Task-Oriented Topology System Synthesis of Reconfigurable Legged Mobile Lander Integrating Active and Passive Metamorphoses

To explore hostile extraterrestrial landforms and construct an engineering prototype,this paper presents the task-oriented topology system synthesis of reconfigurable legged mobile lander(ReLML)with three operation modes from adjusting,landing,to roving.Compared with our preceding works,the adjusting mode with three rotations(3R)provides a totally novel exploration approach to geometrically matching and securely arriving at complex terrains dangerous to visit currently;the landing mode is redefined by two rotations one translation(2R1T),identical with the tried-and-tested Apollo and Chang'E landers to enhance survivability via reasonable touchdown buffering motion;roving mode also utilizes 2R1T motion for good motion and force properties.The reconfigurable mechanism theory is first brought into synthesizing legged mobile lander integrating active and passive metamorphoses,composed of two types of metamorphic joints and metamorphic execution and transmission mechanisms.To reveal metamorphic principles with multiple finite motions,the finite screw theory is developed to present the procedure from unified mathematical representation,modes and source phase derivations,metamorphic joint and limb design,to final structure assembly.To identify the prototype topology,the 3D optimal selection matrix method is proposed considering three operation modes,five evaluation criteria,and two topological subsystems.Finally,simulation verifies the whole task implementation process to ensure the reasonability of design.

Nietzsche＇ Self-Transcendence Theory From Three Metamorphoses of Spirit to Superman Philosophy

To solve the philosophical question of what is the human being's essence, Nietzsche gives his answer in late 19 th century that the essence of human being is self-transcendence. Human being is a bridge. One side is animal, and the other side is the higher level spices—superman. Nietzsche points out that people should finish their self-transcendence through the process of three metamorphoses of spirit and then to superman stage. During this process, Nietzsche compares three metamorphoses of spirit to camel, lion, and child. Child is the sign of arrival of superman. Superman is the symbol of ideal life, for which Nietzsche pursuits.

LA-ICPMS U-Pb Ages of Zircon from Metaleucosomes, Olongbuluke Microcontinent, North Qaidam, and Implications on the Response to the Global Rodinia Supercontinent Assembly Event in NW China

U-Pb dating was conducted on different domains of zircons from metamorphosed leucosomes in Delingha （ 德令哈） complex, the lower basement rocks of the Olongbuluke （欧龙布鲁克 ） microcontinent, North Qaidam, in order to review its complex tectonothermal history. The zircon core is comprised of highly-modified magmatic zircon relicts, the zircon mantle was produced in response to anatexis of a Late Protoproterozoic thermal event; age and isotopic composition of both the zircon core and the zircon mantle have been seriously disturbed due to the thermal event related with growth of the zircon overgrowth rim. The 207 PIV 206 Pb apparent age of the overgrowth rim was estimated to be - 1 030 Ma. This Late Mesoproterozoic thermal event has been interpreted as a response to the global Rodinia supercontinent assembly event in the Olongbuluke microcontinent, Northwest China.

Zinc isotopic behavior of mafic rocks during continental deep subduction

Zinc isotopes may act as a new tool of tracking recycling of crustal materials that causes compositional heterogeneity of the mantle.This application relies on an investigation of Zn isotopic behaviors during slab subduction.In this study,we report Zn isotopic compositions for a suite of metabasalts(greenschists,amphibolites,and coesitebearing eclogites)from the Dabie Orogen(China),which were formed via the subduction of mafic rocks into different depths and up to>200 km.Three out of eight greenschists are characterized by lighterδ^(66)ZnJMC-Lyon(0.10‰-0.16‰)than those of global basalts(0.28‰±0.05‰),which may be caused by crustal assimilation of the protoliths by sedimentary rocks due to their extremely high ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr(up to 0.7130)and lowεNd values(down to−12.3).The remaining greenschists have relatively low ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr and theirδ66Zn values(0.21‰-0.38‰)overlap the ranges of amphibolites(0.18‰-0.32‰)and coesite-bearing eclogites(0.18‰-0.36‰).There is no correlation betweenδ^(66)Zn and sensitive indicators of dehydration(Rb/TiO_(2),Ba/Yb,and H_(2)O+),suggesting that no detectable Zn isotope fractionation has occurred during the deep subduction of mafic rocks even into>200 km,which is attributed to the limited loss of Zn during prograde metamorphism and dehydration.Thus,Zn isotopic compositions of the deeply subducted mafic rocks are inherited from their protoliths.Considering that these metamorphosed rocks have higherδ66Zn than that of the mantle value by up to 0.2‰,the recycled/subducted mafic crust can incorporate isotopically heavy Zn into the mantle.The subducted slabs may partially melt and generate a metasomatized mantle,resulting in changes of Zn isotopic composition of the hybridized mantle as have been observed in some mantle xenoliths and basaltic lavas.

