Design,delivery and efficacy testing of therapeutic nucleic acids used to inhibit hepatitis C virus gene expression in vitro and in vivo

Despite major achievements in the treatment ofchronic hepatitis C with the combination ofinterferons and the nucleoside analog ribavirin themajority of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection cannot be treated effectively.Toimprove this response rate we used antisensetechnologies to inhibit HCV translation as possibleadditional option for experimental treatment.Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides(ODN) are

Therapeutic and Medicinal Uses of <i>Aloe vera</i>: A Review

The plant Aloe vera is used in Ayurvedic, Homoeopathic and Allopathic streams of medicine, and not only tribal community but also most of the people for food and medicine. The plant leaves contains numerous vitamins, minerals, enzymes, amino acids, natural sugars and other bioactive compounds with emollient, purgative, anti-microbial, anti inflammatory, antioxidant, aphrodisiac, anti-helmenthic, antifungal, antiseptic and cosmetic values for health care. This plant has potential to cure sunburns, burns and minor cuts, and even skin cancer. The external use in cosmetic primarily acts as skin healer and prevents injury of epithelial tissues, cures acne and gives a youthful glow to skin, also acts as extremely powerful laxative.

Blastocystis hominis as a cause of chronic diarrhea in low-resource settings:A systematic review

BACKGROUND Blastocystis hominis(B.hominis),an anaerobic unicellular protist parasite,is known for its diverse clinical manifestations upon infecting the human gastrointestinal tract.Although globally distributed,it is particularly prevalent in developing nations.Examining the symptoms and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings holds immense significance,providing healthcare practi-tioners with valuable insights to enhance patient care.AIM To synthesize existing evidence on the symptomatology and treatment outcomes of B.hominis infection in low-resource settings.METHODS Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines,a systematic review was conducted.The search spanned electronic databases including PubMed,Scopus,and Google Scholar.After a comprehensive screening process,a thorough examination of the papers,adhering to inclusion and exclusion criteria,and data extraction from eligible studies was conducted.The findings underwent summarization through simple descriptive analysis.RESULTS The search yielded 1200 papers,with 17 meeting inclusion criteria.Chronic diarrhea due to B.hominis infection was reported in only two studies,while abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting emerged as the most commonly documented symptoms.Recovery rates after one week of treatment ranged from 71.8%to 100%,and after two weeks,from 60%to 100%.CONCLUSION In low-resource settings,chronic diarrhea resulting from B.hominis infection is infrequent.Common symptoms include abdominal pain,diarrhea,flatulence,constipation,and nausea/vomiting.Post-treatment,clinical outcomes are notably favorable,supporting the recommendation for treatment.Metronidazole is advocated as the first-line agent,with consideration for switching to a second-line option in cases of treatment failure or poor response.

Continuous Wear of Hydrogel Contact Lenses for Therapeutic Use

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and complications of continuous wear of etafilcon A for therapeutic use. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 228 eyes of 219 outpatients prescribed contact lens (CL) for one week of continuous therapeutic wear during 10 years. The reason for prescription of CLs, the primary disease, the duration of CL wear and the complications were assessed retrospectively. Results: The predominant reason for prescription of CLs was relief of pain or a foreign-body sensation (62.3%) and protection of the corneal epithelium (20.6%). The primary disease was post-penetrating keratoplasty (36.8%), followed by corneal epithelial erosion (14.5%), post-lamellar keratoplasty (14.0%) and bullous keratopathy (12.2%). The average duration of wearing single lens was 6.5 ± 3.2 days. The average duration of wearing CLs in total was 9.2 ± 10.7 months. The most frequent problem associated with continuous wear of CLs was their dropping out of CLs (12.3%). The complications associated with CLs included conjunctivitis with papillary hyperplasia, corneal erosion and superficial punctate keratitis, but corneal ulcer and corneal infiltrates were not found. Conclusion: Serious complications were not shown changing the lenses every week to keep to the prescribed time limit for continuous therapeutic wear, even if corneal epithelial barrier function is impaired.

Comparison of long-lasting therapeutic effects between succimer and penicillamine on hepatolenticular degeneration

AIM To compare the long term effect of succimer (Suc) with that of penicillamine (Pen) in treating hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD). METHODS One hundred and twenty patients with HLD were divided into 2 groups. Group A ( n =60) received Suc 750mg , po. bid. Group B ( n =60) received Pen 250mg , po. qid. The period of maintenance treatment varied from 6 months to 3 years, averaging 1 5 years. Symptoms and therapeutic effects were evaluated by modified Goldstein scale. RESULTS The total effectiveness of group A in two different periods of treatment were 80% and 85% respectively, higher than those of group B (58% and 59% respectively) ( P <0 05). Suc also had obvious curative effects for the patients who failed in the use of Pen. There were fewer side effect in group A than in group B ( P <0 05). Suc and Pen could increase urinary copper excretion effectively and continually. CONCLUSION Suc is more effective and safer than Pen. Clinically, it can replace Pen as first choice drug for long term maintenance therapy of HLD.

