Mapping croplands,including fallow areas,are an important measure to determine the quantity of food that is produced,where they are produced,and when they are produced(e.g.seasonality).Furthermore,croplands are known ...Mapping croplands,including fallow areas,are an important measure to determine the quantity of food that is produced,where they are produced,and when they are produced(e.g.seasonality).Furthermore,croplands are known as water guzzlers by consuming anywhere between 70%and 90%of all human water use globally.Given these facts and the increase in global population to nearly 10 billion by the year 2050,the need for routine,rapid,and automated cropland mapping year-after-year and/or season-after-season is of great importance.The overarching goal of this study was to generate standard and routine cropland products,year-after-year,over very large areas through the use of two novel methods:(a)quantitative spectral matching techniques(QSMTs)applied at continental level and(b)rule-based Automated Cropland Classification Algorithm(ACCA)with the ability to hind-cast,now-cast,and future-cast.Australia was chosen for the study given its extensive croplands,rich history of agriculture,and yet nonexistent routine yearly generated cropland products using multi-temporal remote sensing.This research produced three distinct cropland products using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)250-m normalized difference vegetation index 16-day composite time-series data for 16 years:2000 through 2015.The products consisted of:(1)cropland extent/areas versus cropland fallow areas,(2)irrigated versus rainfed croplands,and(3)cropping intensities:single,double,and continuous cropping.An accurate reference cropland product(RCP)for the year 2014(RCP2014)produced using QSMT was used as a knowledge base to train and develop the ACCA algorithm that was then applied to the MODIS time-series data for the years 2000–2015.A comparison between the ACCA-derived cropland products(ACPs)for the year 2014(ACP2014)versus RCP2014 provided an overall agreement of 89.4%(kappa=0.814)with six classes:(a)producer’s accuracies varying between 72%and 90%and(b)user’s accuracies varying between 79%and 90%.ACPs for the individual years 2000–2013 and 2015(ACP2000–ACP2013,ACP2015)showed very strong similarities with several other studies.The extent and vigor of the Australian croplands versus cropland fallows were accurately captured by the ACCA algorithm for the years 2000–2015,thus highlighting the value of the study in food security analysis.展开更多
叙述了制备金属合金粉末的方法及其应用现状,金属合金粉末的种类和性能,新开发的Fe Ni RE合金粉末材料与国内外同类合金粉末材料进行了比较,具有优良的耐磨性、耐蚀性和较高的硬度。分析合金粉末制粉及粉末处理工艺、成型工艺,总结了合...叙述了制备金属合金粉末的方法及其应用现状,金属合金粉末的种类和性能,新开发的Fe Ni RE合金粉末材料与国内外同类合金粉末材料进行了比较,具有优良的耐磨性、耐蚀性和较高的硬度。分析合金粉末制粉及粉末处理工艺、成型工艺,总结了合金粉末的主要发展方向。展开更多
基金This work was supported by NASA MEaSUREs(grant number NNH13AV82I)U.S.Geological Survey provided sup-plemental funding from other direct and indirect means through its Land Change Science(LCS)Land Remote Sensing(LRS)programs as well as its Climate and Land Use Change Mission Area.
文摘Mapping croplands,including fallow areas,are an important measure to determine the quantity of food that is produced,where they are produced,and when they are produced(e.g.seasonality).Furthermore,croplands are known as water guzzlers by consuming anywhere between 70%and 90%of all human water use globally.Given these facts and the increase in global population to nearly 10 billion by the year 2050,the need for routine,rapid,and automated cropland mapping year-after-year and/or season-after-season is of great importance.The overarching goal of this study was to generate standard and routine cropland products,year-after-year,over very large areas through the use of two novel methods:(a)quantitative spectral matching techniques(QSMTs)applied at continental level and(b)rule-based Automated Cropland Classification Algorithm(ACCA)with the ability to hind-cast,now-cast,and future-cast.Australia was chosen for the study given its extensive croplands,rich history of agriculture,and yet nonexistent routine yearly generated cropland products using multi-temporal remote sensing.This research produced three distinct cropland products using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)250-m normalized difference vegetation index 16-day composite time-series data for 16 years:2000 through 2015.The products consisted of:(1)cropland extent/areas versus cropland fallow areas,(2)irrigated versus rainfed croplands,and(3)cropping intensities:single,double,and continuous cropping.An accurate reference cropland product(RCP)for the year 2014(RCP2014)produced using QSMT was used as a knowledge base to train and develop the ACCA algorithm that was then applied to the MODIS time-series data for the years 2000–2015.A comparison between the ACCA-derived cropland products(ACPs)for the year 2014(ACP2014)versus RCP2014 provided an overall agreement of 89.4%(kappa=0.814)with six classes:(a)producer’s accuracies varying between 72%and 90%and(b)user’s accuracies varying between 79%and 90%.ACPs for the individual years 2000–2013 and 2015(ACP2000–ACP2013,ACP2015)showed very strong similarities with several other studies.The extent and vigor of the Australian croplands versus cropland fallows were accurately captured by the ACCA algorithm for the years 2000–2015,thus highlighting the value of the study in food security analysis.