The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb Deposit, Lorestan Province, Iran: a Metamorphosed SEDEX Deposit

The Gol-e-Zard Zn-Pb deposit is one of several sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits found in the central part of the Sanadaj-Sirjan Zone, known as the Isfahan-Malayer belt, western Iran. Mineralization occurs in Upper Triassic to Jurassic phyllites and meta-sandstones. Sphalerite and galena are the most abundant metallic ores, with minor chalcopyrite. Calcite and quartz are the main gangue minerals. Fissure filling, replacement textures and especially mineralized faults, suggest an epigenetic stage in the Gol-e-Zard deposit formation. Geochemical studies of mineralized rocks show high concentrations of Zn, Pb and Cu,（Zn and Pb 〉 10000 ppm and Cu average 3000 ppm）. LREE enrichment（LREE〉HREE, La/Lu average 1.44） and positive Eu anomalies（Eu/Eu＊〉1 average 1.67） indicate reducing conditions during the deposition of deposit. However, some samples do not display negative Ce anomalies, which indicate that localized oxidizing conditions are also present. This study indicates that the Gol-e-Zard deposit formed due to circulating hydrothermal fluids in a marine environment. A SEDEX-type genesis, which is defined by circulating hydrothermal fluids through sediments in a marine environment, and syngenetic precipitation of Zn and Pb sulphides, is suggested for the Gol-e-Zard deposit. Emplacement of some granitoid intrusions such as the Aligudarz granitoid intrusion remobilized mineralizing fluids and metamorphosed the Gol-e-Zard deposit.

Mechanochemically Metamorphosed Composites of Homogeneous Nanoscale Silicon and Silicate Oxides with Lithium and Metal Compounds

An active anode material for Li-ion batteries was synthesized using a simple mechanochemical process to minimize the large change in Si volume observed during charge-discharge operation and to compensate for the associated irreversible loss of Li or irreversible capacity loss, which are obstacles to achieve high-performance electrochemical properties during charge-discharge. The composite was mechanochemically milled with Si, lithium oxide, and copper oxide as raw materials;the composite contains Si nanoparticles, amorphous silicon monoxide, and Si-Li or Si-Cu alloy compounds, and it exhibits improved electrochemical properties. In particular, this composite achieved a better capacity retention, higher coulombic efficiency (over 100%), and longer cycling performance than Si alone, indicating considerable optimization of the electrical and ionic conductivity in the composite. The developed method allowed for control of the Li content to compensate for the lack of Li ions in the composite, and the cycling performance was optimized using the Cu alloy, oxide, and Li compounds within the composite.

Geological characters and petrological characters of metamorphosed medium-acidic intrusive complexes in Ludong Orogenic Belt,China

Ludong orogenic belt in China is an importantal continent collision orogenic belt in eastern Asia, between Sino Korean landmass and Yangtze landmass. The host rock of the orogenic belt is metamorphosed medium acidic intrusive complexes, which can be divided into four types, that’s, quartz dioritz, granite dioritz, monzonitic granite and undertint monzonitic granite, principal minerals are plagioclases, potassium feldspars and quartzs, minor minerals are hornblendes, biotites, clinopyxenes and garnets, accessory mineral types and assemblages are very similar, specially, various rocks are mainly fine grained textures. They have the history of regional amphibolite facies metamorphism and deep middle shallow structural layer deformation, and are changed into various gneiss and tectonic system. There are many xenolithes of middle Proterozoic eclogite host rock extrahigh high pressure metamorphic complexes, a small xenolithes of early Proterozoic layered metamorphite system and granulites, and ultrabasic basic rocks of various epoches in the metamorphosed medium acidic intrusive complexes.

Petrology and geochemistry of the Shilu Fe-polymetallic ore deposit in Hainan Province of South China: Implications for the origin of Neoproterozoic BIFs

