Laser probe ^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar ages of metasomatic K-feldspar from the Hougou gold deposit,northwestern Hebei Province,China

The Hougou gold deposit in northwestern Hebei is a typical K-metasomatism-related gold deposit hosted by K-altered rocks overprinting alkali intrusive rocks. In order to determine the age and pulse intervals of K-metasomatism in this gold deposit, some metasomatic K-feldspars from K-altered rocks are selected to measure their formation time by laser probe 40Ar-39Ar dating method. The new analyzing data show that these metasomatic K-feldspar formed during 202.6 Ma and 176.7 Ma, and the corresponding K-metasomatism and associated gold mineralization occurred in the early stage of Mesozoic era. The pulse intervals of K-metasomatism in the Hougou area are estimated to be about 4 Ma.

Geology and Geochemistry of K-feldspar Veins in Lamprophyre at the Zhenyuan Gold Deposit,Yunnan,Southwest China:Implications for Gold Mineralization

Lamprophyres typically appear in hydrothermal gold deposits.The relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits is investigated widely.Some researchers suggest that the emplacement of lamprophyres triggers gold mineralization,whereas others hypothesize that the formation of lamprophyres increases the fertility of mantle sources and ore-forming fluids.K-feldspar veins,with ages between those of lamprophyres and gold deposits,appear in lamprophyres in Zhenyuan.Therefore,K-feldspar veins are ideal for investigating the relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits.Phlogopite in K-feldspar veins has lower Mg#,Ni,and Cr contents and higher TiO2,Li,Ba,Sr,Sc,Zr,Nb,and Cs contents than phlogopite in lamprophyres.The in-situ Sr isotopic values of apatites(0.7063–0.7066)in K-feldspar veins are within the range for apatites(0.7064–0.7078)from lamprophyres.High large-ion lithophile element concentrations and low Nb and Ta concentrations in phlogopite from lamprophyres,in addition to high(87Sr/86Sr)i values of apatite(0.7064–0.7078),indicate that the magma parental to these phlogopite and apatite crystals is derived from an enriched mantle.Kfeldspar veins are genetically correlated with lamprophyres,whereas sulfide mineral assemblage and trace element compositions of pyrite in K-feldspar veins suggest that K-feldspar veins in lamprophyres are not directly related to gold mineralization of the Zhenyuan deposit.

Hydro-uvarovite from Mantle Peridotites of Naga Hills Ophiolite: A Mineral Tracer for Neo-Tethyan Mantle Wedge Metasomatism

Hydrous Cr-bearing uvarovite garnets are rare in natural occurrences and belong to the ugrandite series and exist in binary solid solutions with grossular and andradite garnets. Here, we report the occurrence of hydrous uvarovite garnet having Cr_(2)O_(3) upto 19.66 wt% and CaO of 32.12–35.14 wt% in the serpentinized mantle peridotites of Naga Hills Ophiolite(NHO), India. They occur in association with low-Cr diopsides. They are enriched in LILE(Ba, Sr), LREEs, with fractionating LREE-MREE [avg.(La/Sm)_(N) = 2.16] with flat MREE/HREE patterns [avg.(Sm/Yb)_(N) = 0.95]. Raman spectra indicate the presence of hydroxyl(OH^(–)) peaks from 3500 to 3700 cm^(-1). Relative abundances in fluid mobile elements and their close association with clinopyroxenes are suggestive of the formation of uvarovite garnets through low temperature metasomatic alteration of low-Cr diopsides by hydrothermal slab fluids. The high LREE concentration and absence of Eu anomaly in the garnet further attest to alkaline nature of the transporting slab dehydrated fluid rather the involvement of low-p H solution. The chemical characteristics of the hydroxyl bearing uvarovite hosted by the mantle peridotite of NHO deviate from the classical features of uvarovite garnet, and their origin is attributed to the fluid-induced metasomatism of the sub arc mantle wedge in a suprasubduction zone regime.