Functional dyspepsia of ulcer-dysmotility type:clinical incidence and therapeutic strategy

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Therapeutic role of template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract

Lymphadenectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract has attracted the attention of physicians. The mapping study of lymphatic spread has shown that a relatively wide area should comprise the regional nodes for tumors of the right renal pelvis or the right upper two-thirds of the ureter. A prospective study showed that an anatomical templatebased lymphadenectomy significantly improved patient survival in tumors of the renal pelvis. This benefit was more evident for patients with p T2 stage tumors or higher. The risk of regional node recurrence is significant reduced by template-based lymphadenectomy,which is likely to be associated with improved patient survival. The removal of lymph node micrometastases is assumed to be the reason for therapeutic benefit following lymphadenectomy. The number of resected lymph nodes can be used to assess the quality of lymphadenectomy,but not to determine the extent of lymphadenectomy. The guidelines currently recommend lymphadenectomy for patients with muscle-invasive disease,even though the current recommendation grades are still low. The present limitation of lymphadenectomy is the lack of standardization of the extent of lymphadenectomy and the randomized trials. Further studies are warranted to collect the evidence to support lymphadenectomy.

Controversies regarding transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)have tantalized regenerative medicine with their therapeutic potential,yet a cloud of controversies looms over their clinical tran-splantation.This comprehensive review navigates the intricate landscape of MSC controversies,drawing upon 15 years of clinical experience and research.We delve into the fundamental properties of MSCs,exploring their unique immuno-modulatory capabilities and surface markers.The heart of our inquiry lies in the controversial applications of MSC transplantation,including the perennial debate between autologous and allogeneic sources,concerns about efficacy,and lingering safety apprehensions.Moreover,we unravel the enigmatic mechanisms surro-unding MSC transplantation,such as homing,integration,and the delicate balance between differentiation and paracrine effects.We also assess the current status of clinical trials and the ever-evolving regulatory landscape.As we peer into the future,we examine emerging trends,envisioning personalized medicine and innovative delivery methods.Our review provides a balanced and informed perspective on the controversies,offering readers a clear understanding of the complexities,challenges,and potential solutions in MSC transplantation.

二甲双胍联合德谷门冬胰岛素治疗难治性2型糖尿病的效果及对胰岛功能的影响研究

目的分析二甲双胍联合德谷门冬胰岛素治疗难治性2型糖尿病(Diabetes Mellitus Type 2,T2DM)患者的效果及对患者血糖控制、胰岛功能的影响。方法选取2023年1-12月赤峰市肿瘤医院收治的70例难治性T2DM患者为研究对象,以掷骰子法分为两组,各35例。对照组接受二甲双胍联合地特胰岛素治疗,观察组接受二甲双胍联合德谷门冬胰岛素治疗。比较两组治疗效果、血糖指标、胰岛功能指标、不良反应发生情况以及生活质量。结果观察组治疗总有效率、生活质量评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。观察组血糖指标低于对照组,且胰岛功能指标优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。两组不良反应总发生率比较(14.28%vs 11.42%),差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.128,P>0.05)。结论二甲双胍、德谷门冬胰岛素治疗难治性T2DM的安全性高,促进患者胰岛功能、血糖改善,提升疾病治疗效果。

恩格列净或卡格列净联合二甲双胍对单药失效的T2DM患者的治疗效果的对比研究

目的:探讨恩格列净与卡格列净分别联合二甲双胍对单药失效的2型糖尿病(DiabetesMellitus Type 2,T2DM)患者的效果。方法:随机将2021年2月至2023年2月我院收治的70例单药失效的T2DM患者分成两组。对照组采用恩格列净+二甲双胍治疗;观察组采用卡格列净+二甲双胍治疗,两组均连续治疗3 m。分析比较两组的血糖水平、肾功能、血脂水平及不良反应。结果:治疗后,两组的空腹血糖、糖化血红蛋白、餐后2 h血糖水平均显著低于治疗前(P<0.05),但两组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05)。观察组治疗后的血肌酐、血尿素氮、24 h尿总蛋白水平均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组的总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平均显著低于对照组,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。两组的不良反应无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:恩格列净或卡格列净联合二甲双胍在治疗单药失效的T2DM患者中均能有效控制血糖指标,且均无明显不良反应,但卡格列净联合二甲双胍对改善患者肾功能、降低血脂水平的作用更佳。

Clinacanthus nutans:a review of the medicinal uses,pharmacology and phytochemistry

Clinacanthus nutans Lindau is known as snake grass belonging to the Acanlhaceae family.This plant has diverse and potential medicinal uses in traditional herbal medicine for treating skin rashes,insects and snake bites,lesions caused by herpes simplex virus,diabetes,and gout in Malaysia.Indonesia.Thailand and China.Phylochemieal investigations documented the varied contents of bioaclive compounds from litis plant namely flavonoids,glycosides,glycoglyeerolipids.cerebrosides and monoacylmonogalatosylglycerol.The pharmacological experiment proved that various types of extracts and pure compounds from this species exhibited a broad range of biological properties such as anti-inflammatory,antiviral,antioxidant,and anti-diabetic activities.The lindings of toxicity study showed that extracts from this plant did not show any toxicity thus it can be used as strong therapeutic agents for specific diseased conditions.However,further experiments on chemical components and their mode of action showing biological activities are required to elucidate the complete phytochemical profile and assess to confirm their suitability tor future drugs.This review summarizes the medicinal uses,phytochemistry and pharmacology of this plant in order to explore its therapeutic potential and gaps necessitating for prospected research work.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor successfully treated with metformin: A case report and review of literature