The Shilu Fe-polymetallic ore deposit,a famous hematite-rich Fe-ore deposit,is situated at the western Hainan Province of south China.The deposit characterizes the upper Fe ores and the lower Co-Cu ores,which are mainly hosted within a low-grade to medium-grade,dominantly submarine metamorphosed siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary succession of the Neoproterozoic Shilu Group.Three facies types of metamorphosed BIFs,i.e.the oxide facies,the silicate-oxide facies and the sulfide-carbonate facies BIFs,are identified within the sixth sequence of the Shilu Group.The oxide facies BIF(i.e.the Fe-rich itabirites or ores)consists of alternating hematite-rich microbands with quartz-rich microbands;the silicate-oxide facies BIF(i.e.the Fe-poor itabirites or ores)comprises alternating millimeter-to a few tens meter-scale,magnetite-hematite-rich bands with calcsilicate-rich(garnet+actinolite+diopside+epidote+quartz)meso-to microbands;and the sulfide-carbonate facies BIF(i.e.the Co-Cu ores)contains alternating macro-to mesobands of Co-bearing pyrite and pyrrhotite,and chalcopyrite with mesobands of dolomite+calcite+diopside+quartz and/or chlorite+sericite+quartz.The blastooolitic,blastopelletoid blastocolloidal and blastopsammitic textures,and blasobedding structures which most likely represent primary sedimentation are often observed in these BIF facies.The interbedded host rocks with the BIFs mainly are the pyroxene-amphibole rocks and the banded or impure dolostones,and also contain banded or laminated structures,and lepido-gra-noblastic,nematoblastic and/or blastoclastic textures.Compositionally,the main host rocks,the pyroxene-amphibole rocks contain basic-intermediate SiO_2(~54.00 wt.%),CaO(~14.19 wt.%),MgO(~9.68 wt.%)and Al_2O_3(~8.49 wt.%)with a positive correlation between Al_2O_3 and TiO_2.The UCC-like Zr and Hf abundances,high Ba content andεNd(t)value(^-5.99)as well as the ratios of La/YbPAAS(0.17~1.00),δEuPAAS(0.88~1.12)andδCePAAS(0.93~1.13)commonly reveal that the protoliths to this type rocks are hydrogenic with a large contribution of terrigenous sediments and minor hydrothermal input.The high CaO+MgO+LOI contents and the extremely low trace element and REEconcentrations as well as the ratios of Y/Ho(44~45),δEuPAAS(1.13~1.57)andδCePAAS(0.69~0.98)reflect a marine origin with minor terrigenous materials for the banded or impure dolostones.Moreover,this type rocks also account for a negativeεNd(t)value(^-7.49).The oxide facies BIF is dominated by Fe_2O_3+FeO(~75.59wt.%)and SiO_2(~20.47 wt.%)with aεNd(t)value of^-6.10.The variable contents in Al_2O_3,TiO 2,K2O,Na2O,Zr,Hf and∑REE,and variable ratios of Y/Ho(24~39)andδEuPAAS(0.86~11.07)suggest the precursor sediments to this facies BIF are admixtures of sea-floor hydrothermal fluids and seawaters with minor involvement of detrital components.Compared to the oxide facies BIF,the silicate-oxide facies BIF is lower in Fe_2O_3+Fe O(~39.81wt.%)and Ba but higher in SiO_2(~42.54 wt.%),Al2O3(~3.60 wt.%),TiO_2(~0.19 wt.%),MgO(~1.12 wt.%),CaO(~9.06 wt.%),K_2O(~0.98 wt.%),Mn and Zr.The ratios of Y/Ho(25~34),La/YbPAAS(0.14-0.74)andδEuPAAS(0.91~1.12)most likely are linked to higher degree of detrital contamintants.While the sulfide-caronate facies BIF is main but variable in Fe_2O_3+Fe O(15.79~57.91 wt.%),SiO 2(0.54~61.52 wt.%),MgO(0.12~16.09wt.%),CaO(0.17~23.41 wt.%)and LOI(8.28-30.06 wt.%).The generally low contents in trace elements(including REE)except for an obvious enrichment in Pb,and the positive Ce anomalies(δCePAAS=1.04~1.95)and negative Pr anomalies(δPrPAAS=0.67~0.93),as well as the variable ratios ofδEuPAAS(0.72~1.71),La/YbPAAS(0.26~1.60)and Y/Ho(26~57)suggest that the precursors to the sulfide-carbonate facies BIF mainly are metalliferious sediments from deep-marine hydrotheral source with minor detrital components.The T2DM ages(ca.2.0 Ga)imply that the Shilu BIFs and interbedded host rocks contain a component with Paleoproterozoic crustal residence age due to a significant crustal accretion event at ca.2.0 Ga in Hainan Island.In connection with the petrographical and mineralogical relationship,we conclude that the precursor precipitates to the Shilu BIFs are variable degree of admixtures of the Fe-Co-Cu-(Si)-rich hydrothermal fluids and detrital components from seawater and fresh water carring continental landmass;whereas the protolith to the main interbedded host rocks,i.e.the pyroxene-amphibole rocks,most likely was terrigenous,fine-grained clastic-sediments but with significant input of hydrothermal fluids in a seawater environment.As a result,a continent marginal marine basin is proposed for deposition of the Shilu BIFs and interbedded host rocks.Sea-level fluctuations caused by marine transgression–regressions possibly contributed to changes in the composition and varied input of the terrigenous sediments.

Paleomagnetism of Metamorphosed Sudbury Dykes, Canada: Relevance to a Theory of Crustal Shortening across the Grenville Collisional Orogen

The 1.235 Ga ESE-trending Sudbury dyke swarm cuts Paleoproterozoic to Archean rocks,but at its SE end becomes deformed and metamorphosed by the;Ga Grenville orogen,a result of collision between Laurentia

Metamorphosed mafic rocks with N-type MORE geochemical features in Hainan Island-Remnants of the Paleo-Tethys Oceanic Crust?

A number of metamorphosed mafic rocks occurred within the Paleozoic strata in the Chenxing and Bangxi regions at the northern side of the Changjiang-Qionghai Fault in Central Hainan Island. These metamorphosed mafic rocks are tholeiites in chemistry. They are characterized by extreme depletion of Th, Nb, Ta and LREEs, resembling the depleted N-type mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORE). Field relations suggest that the protolith of the metamorphosed mafic rocks were likely formed in Paleozoic. These metamorphosed mafic rocks with N-type MORB geochemical features were probably the remnants of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust.