Yarlongite:A New Metallic Carbide Mineral

Yarlongite occurs in ophiolitic chromitite at the Luobusha mine （29°5′N 92°5′E, about 200 km ESE of Lhasa）, Qusum County, Shannan Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, People＇s Republic of China. Associated minerals are： diamond, moissanite, wiistite, iridium （＂osmiridium＂）, osmium （＂iridosmine＂）, periclase, chromite, native iron, native nickel, native chromium, forsterite, Cr-rich diopside, intermetallic compounds Ni-Fe-Cr, Ni-Cr, Cr-C, etc. Yarlongite and its associated minerals were handpicked from a large heavy mineral sample of chromitite. The metallic carbides associated with yarlongite are cohenite, tongbaite, khamrabaevite and qusongite （IMA2007-034）. Yarlongite occurs as irregular grains, with a size between 0.02 and 0.06 mm, steel-grey colour, H Mohs： 5^1/2-6. Tenacity： brittle. Cleavage： （0 0 1） perfect. Fracture： conchoidal. Chemical formula： （Cr4Fe4Ni）29C4, or （Cr,Fe,Ni）29C4, Crystal system： Hexagonal, Space Group： P63/mc, a = 18.839（2） A, c = 4.4960 （9） A, V = 745.7（2） A^3, Z = 6, Density （calc.） = 7.19 g/cm3 （with simplified formula）. Yariongite has been approved as a new mineral by the CNMNC （IMA2007-035）. Holotype material is deposited at the Geological Museum of China （No. Ml1650）.

Recent Progress in Emerging Two‑Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides

As a new member in two-dimensional materials family,transition metal carbides(TMCs)have many excellent properties,such as chemical stability,in-plane anisotropy,high conductivity and flexibility,and remarkable energy conversation efficiency,which predispose them for promising applications as transparent electrode,flexible electronics,broadband photodetectors and battery electrodes.However,up to now,their device applications are in the early stage,especially because their controllable synthesis is still a great challenge.This review systematically summarized the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly developing field with particular focus on structure,property,synthesis and applicability of TMCs.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives are outlined for the application of 2D TMCs.

Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides(MXenes): Synthesis, Properties, and Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications

A family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides known as MXenes has received increasing attention since the discovery of Ti3C2 in 2011. To date, about 30 different MXenes with well-defined structures and properties have been synthesized, and many more are theoretically predicted to exist. Due to the numerous assets including excellent mechanical properties, metallic conductivity,unique in-plane anisotropic structure, tunable band gap, and so on, MXenes rapidly positioned themselves at the forefront of the 2D materials world and have found numerous promising applications. Particular interest is devoted to applications in electrochemical energy storage, whereby 2D MXenes work either as electrodes,additives, separators, or hosts. This review summarizes recent advances in the synthesis, fundamental properties and composites of MXene and highlights the state-of-the-art electrochemical performance of MXene-based electrodes/devices.The progresses in the field of supercapacitors and Li-ion batteries, Li-S batteries, Naand other alkali metal ion batteries are reviewed, and current challenges and new opportunities for MXenes in this surging energy storage field are presented. In the focus of interest is the possibility to boost device-level performance, particularly that of rechargeable batteries, which are of utmost importance in future energy technologies. Very recently, the 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to the inventors of the Li-ion battery. For sure, this will provide an additional stimulation to study fundamental aspects of electrochemical energy storage.

Adhesion between Nonreactive Liquid Metals and Transition Metal Carbides

On the basis of the experimental work of adhesion(W)data,the adhesion between transition metal car- bides and pure liquid metals which do not react with carbides is studied.In view of great scattering of the ex- perimental values of W,a critical analysis of these results is performed.The selected W values for 9 copper/carbide systems and 6 metal/TiC systems are used to discuss the various suggestions concerning the mechanism of adhesion and to evidence the role of the valence electrons of the both carbide and metal on the interactions between metals and carbides.The interactions between a metal and a carbide are essentially metal- lic interactions,resulting from the overlapping of the valence electrons at the metal/carbide interface.

