourced from metamorphic water.Calcite samples have δ13C（PDB） values ranging from-6.2‰ to-4.1‰ and δ18O（SMOW） values ranging from 15.1‰ to 17.4‰,indicating C and O in the hydrothermal fluids likely derived from a mixed source of metamorphic fluids and the host carbonates.The δ34S（CDT） values of sulfide minerals range from 5.5‰ to 20.3‰,suggesting that thermal chemical reduction of sulfate minerals in evaporates were the most probable source of S in the hydrothermal fluids.The 206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of sulfide minerals fall in the range of 18.11 to 18.40,15.66 to 15.76 and 38.25 to 38.88,respectively.The Pb isotopic data of the studied deposit plot near the upper crust Pb evolution curve and overlap with the age-corrected Proterozoic basement rocks and the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation hosting dolostone.This indicates that the Pb originated from a mixed source of the basement metamorphic rocks and the ore-hosting carbonate rocks.The ore geology and C-H-O-S-Pb isotopic data suggest that the YinchanggouQiluogou deposit is an unusual carbonate-hosted,strata-bound and epigenetic deposit that derived ore-forming materials from a mixed source of the underlying Porterozoic basements and the Sinian hosting carbonates.

Development and experimental study of large size composite plasma immersion ion implantation device

Plasma immersion ion implantation （PI） overcomes the direct exposure limit of traditional beam- line ion implantation, and is suitable for the treatment of complex work-piece with large size. Pm technology is often used for surface modification of metal, plastics and ceramics. Based on the requirement of surface modification of large size insulating material, a composite full-directional PHI device based on RF plasma source and metal plasma source is developed in this paper. This device can not only realize gas ion implantation, but also can realize metal ion implantation, and can also realize gas ion mixing with metal ions injection. This device has two metal plasma sources and each metal source contains three cathodes. Under the condition of keeping the vacuum unchanged, the cathode can be switched freely. The volume of the vacuum chamber is about 0.94 m3, and maximum vacuum degree is about 5 x10-4 Pa. The density of RF plasma in homogeneous region is about 109 cm-3, and plasma density in the ion implantation region is about 101x cm-3. This device can be used for large-size sample material PHI treatment, the maximum size of the sample diameter up to 400 mm. The experimental results show that the plasma discharge in the device is stable and can run for a long time. It is suitable for surface treatment of insulating materials.

Multiple directional enhanced light source through a periodic metal grating structure

In recent years, semiconductor quantum dots （QDs） have been widely used as photon sources in quantum optics due to their special properties, such as high quantum effi- ciency, narrow and tunable emission spectrum, easy manipulation, and so on. The spontaneous emission of QDs also depends on the surrounding environment.

Heavy metal content in scalp hair of the inhabitants near Dexing Copper Mine,Jiangxi Province,China

Levels of seven metals （Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, and Se） in the scalp hair of Daicun and Xiangtian inhabitants were determined by ICP-MS/AFS. Daicun, as an experimental site, is near Dexing Copper Mine, Jiangxi Province, China, and exposed to mining pollution; Xiangtian, as a control site, is free from any mining and other industrial pollution. The heavy metal distribution in the scalp hair of the two diverse population segments exposed to different environments was discussed against the background of the heavy metal content of local plants, waters, and soils. The results show： 1） Levels ofCu, Zn, Pb, Cr, and Cd in the scalp hair of Daicun inhabitants were higher compared with Xiangtian counterparts which showed higher comparative levels of Se and Mn. But there were no significant differences of the levels of Cu and Zn in the hair samples between the two villages. In the hair of the inhabitants in the two villages, the levels for Se, Zn, and Cu were lower, while the level for Mn was higher, than the corresponding levels from other regions of the world. Compared with the standard issued by the Trace Element Research Council of China for Chinese inhabitants there were serious Se, Zn, Cu and Cr-deficiency phenomena in the hair samples from Daicun and Xiangtian. 2） Against the geological background of high levels ofZn, Cu, Se and Cr, there were deficiencies of Zn, Cu, Se and Cr in the hair samples of the Daictm population. This may have been caused by the distribution forms of the heavy metals in the soils, and antagonism among the elements. 3） Principal Component Analysis （PCA） and Cluster Analysis （CA） indicated that the origins of the heavy metals in the hair samples from the two villages had some differences as well as some similarities, this should be contributed mainly to the influence of the mining activities.

Multi-Source Characteristics of Atmospheric Deposition in Nanjing,China,as Controlled by East Asia Monsoons and Urban Activities

Atmospheric deposition, a major pathway of metals entering into soils, plays an important role in soil environment, especially in urban regions where a large amount of pollutants are emitted into atmosphere through various sources. In order to understand the characteristics of atmospheric deposition in urban area and its relation with natural and anthropogenic sources, a three-year study of atmospheric deposition at three typical sites, industrial zone(IN), urban residential area(RZ) and suburban forested scenic area(FA),was carried out in Nanjing, a metropolitan city in eastern China from 2005 to 2007. The bulk deposition rate and element composition of atmospheric deposition varied spatio-temporally in the urban zones of Nanjing. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb and Ca in the atmospheric deposits were strongly enriched in the whole Nanjing region; however, anthropogenic pollutants in atmospheric deposits were diluted by the input of external mineral dust transported from northwestern China. Source apportionment through principal component analysis(PCA) showed that the background atmospheric deposition at the FA site was the combination of external aerosol and local emission sources. The input of long-range transported Asian dust had an important influence on the urban background deposition, especially in spring when the continental dust from the northwestern China prevailed. Marine aerosol source was observed in summer and autumn, the seasons dominated by summer monsoon in Nanjing. In contrast, the contribution of local anthropogenic emission source was constant regardless of seasons. At the RZ and IN sites, the atmospheric deposition was more significantly affected by the nearby human activities than at the FA site. In addition, different urban activities and both the winter and summer Asian monsoons had substantial impacts on the characteristics of dust deposition in urban Nanjing.

Chemical characteristics of trace metals in PM10 and their concentrated weighted trajectory analysis at Central Delhi,India

Trace metals associated with PM10 aerosols and their variation during day and nighttime as well as during different seasons have been studied for the year 2012. PCA analysis suggested5 PCs,which accounted for 86.8% cumulative variance. PC1 accounted for 30% with a significant loading of metals of anthropogenic origin,while PC2 showed 28% variance with the loading of metals of crustal origin. These trace metals showed seasonal distinct day and night time characteristics. The concentrations of Cu,Pb,and Cd were found to be higher during nighttime in all the seasons. Only Fe was observed with significantly higher mean concentrations during daytime of all seasons except monsoon. The highest mean values of Cu,Cd,Zn,and Pb during post-monsoon might be attributed to winds advection over the regions of waste/biomass burning and industrial activities in Punjab and Haryana regions.Furthermore,concentration weighted trajectory analysis suggested that metals of crustal origin were contributed by long-range transport while metals of anthropogenic and industrial activities were contributed by regional/local source regions.

Geology,Mineralogy,and Isotopic Characteristics of the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn Deposit,Western Henan Province,Central China

Located in Luoning County,western Henan Province,Central China,the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn ore field,is a newly discovered deposit in the Xiaoshan District.Ore bodies controlled by NNW Faults occur as veins within the Paleoproterozoic Xiong’er Group or the Early Cretaceous porphyritic granite.Given that the Zhonghe deposit has been covered by thick Quaternary sediments,the paragenetic mineral assemblage was determined mainly by microscopic observations,including the quartzsiderite-pyrite alteration (StageⅠ),polymetallic sulfide precipitation (StageⅡ),silver mineralization(Stage Ⅲ),and quartz-carbonate stage (StageⅣ).The host minerals for silver are diverse,such as freibergite,pyrargyrite,polybasite,argyrodite,canfieldite,argentite,and native silver,whereas those for Pb and Zn are galena and sphalerite,respectively.In order to constrain the ore-forming components of the Zhonghe deposit,a combined in-situ analysis was conducted on represented sulfides from StageⅡand Stage Ⅲ.In-situ δ^(34)S values of the analyzed sulfides,including the pyrite,chalcopyrite,sphalerite,and galena,display a relatively narrow range (0.90‰-5.0‰),which is close to magmatic sulfur source.The ^(206)Pb/^(204)Pb and^(207)Pb/^(204)Pb ratios show a narrow range (17.140-17.360 and 15.385-15.490),whereas the ^(208)Pb/^(204)Pb ratios exhibit a broad variation (36.601-37.943),indicating a contamination of the Xiong’er Group.Synthesis of geochronological and geochemical data from the Xiaoshan District,we contend that the ore-forming materials of the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn deposit are originated from the lower crust,which has presumably been influenced by the large-scale lithospheric delamination of the eastern North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous.In consideration of the geological setting,mineralogy,and geochemical compositions,we suggest that the Zhonghe Ag-Pb-Zn deposit is characterized as intermediate sulfidation type epithermal deposit,and may be a potential exploration target for porphyry Mo-Cu deposits.

Particulate matter characterization in a steelworks using conventional sampling and innovative lidar observations

Particulate matter （PM） emissions from steelworks cause public concern. Although end-of-pipe and pro- cess integrated measures have led to a significant drop in emissions of large particles from stacks, fine aerosols were not specifically considered, nor were emissions from fugitive and open sources. In this study, we deployed aerosol samplers together with a scanning ultra-violet （UV） lidar to characterize total suspended particles （TSP）, PM10, and PM2.5, in emissions from a large integrated steelworks in Spain over a 16-day period. We determined the content of carbonaceous, soluble inorganic, mineral dust, and metal species. A positive matrix factorization was carried out on our dataset. Despite mineral dust being predominant in all size fractions, the steelworks was clearly a source of carbonaceous species, resulting in production of secondary inorganic aerosols. In particular, stack emissions were a major contributor of fine particles, while open sources dominated the emissions of TSP, yielding up to 80% of particles larger than PM10. UV lidar provided 2D maps of aerosols in real time, with an ability to detect PM emissions and to visualize complex plumes. We suggest that air quality management of steelworks needs to focus on controlling large and coarse oarticle emissions, esoeciallv those from onen sources.