A review on in vitro corrosion performance test of biodegradable metallic materials

Extensive in vitro corrosion test systems have been carried out to simulate the in vivo corrosion behavior of biodegradable metallic materials. Various methods have their own unique benefits and limitations. The corrosion mechanism of biodegradable alloys and in vitro corrosion test systems on biodegradable metallic materials are reviewed, to build a reasonable simulated in vitro test system for mimicking the in vivo animal test from the aspects of electrolyte solution selection, surface roughness influence, test methods and evaluation methodology of corrosion rate. Buffered simulated body fluid containing similar components to human blood plasma should be applied as electrolyte solution, such as simulated body fluid （SBF） and culture medium with serum. Surface roughness of samples and ratio of solution volume to sample surface area should be adopted based on the real implant situation, and the dynamic corrosion is preferred. As to the evaluation methodology of corrosion rate, different methods may complement one another.

Metal magnetic memory testing for early damage assessment in ferromagnetic materials

In order to investigate the physical mechanism of metal magnetic memory testing, both the influences of earth magnetic field and applied stress on magnetic domain structure were discussed. Static tension and fatigue tests for low carbon steel plate specimens were carried out on hydraulic servo testing machine of MTS810 type and magnetic signals were measured during the processes by the type of EMS-2003 instrument. The results indicate that the initial magnetic signals of specimens are different before loading. The magnetic signals curves are transformed from initial random to regular pattern due to the effect of two types of loads. However, the shape and distribution of magnetic signal curves in the elastic region are different from that of plastic region in tension test. While in fatigue test those magnetic signals curves corresponding to different cycles are similar. The H_p(y) value of magnetic signals on the fracture zone increases dramatically at the breaking transient time and positive-negative magnetic poles occur on the two parts of fracture zone.

Modeling and finite element analysis of transduction process of electromagnetic acoustic transducers for nonferromagnetic metal material testing

Facing the problems lack of considering the non-uniform distribution of the static bias magnetic field and computing the panicle displacements in the simulation model of electromagnetic acoustic transducer （EMAT）, a multi-field coupled model was established and the finite element method （FEM） was presented to calculate the entire transduction process. The multi-field coupled model included the static magnetic field, pulsed eddy current field and mechanical field. The FEM equations of the three fields were derived by Garlerkin FEM method. Thus, the entire transduction process of the EMAT was calculated through sequentially coupling the three fields. The transduction process of a Lamb wave EMAT was calculated according to the present model and method. The results show that, by the present method, it is valid to calculate the particle displacement under the given excitation signal and non-uniformly distributed static magnetic field. Calculation error will be brought about if the non-uniform distribution of the static bias magnetic field is neglected.

Fatigue damage evaluation by metal magnetic memory testing

Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of Hp(x),throughout the fatigue process were presented and analyzed.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed after loading; Hp(y) curves rotated clockwise and Hp(x) curves elevated significantly with the increase of fatigue cycle number at the first a few fatigue cycles,both Hp(y) and Hp(x) curves were stable after that,the amplitude of abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak value of Hp(x) increased more quickly after fatigue crack initiation.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) at the notch reversed again after failure.The characteristics were found to exhibit consistent tendency in the whole fatigue life and behave differently in different stages of fatigue.In initial and crack developing stages,the characteristics increased significantly due to dislocations increase and crack propagation,respectively.In stable stage,the characteristics remained constant as a result of dislocation blocking,K value ranged from 20 to 30 A/(m·mm)-1,and Hp(x)M ranged from 270 to 300 A/m under the test parameters in this work.After failure,both abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed,K value was 133 A/(m·mm)-1 and Hp(x)M was-640 A/m.The results indicate that the characteristics of Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals were related to the accumulation of fatigue,so it is feasible and applicable to monitor fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components using metal magnetic memory testing(MMMT).

Ballistic performance of titanium-based layered composites made using blended elemental powder metallurgy and hot isostatic pressing

Metal matrix composites tiles based on Ti-6Al-4V(Ti64)alloy,reinforced with 10,20,and 40(vol%)of either TiC or TiB particles were made using press-and-sinter blended elemental powder metallurgy(BEPM)and then bonded together into 3-layer laminated plates using hot isostatic pressing(HIP).The laminates were ballistically tested and demonstrated superior performance.The microstructure and properties of the laminates were analyzed to determine the effect of the BEPM and HIP processing on the ballistic properties of the layered plates.The effect of porosity in sintered composites on further diffusion bonding of the plates during HIP is analyzed to understand the bonding features at the interfaces between different adjacent layers in the laminate.Exceptional ballistic performance of fabricated structures was explained by a significant reduction in the residual porosity of the BEPM products by their additional processing using HIP,which provides an unprecedented increase in the hardness of the layered composites.It is argued that the combination of the used two technologies,BEPM and HIP is principally complimentary for the materials in question with the abilities to solve the essential problems of each used individually.