Experiment and simulation on degradation and burnout mechanisms of SiC MOSFET under heavy ion irradiation

Experiments and simulation studies on 283 MeV I ion induced single event effects of silicon carbide(SiC) metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs) were carried out. When the cumulative irradiation fluence of the SiC MOSFET reached 5×10^(6)ion·cm^(-2), the drain–gate channel current increased under 200 V drain voltage, the drain–gate channel current and the drain–source channel current increased under 350 V drain voltage. The device occurred single event burnout under 800 V drain voltage, resulting in a complete loss of breakdown voltage. Combined with emission microscope, scanning electron microscope and focused ion beam analysis, the device with increased drain–gate channel current and drain–source channel current was found to have drain–gate channel current leakage point and local source metal melt, and the device with single event burnout was found to have local melting of its gate, source, epitaxial layer and substrate. Combining with Monte Carlo simulation and TCAD electrothermal simulation, it was found that the initial area of single event burnout might occur at the source–gate corner or the substrate–epitaxial interface, electric field and current density both affected the lattice temperature peak. The excessive lattice temperature during the irradiation process appeared at the local source contact, which led to the drain–source channel damage. And the excessive electric field appeared in the gate oxide layer, resulting in drain–gate channel damage.

Proton induced radiation effect of SiC MOSFET under different bias

Radiation effects of silicon carbide metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(SiC MOSFETs)induced by 20 MeV proton under drain bias(V_(D)=800 V,V_(G)=0 V),gate bias(V_(D)=0 V,V_(G)=10 V),turn-on bias(V_(D)=0.5 V,V_(G)=4 V)and static bias(V_(D)=0 V,V_(G)=0 V)are investigated.The drain current of SiC MOSFET under turn-on bias increases linearly with the increase of proton fluence during the proton irradiation.When the cumulative proton fluence reaches 2×10^(11)p·cm^(-2),the threshold voltage of SiC MOSFETs with four bias conditions shifts to the left,and the degradation of electrical characteristics of SiC MOSFETs with gate bias is the most serious.In the deep level transient spectrum test,it is found that the defect energy level of SiC MOSFET is mainly the ON2(E_(c)-1.1 eV)defect center,and the defect concentration and defect capture cross section of SiC MOSFET with proton radiation under gate bias increase most.By comparing the degradation of SiC MOSFET under proton cumulative irradiation,equivalent 1 MeV neutron irradiation and gamma irradiation,and combining with the defect change of SiC MOSFET under gamma irradiation and the non-ionizing energy loss induced by equivalent 1 MeV neutron in SiC MOSFET,the degradation of SiC MOSFET induced by proton is mainly caused by ionizing radiation damage.The results of TCAD analysis show that the ionizing radiation damage of SiC MOSFET is affected by the intensity and direction of the electric field in the oxide layer and epitaxial layer.

Spectroscopic characterization of chain-to-ring structural evolution in platinum carbide clusters

Metal carbides play an important role in catalysis and functional materials.However,the structural characterization of metal carbide clusters has been proven to be a challenging experimental target due to the difficulty in size selection.Here we use the size-specific photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy to study the structures and properties of platinum carbide clusters.Quantum chemical calculations are carried out to identify the structures and to assign the experimental spectra.The results indicate that the cluster size of the chain-to-ring structural evolution for the PtC_(n)^(-)anions occurs at n=14,whereas that for the PtC_(n) neutrals at n=10,revealing a significant effect of charge on the structures of metal carbides.The greatest importance of these building blocks is the strong preference of the Pt atom to expose in the outer side of the chain or ring,exhibiting the active sites for catalyzing potential reactions.These findings provide unique spectroscopic snapshots for the formation and growth of platinum carbide clusters and have important implications in the development of related single-atom catalysts with isolated metal atoms dispersed on supports.

Structural and Electronic Properties of ConC3-/0 and ConC4-/0 （n=1-4） Clusters： Mass-Selected Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Density Functional Theory Calculations

We investigated the structural evolution and elecfronic properties of ConC3-/0 and ConC4-/0 （n=1-4） clusters by using mass-selected photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. The adiabatic and vertical detachment energies of CO1-4C3- and COl-4C4- were obtained from their photoelectron spectra. By comparing the theoretical results with the experimental data, the global minimum structures were determined. The results indicate that the carbon atoms of ConC3-/0 and ConC4-/0 （n=1-4） are separated from each other gradually with increasing number of cobalt atoms but a C2 unit still remains at n=4. It is interesting that the Co2C3- and Co2C4- anions have planar structures whereas the neutral Co2C3 and Co2C4 have linear structures with the Co atoms at two ends. The Co3C3- anion has a planar structure with a Co2C2 four-membered ring and a Co3C four-membered ring sharing a Co-Co bond, while the neutral Co3C3 is a three-dimensional structure with a C2 unit and a C atom connecting to two faces of the Co3 triangle.