A geochemical perspective on the genesis of Cenozoic basic volcanism in northeastern Turkey:an overview of metasomatism and heterogeneity of the sub-continental lithospheric mantle in a post-collisional setting

The post-collisional Cenozoic basic volcanic rocks in NE Turkey show temporal variations in whole-rock lithophile element and highly siderophile element(HSE)systematics that are mainly associated with the nature of sub-continental lithospheric mantle(SCLM)sources and parental melt generation.So far,the traditional whole-rock lithophile geochemical data of these basic volcanic rocks have provided important constraints on the nature of SCLM sources.Integrated lithophile element and HSE geochemical data of these basic volcanic rocks also reveal the heterogeneity of the SCLM source,which is principally related to variable metasomatism resulting from previous subduction(s)and post-collisional mantle-crust interactions in an extensional setting.Lithophile element geochemical features suggest that the parental magmas have derived from metasomatized spinel-to garnet-bearing SCLM sources for Eocene and Miocene basic volcanic rocks with subduction signatures whereas originated from spinel-to garnet-bearing SCLM sources for Mio-Pliocene and Plio-Quaternary basaltic volcanic rocks without the subduction signature.Lithophile element and HSE geo-chemistry also reveal that Eocene and Miocene basic vol-canic rocks were affected by more pronounced crustal contamination than the basaltic volcanic rocks of Mio-Pliocene and Quaternary.Furthermore,the integrated lithophile element and HSE compositions of these basic volcanic rocks,together with the regional asymmetric lithospheric delamination model,reveal that the compositional variation(especially due to metasomatism)was significant temporally in the heterogeneity of the SCLM sources from which parental magmas formed during the Cenozoic era.

Early Cretaceous Metasomatized Lithospheric Mantle beneath the Central Jiangnan Orogen in South China:Geochemical and Sr-Nd Isotope Evidence from the Tuanshanbei Dolerite

It is well established that Cretaceous magmatism in the South China Block(SCB)is related to the Paleo-Pacific subduction.However,the starting time and the associated deep crust-mantle processes are still debatable.Mafic dike swarms carry important information on the deep earth(including mantle)geodynamics and geochemical evolution.In the Jiangnan Orogen(South China).there is no information on whether the Mesozoic magmatic activities in this region are also directly related to the Pacific subduction or not.In this study,we present detailed zircon U-Pb geochronological,wholerock element and Sr-Nd isotope data for Early Cretaceous Tuanshanbei dolerite dikes,and provide new constraints on the condition of the lithospheric mantle and mantle dynamics of the SCB during that time.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating suggests that this dolerite erupted in the Early Cretaceous(~145 Ma).All samples have alkaline geochemical affinities with K_(2)O+Na_(2)O=3.11-4.04 wt%,K_(2)O/Na_(2)O=0.50-0.72,and Mg^(#)=62.24-65.13.They are enriched in LILE but depleted in HFSE with higher initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratio(0.706896-0.714743)and lower ε_(Nd)(t)(-2.61 to-1.67).They have high Nb/U,Nb/La,La/Sm and Rb/Sr,and low La/Nb,La/Ta,Ce/Pb,Ba/Rb,Tb/Yb and Gd/Yb ratios.Such geochemical signatures suggest that the fractional crystallization is obvious but crustal contamination play a negligible role during magmatic evolution.Tuanshanbei dolerite were most likely derived from low-degree(2%-5%)partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing mantle material consisted of~85% spinel peridotite and~15% garnet peridotite previously metasomatized by asthenospherederived fluids/melts with minor subduction-derived fluids/melts.Slab-rollback generally lead to the upwelling of the hot asthenosphere.The upwelling of asthenosphere consuming the lithospheric mantle by thermo-mechanical-chemical erosion.The lithospheric mantle may have partially melted due to the heating by the upwelling asthenosphere and lithospheric extension.It is inferred that the Tuanshanbei dolerite might be associated with the initial slab rollback and corresponding lithospheric extension occurred potentially at ca.145 Ma.

Corundum formation by metasomatic reactions in Archean metapelite,SW Greenland:Exploration vectors for ruby deposits within high-grade greenstone belts