Non-Destructive Detection and Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Tailings Reservoir

Heavy metal pollution is a negative effect generated in the process of utilizing non-ferrous mineral. Studies about heavy metal migration detection are very important. A new method for rapid detection of heavy metal migration based on ground penetrating radar (GPR) was provided. Comparative tests were studied from field to lab with GPR and X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF). A tailings reservoir in the Xiangjiang River basin at Hunan Province was taken as experimental site. The downward transfer rule of heavy metal migration was confirmed through tests on systematically arranged survey lines and sampling points in tailings site. Results showed: 1) Through GPR image recognition, tailings reservoir had 3 layers. Reclaimed soil layer (the first layer) and tailings layer (the second layer) had a clear interface. However, tailings layer (the second layer) and subsoil layer (the third layer) had an obscure interface on radar images. It was concluded that heavy metal component had migrated downwards. 2) Chemical component analysis verified image recognition conclusions. Concentrations of As, Cd and Pb were significantly out of limit, while concentration of Cr was under limit according to analysis results on samples from different depths. 3) Pollution degree was evaluated. Downward migration was the main form of heavy metal migration in tailings site, upward migration occurred through adsorption at the same time.

Characteristics of Eddy Current Attenuation and Thickness Measurement of Metallic Plate

In eddy current testing, the law of attenuation of eddy current(EC) is of great concern. In conductive half space under the excitation of uniform magnetic field, the EC density decreases exponentially in the depth direction. However, in conductor with finite thickness tested by coil, the distribution of EC in the depth direction is more complicated. This paper studies the characteristics of EC attenuation in metallic plate of finite thickness. Simulation results show that there is an EC reflection at the bottom of plate, which changes the law of EC attenuation. A new concept, namely the equivalent attenuation coefficient, is proposed to quantify the speed of EC attenuation. The characteristics of EC attenuation are utilized to explain the nonmonotonic relation between coil voltage and plate thickness. Procedure of selecting frequency is discussed. Thereafter, measurement of plate thickness is carried out and accurate result is obtained.

MMM testing and failure analysis of fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover

To avoid the serious accidents caused by the failure fastening bolts on reciprocating compressor cylinder cover,a new nondestructive testing(NDT) technology,metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing,was applied to safety evaluating and failure analyzing for the fastening bolts.Based on the dynamic stress calculation of the failure bolts,MMM testing was carried out at workshop.Given are the MMM stress distribution characteristics of the failure bolts and fracture faces.It has been found that the MMM signal variation amplitude of the crack transition zone in the fracture surface is minimal,that of the crack initiation zone is in the middle,and that of the tear fracture zone is maximal.The failure reasons were analyzed with MMM effect.The results of the metallographic examination showed that the validity and feasibility of MMM testing and failure analysis.This means MMM technology is a new,fast and validity method of failure analysis.

Plastic deformation behavior of Fe_(40)Ni_(40)P_(14)B_6 bulk metallic glass investigated by nanoindentation

Fe40Ni40P14B6 bulk metallic glass rods have been prepared by water quenching the fluxed alloy. The deformation behavior was investigated by nanoindentation tests and compressing tests. The average hardness and elastic modulus of the as-prepared Fe40Ni40P14B6 BMG (bulk metallic glass) measured by nanoindentation tests are 8.347 and 176.61 GPa respectively. The displace- ment-load curve shows “pop-in” characteristics which correspond to the loading rate bursts. Many shear bands around the indent were observed. The as-prepared Fe-based BMG exhibits a compressive plastic strain of 5.21%, which is much larger than that of other Fe-based glassy alloys and most of other BMGs.

Tensile and compressive behavior of Ti-based bulk metallic glass composites

This article focuses on the tensile and compressive characteristics of a Ti-based bulk metallic glass composite （BMGC）. It is found that the yield stress, maximum strength, and fracture strain are 1380 MPa, 1516 MPa, and 4.3% for uniaxial tension, but 1580 MPa, 4010 MPa, and 29% for uniaxial compression, respectively. The composite displays a linear ＂work hardening＂ capacity under compression; however, the ＂work softening＂ behavior is observed in the true engineering stress-strain curve upon tensile loading. The fracture surfaces of specimens also exhibit dissimilar properties under the different loadings.