Designing of highly selective and high-temperature endurable RWGS heterogeneous catalysts: recent advances and the future directions

Reverse water gas shift（RWGS） reaction can be served as a pivotal stage of transitioning the abundant CO;resource into chemicals or hydrocarbon fuels, which is attractive for the CO;utilization and of eventually significance in enabling a rebuilt ecological system for unconventional fuels. This concept is appealing when the process is considered as a solution for the storage of renewable energy, which may also find a variety of potential end uses for the outer space exploration. However, a big challenge to this issue is the rational design of high temperature endurable RWGS catalysts with desirable CO product selectivity. In this work, we present a comprehensive overview of recent publications on this research topic,mainly focusing on the catalytic performance of RWGS reaction over three major kinds of heterogeneous catalysts, including supported metal catalysts, mixed oxide catalysts and transition metal carbides. The reaction thermodynamic analysis, kinetics and mechanisms are also described in detail. The present review attempts to provide a general guideline about the construction of well-performed heterogeneous catalysts for the RWGS reaction, as well as discussing the challenges and further prospects of this process.

Single-atom Pt promoted Mo_(2)C for electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction

Hydrogen generation from electrochemical water splitting powered by renewable energy is important to the sustainable society,but the prohibitive cost of current Pt electrocatalyst has impeded the large-scale production of hydrogen by water electrolysis.In this contribution,a new low-Pt electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) has been fabricated by a facile one-pot synthesis approach,in which Pt^(2+)cations and phosphomolybdic acid confined in the metal-organic frameworks(MOFs) were submitted to pyrolysis to yield Pt single atoms dispersed into Mo_(2)C nanocrystals in 3 D porous carbon matrix.The as-synthesized Pt_(1)-Mo_(2)C-C catalyst with Pt content of only 0.7 wt% exhibited remarkably enhanced activity for HER in 1 M KOH,with overpotential at 10 mA/cm^(2) lowered from 211 mV to 155 mV and 7-fold higher mass activity(7.14 A/mgpt) than the benchmark 20 wt% Pt/C.The promoted activity can be attributed to the electronic interaction between Pt single atoms and Mo2C surface,which not only improved water activation but also strengthened hydrogen adsorption,as indicated by FTIR and microcalorimetric characterizations.

A first-principles investigation on mechanical and metallic properties of titanium carbides under pressure

The titanium carbides are potential candidates to achieve both high hardness and refractory property. We carried out a structural search for titanium carbides at three pressures of 0 GPa, 30 GPa and 50 GPa. A phase diagram of the Ti-C system at 0 K was obtained by elucidating formation enthalpies as a function of compositions, and their mechanical and metallic properties of titanium carbides were investigated sys- tematically. We also discussed the relation of titanium concentration to the both mechanical and metallic properties of titanium carbides. It has been found that the average valence electron density and tractil-ity improved at higher concentrations of titanium, while the degree of covalent bonding directionality decreased. To this effect, the hardness of titanium carbide decreases as the content of titanium increases. Our results indicated that the titanium content significantly affected the metallic properties of the Ti-C system.

Effect of Mg and Si on infiltration behavior of Al alloys pressureless infiltration into porous SiCp preforms

The effect of Mg and Si additon to Al matrix on infiltration kinetics and rates of Al alloys pressureless infiltration into porous SiCp preform was investigated by observing the change of infiltration distance with time as the Al alloys infiltrate into SiCp preforms at different temperatures.The results show that infiltration of SiCp preforms by Al melt is a thermal activation process and there is an incubation period before the infiltration becomes stable.With the increase of Mg content in the Al alloys from 0wt% to 8wt%,the infiltration will become much easier,the incubation period becomes shorter and the infiltration rate is faster,but these effects are not obvious when the Mg content is higher than 8wt%.As for Si addition to the Al alloys,it has no obvious effect on the incubation period,but the infiltration rate increases markedly with the increase of Si content from 0wt% to 12wt% and the rate has no obvious change when the content is bigger than 12wt%.The effect of Mg and Si on the incubation period is related to the infiltration mechanism of Al pressureless infiltration into SiCp preforms and their impact on the infiltration rate is a combined result from viscosity and surface tension of Al melt and SiC-Al wetting ability.

Pseudo-in-situ stir casting: a new method for production of aluminum matrix composites with bimodal-sized B_4C reinforcement

A new method was applied to produce an Al-0.5wt%Ti-0.3wt%Zr/5vol%B_4C composite via stir casting with the aim of characterizing the microstructure of the resulting composite. For the production of the composite, large B4 C particles（larger than 75 μm） with no pre-heating were added to the stirred melt. Reflected-light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, laser particle size analysis, and image analysis using the Clemex software were performed on the cast samples for microstructural analysis and phase detection. The results revealed that as a consequence of thermal shock, B_4 C particle breakage occurred in the melt. The mechanism proposed for this phenomenon is that the exerted thermal shock in combination with the low thermal shock resistance of B_4 C and large size of the added B_4 C particles were the three key parameters responsible for B_4 C particle breakage. This breakage introduced small particles with sizes less than 10 μm and with no contamination on their surfaces into the melt. The mean particle distance measured via image analysis was approximately 60 μm. The coefficient of variation index, which was used as a measure of particle distribution homogeneity, showed some variations, indicating a relatively homogeneous distribution.

In-situ preparation, modulation and mechanism of refractory metal carbide gradient coating

TiC, ZrC and TaC modified layers were in-situ prepared on graphite matrix by chemical vapor infiltration method with metal salts as the activator. Taking the TiC modified layer as an example, through thermodynamic calculation and experiment, the thermal decomposition process of raw materials(Ti/K_(2)TiF_(6)) was analyzed, the formation mechanism of TiC was determined, and the distribution of TiC modified layer was modulated. The results show that activator K_(2)TiF_(6)has higher decomposition temperature than NH4Cl, which is conducive to improving the utilization rate of raw materials in the gas infiltration process. Increasing the content of Ti powder can increase the concentration of reaction gas and contribute to the formation of TiC modified layer. When the molar ratio of Ti to K_(2)TiF_(6)is 3:1, the surface thickness and infiltration depth of Ti C are 5.42 and 136.24 μm, respectively. Increasing the reaction temperature can improve the rate of in-situ reaction and the thickness of TiC surface layer. When the experimental temperature rises to 1600 °C, the TiC surface layer thickness increases to 20.27 μm.

The ground-state structure and physical properties of RuC: first-principles calculations

We have extensively explored the ground-state structure of RuC using the particle swarm optimization algorithm for crystal structural prediction. A hexagonal I：t-3m structure has been proposed ms the best candidate, which is energetically more favorable than the previously proposed zinc blend structure. The R-3m-RuC possesses alternative stacking of double hexagonal close-packed Ru atom layers and C atom layers, and it is dynamically stable evidenced by the calculation of phonon dispersion. The calculated large bulk modulus, shear modulus, and elastic constant C44 reveal that it is an ultra-incompressible and hard material. The evidence of strong covalent bonding of Ru C, which plays an important role to form a hard material, is manifested by the partial densities of states analysis.

Carbon deficiency introduced plasticity of rock-salt-structured transition metal carbides

High-hardness rock-salt structured transitional metal carbides(TMC)are attracting substantial interest as potential next-generation thermal protection materials.However,the intrinsic brittleness of TMC ceramics impedes their performance in aerodynamically harsh environments.In this work,a promising strategy is proposed to introduce plasticity in TaC–HfC solid solutions by manipulating carbon deficiency.The approach combines density-functional theory(DFT)with experiments and takes Pugh's ratio(k)as the criteria.Depletion of carbon atoms in TaC–HfC solid solutions results in the de-localizing of valence electrons,deviation of spatial modulus along different crystal plane directions,and leading to significant elastic anisotropy.The carbon deficient Ta_(0.8)Hf_(0.2)C_(0.8) is predicted to be a‘softer phase’with reduced modulus and Pugh's ratio(k=0.58).A series of Ta1–xHfxCy(x=0.2 and 0.8,y=0.8,0.9,and 1.0)bulk ceramics are experimentally fabricated by an excessive metal alloying method.Trigonal and hexagonal close-packed structured carbides are derived when the carbon deficiency y decreased to 0.7.The indentation modulus drops from 641.8±14.8 GPa for Ta_(0.8)Hf_(0.2)C_(1.0) to 555.8±9.9 GPa for Ta0.8Hf0.2C0.8.The specific stoichiometric composition of Ta_(0.8)Hf_(0.2)C_(0.8) is experimentally verified to possess both plasticity(k=0.41)and ultra-high nanohardness(41.3±1.3 GPa).