Corundum(ruby-sapphire) is known to have formed in situ within Archean metamorphic rocks at several localities in the North Atlantic Craton of Greenland. Here we present two case studies for such occurrences:(1) Maniitsoq region(Kangerdluarssuk), where kyanite paragneiss hosts ruby corundum, and(2)Nuuk region(Stor?), where sillimanite gneiss hosts ruby corundum. At both occurrences, ultramafic rocks(amphibole-peridotite) are in direct contact with the ruby-bearing zones, which have been transformed to mica schist by metasomatic reactions. The bulk-rock geochemistry of the ruby-bearing rocks is consistent with significant depletion of SiO_2 in combination with addition of Al_2O_3, MgO, K_2O,Th and Sr relative to an assumed aluminous precursor metapelite. Phase equilibria modelling supports ruby genesis from the breakdown of sillimanite and kyanite at elevated temperatures due to the removal of SiO_2. The juxtaposition of relatively silica-and aluminum-rich metasedimentary rocks with low silica ultramafic rocks established a chemical potential gradient that leached/mobilized SiO_2 allowing corundum to stabilize in the former rocks. Furthermore, addition of Al_2O_3 via a metasomatic reaction is required, because Al/Ti is fractionated between the aluminous precursor metapelites and the resulting corundum-bearing mica schist. We propose that Al was mobilized either by complexation with hydroxide at alkaline conditions, or that Al was transported as K-Al-Si-O polymers at deep crustal levels.The three main exploration vectors for corundum within Archean greenstone belts are:(1) amphiboliteto granulite-facies metamorphic conditions,(2) the juxtaposition of ultramafic rocks and aluminous metapelite, and(3) mica-rich reactions zones at their interface.

Evidence of melt/rock interaction in the Cr-spinel bearing wehrlite rocks of Bangriposi, India: Implications for nature of the metasomatic agent

Cr-spinel bearing wehrlite rocks of Bangriposi are found within the multiply deformed metasedimentary rocks of Singhbhum Group belonging to North Singhbhum Mobile Belt of eastern India. Detailed mineralogical and geochemical studies reveal that these rocks have suffered a two-stage alteration involving a deeper level modal and cryptic metasomatism and a subsequent shallower depth pervasive hydrothermal alteration. Cryptic metasomatism is defined by elevated LREE contents of the wehrlite and its clinopyroxne grains. Metasomatism induced changes in the modal mineralogy of the rocks include the absence of primary orthopyroxene grains, presence of secondary diopside-phlogopite（now present as vermiculite） defining disequilibrium reaction textures and secondary orthopyroxene rims around serpentinized olivine. The mineralogical and geochemical changes due to the metasomatic event present a contrasting picture in regard to the metasomatic history of the rocks. Possible scenarios involving a single stage or multiple stage metasomatism events have been discussed while explaining the metasomatic reactions that took place. An attempt has been made to estimate the REE concentrations of the final equilibrating melt from REE contents of clinopyroxene grains of the wehrlite. The possibility of the LREE-enriched equilibrating melt of the wehrlite rocks（the deeper level metasomatic agent） being similar to residual melts from the E-MORB type parental melts of nearby gabbro suite has been ruled out by geochemical modeling. REE abundance patterns of several natural enriched melts have been compared with REE pattern of calculated LREE-enriched equilibrating melt of the wehrlite and most resemblance has been observed with calcic and potassic melts. It is therefore suggested that the Cr-spinel bearing wehrlite rocks of Bangriposi has been affected by a calcio-potassic melt in deeper level, prior to the shallow level serpentinization event.

Metasomatic Mechanism of Weathering-Pedogenesis of Carbonate Rocks: I. Mineralogical and Micro-Textural Evidence

On the basis of mineralogical, geochemical and micro\|textural studies of the typical sections of the red weathering crust of carbonate rocks in the subtropical karst areas of Guizhou Province and Guangxi Autonomous Region, we have found, either on a microscopic or on a macroscopical scale and in different positions of the sections, the most direct and most important mineralogical and micro\|textural evidence for the development of metasomatism in the process of weathering\|pedogenesis of numerous carbonate rocks. This paper also has expounded for the first time and systematically the mechanism of metasomatism involved in the process of weathering\|pedogenesis of carbonate rocks and proposed the sequence of mineral metasomatic evolution in the process of weathering\|pedogenesis of carbonate rocks.

Metasomatic Origin of Some of the Eclogite Bearing Carbonate Rocks in the Dabie Mountain Region, China

Carbonate rocks are one of the major hosts to eclogite in the Mt. Dabie region. Eclogite bodies enclosed in the carbonate rocks occur mostly as knobs, ovoids and lenses measuring centimeters to tens of centimeters in size. The bodies have been intensely carbonatized and usually have transitional contacts with their carbonate hosts. The carbonate rocks have abundant relics of eclogite minerals and their retrogressive derivatives. The REE patterns of the carbonate rocks are characterized by the absence of negative Ce anomaly. These features suggest that a considerable portion of the eclogite bearing carbonate rocks in the Mt. Dabie region was produced by carbonatization of eclogites and their retrogressive derivatives. These carbonate rocks suffered deformation and recrystallization after their formation.

ROLE OF METASOMATIC PROCESSES IN RUBY-BEARING MARBLES FORMATION OF THE SOUTHERN URAL MOUNTAINS

Ruby-bearing marbles of the Southern Ural Mountains are developed in the metamorphic perimeter of granites-gneisses domes where high grade metamorphic granitization and diaphthoresis have occurred.Geological research into the development and occurrence of ruby-bearing marbles indicate that they formed as a result of repeated transformation.Their substrate consisted of an organogenous marine limestone containing Visean faunal remains.Intensive Mg metasomatism of limestone during early progressive stages of metamorphism resulted in a substrate of dolomite composition containing faunal remains with a calcite composition.Increased temperature and pressure resulted in metamorphism of early Mg metasomatites,turning them into fine-grained marble containing Visean faunal remains.Tensional stresses near the intrusive domes resulted in dedolomitization of early Mg metasomatites,giving rise to light,coarse-grained calcite marbles having polygonal-grained structure.Such carbonaceous marbles became metamorphosed around the perimeter of granite-gneiss massifs.Their rheological properties allowed for plastic flow in these marbles into areas of tectonic neutrality,forming bodies of rheomorphic marbles,sometimes even among marbled limestone.Relict bodies of Mg metasomatites underwent boudinage and rotation.Flow cleavage occurred in axial blocks of inter-dome structures and in their steep walls.Therefore platy jointing(banding,pseudo-lamination)formed in the marbles.Thickness of the plates is from several millimeters to 2-3m.Calcite underwent recrystallization with extension of grain size in the central parts of plates,sometimes amounting to 15-25cm in cross-section.Ruby-bearing marbles consist of Mg-calcite.The rock is coarse-grained,with a panidiomorphic texture.Schistosity is often observed in the plane of cleavage.Mg-calcite marble occurs among and grades into background calcite marbles,which are controlled by cleavage of flowing.It is supposed that the ruby-bearing Mg-calcite marbles bodies are elongated in the direction of dip.Their formation is caused by recrystallization under the action of rising metamorphogenic fluids at high temperatures and higher pressures(amphibolitic and epidote-amphibolitic facies).Ruby-bearing marbles formed at the end of the prograde stage of metamorphism.The early retrograde stage of metamorphism is defined by a new wave of Mg metasomatism and formation of calcite-dolomitic marbles with a poikiloblastic texture from calcite or Mg-calcite marbles.Usually the boundaries of the bodies are clear,planar,and controlled by cleavage.Studies of small bodies have shown that they are elongated in the direction of dip.Usually they contain pink corundum and/or pink spinel;red corundum is replaced by red spinel.Thus the initial marine limestones were transformed into various marbles and completely lost their primary composition and bedding as a result of metamorphism,deformation,and metasomatic transformation.Ruby-spinel mineralization in marbles is controlled by cleavage.

Grade and Tonnage Model of Contact Metasomatic Copper Deposit in China

Grade-tonnage model is one of the research frontiers of systematical exploration theory. Based on the “Reserve Database of Mineral Resources in China (1997)”, this paper establishes the geological model, grade model, tonnage model, grade-tonnage model and tonnage-sequence model of contact metasomatic copper deposits in China. The mathematical properties of these models are described in detail.

Zircon deposit and rare earth element enriched metasomatic alkaline rocks at Kyemyeongsan Formation, Chungju, Korea: Paleozoic magmatism and Zr-REE-Nb mineralization

The zircon ore deposit in metasediments and peralkaline granite of the Kyemyeongsan Formation is located in southwest of Chungju city, Korea. The deposit, closely associated with REE and Nb,is composed of metasomatic alkaline rocks and rare metal alkali granite, and was formed in late Carboniferous (340～343Ma). Zircon occurs in different paragenetic sequence: (1) earlier rare metal alkali granite, (2) later metasomatic zircon ore. The metasomatic zone contains abundant microcline, albite and quartz with minor biotite, magnetite, hornblende, allanite and zircon. The alkali granites have high silica (72.13～74.52wt.% as SiO 2), and total iron content (5.95～6.89%), and are characterized by low Al 2O 3 content (7.12～9.74%). They also show variable K 2O content (3.60～6.98%), and high ratios of K 2O/Na 2O. The REE patterns of rare metal alkali granite are similar to those of felsic volcanics from rifts, or back arc basins in, or near continental crust. Zircon ores are characterized by high iron content and low Al 2O 3, SiO 2, and K 2O content and have unusually high total REE content (0.18～2.33%). REE patterns show relatively flat to somewhat heavy REE (HREE) depleted characteristics (Ce/Yb=0.39～5.17) with large Eu negative anomaly (Eu/Eu *=0.16～0.29). Laser ablation microprobe inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LAM ICP MS) analyses has been carried on zircon. The REE patterns of mineral zircons are almost the same to those of zircon ores and rare metal alkali granites, which may reflect the inability of zircons to effectively fractionated REE at formation of origin. The Sm Nd isochron age of the zircon ore and rare metal alkali granite are 330Ma, and 331Ma, respectively with ε Nd(t) being range from -2.00 to -1.84. This data suggest that the ore forming material came from the mantle. Alkali granite has suffered extensive post magmatic metasomatism of a high temperature to produce zircon ores. Geochemical characteristics show that metasomatism of alkaline fluid was probably the dominant ore forming process in Chungju district.

甘肃北山地区晚三叠世煌斑岩地球化学特征及构造意义

甘肃北山地区位于中亚造山带南缘,是研究中亚造山带构造演化的关键区域。煌斑岩多为岩石圈地幔在伸展背景下低程度部分熔融形成的碱性岩石,确定其形成时代和岩石成因可为区域构造演化提供新的依据。笔者对北山地区柳园南煌斑岩进行了系统的岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学及Hf同位素研究。柳园南煌斑岩的锆石U-Pb年龄为(228.2±1.1)Ma(晚三叠世)。煌斑岩中富含金云母和角闪石等富挥发性组分的矿物。岩石地球化学分析表明:柳园南煌斑岩属于超钾质煌斑岩,母岩浆为碱性岩浆系列;全岩微量元素具有明显的Nb-Ta和Zr-Hf负异常,锆石εHf(t)值为0.5~4.9,平均值为+2.8,具俯冲洋壳板片流体交代特征。柳园南煌斑岩中橄榄石Mn/Fe与Ca/Fe值对比表明,柳园南煌斑岩源区为富金云母的方辉橄榄岩地幔;微量元素模拟计算表明,地幔源区具有富集的特征。因此,柳园煌斑岩岩浆源区为被俯冲板片流体交代的岩石圈地幔。结合前人对中亚造山带南缘构造演化的研究,北山南部地区在晚三叠世时已进入陆内伸展阶段,减压作用促使被俯冲流体交代的岩石圈地幔发生低程度部分熔融,形成柳园煌斑岩脉。

交代地幔源区与造山带铜镍成矿作用

造山带具有复杂的动力学环境、俯冲交代历史和热力学状态,其地幔源区物质组成、熔融机制和岩浆产物明显不同于地幔柱和大陆裂谷带,因此造山带环境中与镁铁-超镁铁质岩浆有关的铜镍成矿作用有别于板内环境。本文综述了交代地幔源区与造山带铜镍成矿关系的新进展,重点聚焦于:(1)岩石圈与软流圈的贡献。成矿岩浆来源于上涌的软流圈驱动交代岩石圈地幔不同程度的混合熔融,其中后俯冲阶段岩浆产物的成矿作用最为普遍、规模最大;岩石圈地幔经历不同比例俯冲板片沉积物熔体(富钙沉积物)和低温蚀变洋壳流体交代,具有显著的富挥发分和碳酸盐特征。(2)幔源岩浆氧化还原状态对成矿的约束。显生宙造山带成矿初始岩浆(硫化物未发生饱和)可能普遍为氧化性岩浆,岩浆体系硫化物饱和前后存在氧逸度骤降,导致岩浆体系硫化物饱和时硫的溶解度呈指数级下降,直接触发硫化物熔离,或者为达到熔离创造低的硫溶解度条件,其中岩浆还原作用由碳质物在岩浆期的有效混染造成。(3)挥发分对岩浆硫化物的运载汇聚。挥发分显著降低熔体粘度,从而减小粘滞阻力对岩浆超压的消耗;岩浆在上侵减压过程中挥发分能够发生出溶-成核作用,形成大量低密度气泡并与硫化物液滴形成复合液滴,促进硫化物液滴聚结,提高其成矿元素含量,并向上输运硫化物。总之,全球部分典型铜镍成矿省与交代地幔时空耦合关系表明,地幔具交代属性可能一定程度上促进了岩浆硫化物成矿。尽管交代地幔对造山带铜镍成矿的贡献方面取得了诸多重要进展,但前寒武造山带幔源岩浆氧化还原状态对成矿的影响、造山带镍铜钴成矿多样性、经历不同交代作用的地幔源区熔融过程中亲铜元素的行为机制、壳幔圈层内挥发分循环对亲铜元素迁移-富集的控制作用等领域仍需深入研究。

钠交代作用对碱性花岗岩体系中稀土富集成矿的贡献

碱性岩是全球稀土资源的主要来源之一,特别是中-重稀土资源。针对碱性花岗岩体系中稀土(REE)和部分高场强元素(HFSE)超常富集机制及其控制因素等关键科学问题,目前尚缺乏深入系统的研究工作。本文重点关注碱性花岗岩成矿体系中的钠交代作用,对常见的钠长石化、钠铁闪石化和钠辉石化等热液交代过程中的矿物交代反应过程及其稀有稀土元素再活化-迁移过程开展分析和讨论。在碱性岩中,碱性角闪石和辉石被认为是REE和HFSE的重要载体,同时也是岩浆分异演化的有效示踪剂。以中国黑龙江碾子山碱性花岗岩为例,岩浆晚期的热液交代会导致碱性角闪石和辉石从富钙的矿物相向富钠的矿物相转变,在这个相转变过程中会导致REE和HFSE的活化和迁移。特别是岩浆晚期热液富钠霓辉石的形成过程中REE和HFSE会大规模释放到交代流体中,可能是导致这些关键金属元素在岩浆晚期超常富集和成矿的关键控制因素。因此,碱性角闪石和辉石的钠指数[Na^(#)=Na/(Na+Ca)摩尔比]可能是一个潜在的矿物地球化学指标,或将为碱性岩型稀土资源勘查提供新的方法。

希夏邦马峰地区矽卡岩型稀有金属矿化:岩石学特征、成矿时代及其地质意义

近年来,喜马拉雅稀有金属找矿工作和成矿研究不断取得突破,喜马拉雅已成为我国新的战略性矿产资源基地。本次研究对希夏邦马峰地区的吉隆岩体北部扎龙沟、岗布以及聂拉木北部等多处的矽卡岩进行了岩相学、矿物学和年代学研究,指出该区域广泛发育石榴子石、透辉石、符山石、绿帘石和角闪石等典型矽卡岩矿物。研究结果显示,扎龙沟矽卡岩具有明显的Li-Be-Sn矿化现象,成矿元素主要赋存在符山石(Li:469×10^(-6)~3162×10^(-6);Be:47.9×10^(-6)~2010×10^(-6);Sn:58.1×10^(-6)~1767×10^(-6))和云母(Li:2900×10^(-6)~3570×10^(-6))中,且云母中Rb(1572×10^(-6)~2364×10^(-6))、Cs(390×10^(-6)~749×10^(-6))、Ga(68.2×10^(-6)~111×10^(-6))元素含量较高;岗布矽卡岩以Li-Be矿化为主,赋存矿物为符山石(Li:833×10^(-6)~1624×10^(-6);Be:401×10^(-6)~1664×10^(-6);Sn:87.8×10^(-6)~181×10^(-6))和榍石(Sn:30340×10^(-6)~48600×10^(-6));聂拉木矽卡岩以Sn矿化为主,赋存矿物为石榴子石(92.3×10^(-6)~571×10^(-6))和绿帘石(86.0×10^(-6)~2003×10^(-6))。榍石U-Pb定年结果显示,扎龙沟矽卡岩形成于19~18Ma,岗布和聂拉木矽卡岩形成于24~23Ma,分别与已报道的钠长石花岗岩、电气石白云母淡色花岗岩时代一致,是岩浆出溶的热液流体交代围岩的产物,反映喜马拉雅稀有金属阶段性成矿特点。榍石Zr和黑云母Ti等温度计结果结合矿物成分表明,矽卡岩化过程中,热液流体温度从~680℃降低至~520℃,晚期均以氧化环境为主。进变质过程中脱CO 2导致原岩孔隙度增加,为后续成矿流体的加入和热量传输提供通道;退化蚀变过程中体积增大,岩石产生构造裂隙,控制成矿矽卡岩最终产出形态。综合研究表明,淡色花岗岩在藏南拆离系驱动下高度分异演化造成Li、Be、Sn等元素富集,晚期出溶的热液流体与碳酸盐岩围岩发生接触交代变质和矽卡岩化反应,是吉隆-聂拉木一带矽卡岩型Li-Be-Sn矿化的主要机制。我们指出,喜马拉雅造山带具有很好的矽卡岩型稀有金属成矿前景,未来应加强对接触变质带和围岩蚀变的研究,以寻找更多稀有金属矿床。

东天山维权银铜多金属矿控矿因素及成因分析

维权银铜多金属矿床位于新疆东天山地区,是具有典型特征的大型银铜多金属矿,大地构造划属觉罗塔格沟弧带中的雅满苏岛弧带。该矿床的地质特征、控矿因素、矿床成因长期存在争议。本次研究建立在多年野外地质勘查的基础上,对矿床的地质特征、控矿因素、矿床成因等进行了系统研究,认为银铜、铅锌矿体均分布于火山碎屑岩中,受地层控制的铅锌矿体被断裂构造控制的银铜矿体所切穿;铅锌矿成矿严格受地层层位控制,主要的蚀变类型为矽卡岩化,为接触交代成因类型,成矿时代为早石炭世晚期;银铜矿体形成于晚石炭世中晚期,矿体就位空间为断裂构造,矿体形态明显受断裂形态和性质所控制,有着明显的矿化边界,即断层面,认为其属岩浆期后远程中低温热液成因,成矿晚于铅锌成矿。

Au-As-S多元流体交代菱铁矿形成载金黄铁矿的矿物学证据

成矿流体与含铁围岩反应可生成大量黄铁矿并伴随金的高效沉淀,然而含Au-As-S的多元流体交代含铁碳酸盐围岩形成载金黄铁矿的矿物学过程还有待揭示。本文运用水热实验模拟了Au-As-S多元流体交代菱铁矿的成矿过程,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和电子探针显微分析(EPMA)等方法表征了菱铁矿蚀变前后的矿物学特征。结果表明,含Au-As-S的多元热液流体交代菱铁矿可生成载金黄铁矿,且黄铁矿的平均颗粒尺寸受控于初始溶液的As浓度;当初始溶液As浓度从0升至100×10^(–6),黄铁矿的平均颗粒尺寸减小约56%;初始溶液As浓度越高,进入黄铁矿结构中的As则越多,也更有利于流体中的Au以不可见金的形式进入黄铁矿;所形成的载金黄铁矿的Au与As含量呈现显著的正相关性,即存在As-Au耦合关系,与已报道的载金黄铁矿中的现象一致。该研究不仅深入剖析了菱铁矿在含Au-As-S的多元流体蚀变前后的矿物学演化特征,还有助于对载金黄铁矿中Au-As耦合关系成因的认识。

河南鹤壁地幔捕掳体内磷灰石的发现及地幔交代作用

目的地幔交代作用是岩石圈演化的重要方式之一。显性交代作用以出现交代成因的地幔矿物为特征,可为地幔交代作用提供直接证据,磷灰石是地幔中交代成因的典型矿物。中生代以来,太行山构造带东侧的华北板块岩石圈明显减薄,而西侧仍保留较厚的岩石圈,太行山构造带是华北克拉通东部被破坏区与西部稳定区的过渡带。因此,太行山构造带的地幔包体对研究华北克拉通破坏具有重要意义。鹤壁地区位于太行山构造带上,发育有金伯利岩等深源岩浆岩。方法本文以金伯利岩携带的地幔包体为研究对象,探讨鹤壁地区岩石圈地幔的性质。通过人工重砂的方法,从地幔包体中分选出数粒磷灰石和一粒被辉石包裹的磷灰石。结果体视显微镜下,磷灰石无色,透明,具玻璃光泽,呈短柱状;扫描电镜能谱分析表明,被包裹的矿物主要由Ca,P,O,F元素组成,寄主矿物主要由Si,Fe,Mg,Al,O元素组成;电子探针结果表明,磷灰石中w(CaO)为53.525%~56.514%,w(P_(2)O_(5))为37.372%~40.851%;实验岩石学研究认为,顽火辉石+方解石→橄榄石+透辉石+CO_(2),磷灰石等作为副矿物产出。因此,辉石包裹磷灰石的矿物组合属于地幔交代成因,指示了显性交代作用。结论磷灰石这种显性地幔交代成因矿物的发现,为华北克拉通岩石圈地幔经历显性交代作用提供了直接证据。