Microstructural Evolution on the T91 Dissimilar Metal Joints during Creep Rupture Tests

T91 steel is one of the new materials presently employed in power plant pipe components. The creep rupture strength and microstructure of the T91+10CrMo910 and T91+13CrMo44 welded joints were analyzed during creep rupture tests. Creep transgranular ductile rupture occurred at the 10CrMo910 matrix in the T91+10CrMo910 welded joints and creep intergranular brittle rupture occurred at the 13CrMo44 HAZ in the T91+13CrMo44 joints. Microhardness measurements showed high hardness at the heat affected zone (HAZ) of T91 and a sharply drop at the 13CrMo44 HAZ during creep rupture. The metallographic tests showed that no obvious microstructure degradation was observed in the 10CrMo910 HAZ and matrix, while creep cracks appeared at the 13CrMo44 HAZ. T91 steel had relatively high creep resistant strength in the welded joints tested. Recovery occurred in the T91 HAZ with the growth of subgrain size and the decrease of dislocation density during creep. It was concluded that the dissimilar joints of T91 and low alloy heat-resistant steel should have close creep strength matching to increase the service life of the overall joints at elevated temperature.

Oxidation induced ductility enhancement of Zr based metallic glass ribbons in vicinity of glass transition temperature

Zr-based metallic glasses(MGs)possess a wide supercooled liquid region,which gives a wide processing window for superplastic forming to make microdevices with demanding size accuracy and surface finishing.The existence of oxygen may have an influence on the thermoplastic deformation process.Therefore,the effect of oxidation on the mechanical behavior of the MGs in the vicinity of glass transition temperature is of great significance for practical forming of MG components.In the present study,the effect of oxidation on tensile properties of Zr50Cu40Al10 metallic glass was investigated.The tested samples were characterized by XRD and SEM analysis.For the samples tested in air,the strength decreases 187 MPa,61 MPa and 59 MPa and the ductility increases 0.31,0.36,and 0.77 at 420℃,430℃,and 440℃,respectively,compared with those tested in flowing argon.ZrO_(2) preferentially formed during the tensile testing at 420℃,and both ZrO_(2) and Al_(2)O_(3) oxides formed at 430℃.The dilution of Zr elements in the remaining amorphous matrix caused by preferential oxidation on the surface layer attributes to the decrease in strength and enhancement in ductility of the Zr_(50)Cu_(40)Al_(10) metallic glasses.

Movement Patterns of Metallic Particles in a Single Phase Gas Insulated Busduct with Superimposed Lightning and Switching Impulses

Transient over voltages due to lightning and switching surges cause steep build-up of voltage on transmission lines and other electrical apparatus,like circuit breakers,transformers,insulators etc.Therefore it is necessary for the GIS also to withstand such voltages without breakdown of Insulation.The system has to be tested under these conditions.Usually the GIS system operates on power frequency.Lightning Impulse Voltage of 1050 kV and Switching Impulse Voltage of 750 kV superimposed on Power frequency voltages of 75 kV,100 kV and 132 kV are applied to Single Phase Gas Insulated Busduct and the maximum movement of Aluminum,Copper and Silver particles is determined.The movement patterns are also determined with and without Monte Carlo Simulation for movement of particle in axial and radial directions.The results show that there is a sudden jump in the movement at the application of impulse on sine wave.This is because of high magnitude voltage of 1050 kV during 1.2/50 μs.Similar movement patterns of reduced maximum movement is observed for Switching Impulse superimposed on sine wave.The results are presented and analyzed.

The Innovation of Surface Damage Detectionof Metallic Members

Exoelectron is low energy electrons delayed emission from a metallic member surface.The fatigue damage of the metallic often happens under the action of a dynamic load. Theaccumulation of fatigue damage of metallic frames leads to the result of surface fatiguemicrocracks. Microcracks would result in the exoelectrons emission. In this paper therelationship between exoelectrons emission and the fatigue damage microcracks of metallicframes is studied. A new type of the Double Grid Air Counter (DGAC) was designed.Experiments have shown that the systems of the DGAC are sound and work efficiently, and themeasurement precision was important, and valuable in study and detection of formation andgrowth of microcracks of the metallic members surface in the initial stage offatigue da,nage.