V_(8)C_(7)/C稳定的超细Ru纳米颗粒用于全pH下的析氢反应

The development of cost-effective electrocatalysts with high efficiency and long durability for hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)remains a great challenge in the field of water splitting.Herein,we design an ultrafine and highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles stabilized on porous V_(8)C_(7)/C matrix via pyrolysis of the metal-organic frameworks V-BDC(BDC:1,4-benzenedicarboxylate).The obtained Ru-V_(8)C_(7)/C composite exhibits excellent HER performance in all p H ranges.At the overpotential of 40 mV,its mass activity is about 1.9,4.1 and 9.4 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C in acidic,neutral and alkaline media,respectively.Meanwhile,Ru-V_(8)C_(7)/C shows the remarkably high stability in all p H ranges which,in particular,can maintain the current density of 10 m A cm^(-2)for over 150 h in 1.0 mol L^(-1)phosphate buffer saline(PBS).This outstanding HER performance can be attributed to the high intrinsic activity of Ru species and their strong interface interactions to the V_(8)C_(7)/C substrate.The synergistic effect of abundant active sites on the surface and the formed Ru-C-V units at the interface promotes the adsorption of reaction intermediates and the release of active sites,contributing the fast HER kinetics.This work provides a reference for developing versatile and robust HER catalysts by surface and interface regulation for pH tolerance.

Recent advances in crystal phase induced surface-enhanced Raman scattering

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)spectroscopy has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for detecting and identifying trace chemical and biological molecules.In this review,we present an indepth discussion of recent advances in the field of crystal phase manipulation to achieve exceptional SERS performance.Focusing on transition metal dichalcogenides,(hydr)oxides,and carbides as exemplary materials,we illustrate the pivotal role of crystal phase regulation in enhancing SERS signals.By exploring the correlation between crystal phases and SERS responses,we uncover the underlying principles behind these strategies,thereby shedding light on their potential for future SERS applications.By addressing the current challenges and limitations,we also propose the prospects of the crystal phase strategy to facilitate the development of cutting-edge SERS-based sensing technologies.

Thermal transports in the MXenes family:Opportunities and challenges

The carbides and nitrides of transition metals known as“MXenes”refer to a fast-growing family of two-dimensional materials discovered in 2011.Thanks to their unique nanolayer structure,superior electrical,mechanical,and thermal properties,MXenes have shown great potential in addressing the critical overheating issues that jeopardize the performance,stability,and lifetime of high-energy-density components in modern devices such as microprocessors,integrated circuits,and capacitors,etc.The outstanding intrinsic thermal conductivity of MXenes has been proved by experimental and theoretical research.Numerous MXenes-enabled high thermal conductivity composites incorporated with polymer matrix have also been reported and widely used as thermal management materials.Considering the booming heat dissipation demands,MXenes-enabled thermal management material is an extremely valuable and scalable option for modern electronics industries.However,the fundamental thermal transport mechanisms behind the MXenes family remain unclear.The MXene thermal conductivity disparities between the theoretical prediction and experimental results are still significant.To better understand the thermal conduction in MXenes and provide more insights for engineering high-performance MXene thermal management materials,in this article,we summarize recent progress on thermal conductive MXenes.The essential factors that affect MXenes intrinsic thermal conductivities are tackled,selected MXenes-polymer composites are highlighted,and prospects and challenges are also discussed.

Sequentially bridged MXene platelets for strong high‐temperature EM‐IR bi‐stealth sheets

Combination of flexible multifunctional stealth technology properties such as electromagnetic(EM)and infrared(IR)stealth is crucial to the development of aerospace,military,and electronic fields,but the synthesis technology still has a significant challenge.Herein,we have successfully designed and synthesized highly flexible MXene@cellulose lamellae/borate ion(MXCB)sheets with strong high‐temperature EM‐IR bi‐stealth through sequential bridging of hydrogen and covalent bonds.The resultant MXCB sheets display high conductivity and good mechanical features such as flexibility,stretchability,fatigue resistance,and ultrasonic damage.MXCB sheets have a high tensile strength of 795 MPa.Furthermore,MXCB sheets with different thicknesses indicate exceptional high‐temperature thermal‐camouflage characteristics.This reduces the radiation temperature of the target object(>300°C)to 100°C.The conductivity of MXCB sheet with 3μm thickness is 6108 S/cm and the EM interference(EMI)shielding value is 39.74 dB.The normalized surface‐specific EMI SE absolute shielding effectiveness(SSE/t)is as high as 39312.78 dB·cm2/g,which remained 99.39%even after 10,000 times repeated folding.These multifunctional ultrathin MXCB sheets can be arranged by vacuum‐assisted induction to develop EM‐IR bi‐stealth sheet.