花岗质岩浆作用及后期演化过程:来自矿物原位微区成分与同位素组成的制约

花岗岩作为大陆地壳的重要组成部分,其岩浆作用过程一直是地学领域研究的热点。传统上利用全岩地球化学和同位素数据来示踪花岗岩成因和演化过程的方法已不够准确,为此,本文系统总结了近年来报导的花岗岩中单矿物的原位微区成分——这些数据记录了全岩数据无法识别的单矿物颗粒内部和不同矿物颗粒之间元素和同位素组成的变异特征,明显提高了对花岗质岩浆作用及后期演化过程的认识。首先,矿物原位微区成分对花岗质岩浆的源区性质和混合过程具有指示意义。花岗岩中岩浆锆石Hf同位素组成的变异可能暗示其源区在深熔作用过程中发生了锆石的不平衡和选择性熔融,而未必是壳幔混合作用的结果,这是对“锆石效应”概念新的扩展;同一花岗岩样品中分选出的磷灰石颗粒可以具有完全不同的稀土元素配分模式、Eu异常、Sr含量和Sr-Nd同位素组成等,表明它们中的部分颗粒是岩浆形成和上升过程中从围岩捕获的,是小规模地壳混染作用的产物;榍石的微区成分分带记录了多种岩浆混合过程,也反映了熔体成分、氧逸度和温度等因素的变化;花岗岩与其中发育的包体、捕虏体和相关围岩的锆石Hf-O同位素和磷灰石Sr-Nd同位素组成可以记录上述岩石在形成过程中经历岩浆混合和同化混染等作用。其次,矿物原位微区成分可以反映花岗质岩浆的分离结晶过程。岩浆成因磷灰石不同的稀土元素配分模式可能指示它们受到了其他矿物分离结晶作用的影响,如帘石族、榍石、角闪石、斜长石等;花岗伟晶岩系统中岩浆成因独居石Sm/Nd值在不同岩带中的规律性变化揭示了岩浆分离结晶程度的差异;榍石的多种微区元素含量和它们之间的协变关系受控于花岗质岩浆的结晶分异过程和氧化还原状态;岩浆成因绿帘石族矿物的震荡环带表明在绿帘石结晶的晚期阶段花岗质岩浆中的Fe^(3+)含量降低,且结晶过程中褐帘石和绿帘石并不能形成完全连续的固溶体,因此晚期结晶的绿帘石环边与褐帘石核具有成分间断;根据角闪石的电子探针数据可以计算得到花岗质岩浆结晶时的温度、压力和f_(O2),并据此推断出岩浆起源的深度。此外,矿物原位微区成分可以记录花岗质岩石晚期经历的构造热事件和矿化作用过程。经历晚期变质/交代作用改造的花岗岩中的磷灰石具有低的轻稀土元素含量和变化很大的Nd同位素组成,导致花岗岩具有Nd-Hf位素体系解耦的特点;晚期变质/交代作用同样会改变磷灰石和榍石的δ^(18)O值,造成各副矿物之间δ^(18)O值相互解耦的现象;蚀变独居石的元素和U-Th-Pb同位素体系指示流体交代过程中多种置换反应的发生以及普通Pb混染和Pb丢失的过程;热液成因绿帘石族矿物的成分环带表明氧化环境下热液流体成分会不断演化,根据矿物-流体平衡模型,可以利用绿帘石成分计算出成矿作用发生的温度以及流体的pH值,研究表明绿帘石向流体中释放的大量Ca^(2+)有效促进了硫化物矿床的成矿作用进程。综上,单矿物原位微区成分分析技术的不断提高使我们对花岗质岩浆作用及后期演化过程的认识有了很大进步,在未来的研究中,如何取长补短,将这些数据进行良好地运用是本领域的重要方向。