Metal and Composite Intermodal Containers in Comparative Cold Tests with Wood Chips

Intermodal containers have many advantages in the bulk supply chain, but idle times may cause freezing problems for containers in terminals and long-lasting deliveries, especially during the winter time in Nordic conditions. The aim of the cold tests was to study metal and composite containers’ ability to tolerate wood chips freezing into the inner surface of the container. Two of the containers were normal metal containers and one was a composite container. The loaded containers were put inside the laboratory hall, the temperature of which was -30°C, and kept there for variable times: less than 24 hours. The inner surface of one of metal containers was treated with a special coolant, EC1. After the test, the chips were unloaded, and the container walls were checked to determine whether there was any material left on them. The test results indicated the advantages of composite containers having a thermally insulated structure without freezing problems. At the same time, chips were freezing badly onto the floor of both metal containers. A frozen chip layer with a thickness of approximately 50 cm - 60 cm was stuck to the floors. As such, EC1 did not seem to prevent the freezing of the chips onto the inner surfaces. The results proved that intermodal logistics of truck and train transportation would be more suitable for composite containers than for metal containers in the winter time in Nordic conditions.

Quantitative Detection of Corrosion State of Concrete Internal Reinforcement Based on Metal Magnetic Memory

Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rate
of the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.

Precious Metals Identification in Computer Motherboards

Elements can be classified into metals,nonmetals,or metalloids based on their chemical and physical properties.Precious metals are rare and expensive.There are ten known precious metals,three of which are of interest to investors,silver,gold,and platinum.The goal is to find physical methods to identify the presence of precious metals,silver,and gold in the metal components of the computer motherboard,and to confirm its presence by chemical methods for its use and its selling to the jewelry industry after it is physically separated from the computer motherboards.Physical and chemical tests were identified.Physical tests include inscription test,magnet test and specific gravity test for both silver and gold metal pieces and chemical tests include bleach test,nitric acid test,test karat solution kit,and jewelry test kits.

锂金属氧化物电池安全性研究

通过外部短路试验、强制放电试验、针刺试验和火焰试验考察了锂金属氧化物电池的安全性。结果表明,锂金属氧化物电池在外部50 mΩ短路试验过程中最高温度65.4℃;强制放电试验过程中,电池电压稳定在约-2.47 V;针刺试验过程中,电池最高温度为29.2℃。锂金属氧化物电池在外部短路、强制放电、针刺安全性试验中均未发生燃烧、爆炸等问题,通过GJB 2374A-2013《锂电池安全要求》中的规定。在火焰试验2500 s时发生了泄放,泄放位置位于铝塑膜侧边封装处,火焰安全性试验通过HJB 864.1-2018《水中兵器锂电池安全性要求第1部分:锂金属氧化物电池》中的规定。

基于高光谱深度特征的油菜叶片锌含量检测

为了实现油菜叶片锌含量的快速无损检测,该研究采用一种基于高光谱成像技术结合深度迁移学习算法的高精度检测方法,通过无土栽培的方式,设置10个不同胁迫类别(2种不同硅浓度环境结合5个不同锌胁迫梯度),获取无硅环境和有硅环境中重金属锌胁迫下总计4000个油菜叶片样本。利用高光谱成像设备采集油菜叶片样本高光谱图像信息,并将整个叶片作为感兴趣区域获取其平均光谱信息。通过对比不同预处理后光谱对硅作用下油菜叶片锌含量预测性能,确立标准正态变量变换(standard normalized variable,SNV)算法作为最佳预处理方法,并对SNV处理的光谱数据进行进一步分析。利用堆叠自编码器(stacked auto-encoder,SAE)对预处理后的最佳光谱数据进行降维,并与传统的降维算法进行比较。最后,对最优SAE深度学习网络进行迁移学习,得到迁移堆叠自编码器(transfer stacked auto-encoder,TSAE)模型,验证无硅环境和有硅环境中深度学习模型之间的可迁移性。结果表明,基于SAE提取深度特征的支持向量机回归(support vector machine regression,SVR)模型对无硅环境或有硅环境中油菜叶片中锌含量的预测效果较好。无硅环境和有硅环境中所建立的SNV-SAE-SVR模型性能较佳,预测集的决定系数(R_p~2)、均方根误差(RMSEP)和相对分析误差(RPD)分别为0.8507、0.03466 mg/kg和2.607,0.8766、0.02854 mg/kg和2.732。此外,基于T-SAE提取深度特征的SVR模型能有效实现无硅环境和有硅环境中锌含量的预测,最佳SNV-T-SAE-SVR模型预测集的R_p~2、RMSEP和RPD分别为0.8810、0.02748 mg/kg和2.966。研究结果表明,深度迁移学习方法结合高光谱成像无损检测技术能够有效实现油菜叶片锌含量检测。