BACKGROUND Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor(IMT)is a distinct tumor with a low incidence rate,which can be diagnosed at any age with a predilection for children and adolescents.Although IMT is visible in any tissues and organs,it is more commonly found in the lungs.The clinical and radiological manifestations of IMT lack specificity,hence resulting in frequent misdiagnosis.Surgical resection is currently the main therapeutic approach for IMT.Only scarce cases of IMT treated with metformin have been reported.Here we report the case of an IMT patient with partial penile resection treated with metformin.CASE SUMMARY A 1-year-old boy was born with a shorter penis,and his foreskin could not be completely turned over.When he was 6 month old,a well-circumscribed mass on the glans was found,while it did not attract the attention of his parents.The mass gradually increased in size over time before he was admitted to the hospital,where physical examination was performed.It was revealed that the glans hidden behind the foreskin had a mass with a diameter of about 4 cm surrounding the penis.The mass appeared to be hard with a smooth surface and poor mobility.The two testicles examined at the bottom of the scrotum were revealed to have a normal size.Magnetic resonance imaging showed a tumor with rich blood supply encircling the cavernosum with a size of 3.5 cm×2.1 cm×2.0 cm.A thick urinary line was found without urine dripping,urgency,and urodynia.Surgical treatment was performed.During the operation,it was observed that the mass had surrounded and invaded the cavernosum without obvious boundaries,and that the tumor occupied about one-half of the penis cross-section as well as infiltrated more than one-half of the glans.In addition,the tumor had caused urethral invasion and anterior urethrostenosis.With the intention of keeping the glans and cavernosum,the tumor at the anterior urethra was partially removed,leaving about 30%of the tumor mass.Pathology analysis demonstrated that the tumor was rich in spindle cells with infiltration of inflammatory cells.Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that the cells were positive for CD4,CD99,Ki67,BCL2,and CD68,and negative for ALK,MyoG,S100,SOX10,PR,and EMA.Hence,the tumor was diagnosed as IMT.Metformin was prescribed for the patient after the operation,following which an oral dose of 7 mg/kg was given three times a day after meals.Three months later,it was observed that the remaining tumor had completely disappeared and that the urination process from the urethra opening had resumed normal.In addition,there were no side effects observed.There was also no tumor recurrence.The growth and development of the boy were unaffected as a result of the treatment.CONCLUSION The tumor was observed to have completely disappeared after treatment with metformin.Our finding is of great significance to facilitate future clinical treatment with IMT.

High-intensity focused ultrasound extracorporeal ablation of liver tissuesin rabbits

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Comparative Review of Drugs Used in Diabetes Mellitus—New and Old

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a syndrome of chronically elevated glucose level in the blood either due to insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both. In addition, it may occur due to defective metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. There are 3 main types of DM: Type 2 DM is more prevalent in adults and is typically due to relative insulin deficiency, deficiency of insulin in children leads to DM type 1;and lastly, gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy resulting from an imbalance of placental hormones. Introduction: Insulin, Biguanides and Sulfonylureas are some of the drug classes used to treat DM. However, their use is complicated by numerous side effects, such as;hypoglycemia & weight gain from insulin and sulfonylureas;lactic acidosis, vitamin B12 deficiency and gastrointestinal upset with metformin. Route of administration and cost are also important factors to consider when prescribing. It is for this reason the quest for newer, safer and easier to administer drugs is ongoing. Methodology: Used all the articles available on anti Diabetic drugs on web especially in British Medical Journal, Elsevier, Pubmed, Google scholar and Wikipedia etc. Got a final review article to compare the older and newer anti Diabetic drugs. Results and Conclusion: Insulin is good for controlling acute hyperglycemic states in DM but it causes acute hypoglycemia and lipodystrophy. Metformin is good hypoglycemic and easily available but causes hypoglycemia, metallic taste, Lactic acidosis and B12 deficiency. Sulfonylureas are good hypoglycemic but causes severe hypoglycemia acutely and weight gain so contraindicated for obese or hypertensive patients. While newer antidiabetics such as GLP 1 agonists increases insulin secretions has very low risk of hypoglycemia, causes weight loss as compared to insulin and decreases risk of cardiovascular side effects but still can’t be used in renally impaired patients, causes pancreatitis and can not be given in gastroparesis patients, similarly a newer drug of this class known as LY2189265 has long halflife of 90 hours, better efficacy, but causes pancreatitis and increase diastolic BP in high doses, pancreatitis is not associated with lixisenatide (GLP 1 agonist), while DPP4 inhibitors which increases GLP 1 in body has less risk of hypoglycemia, GI side effects, are weight neutral can be used in CKD but causes headaches and Nasopharyngitis. Bromocriptine or pegvisomant are used in patients of growth hormones adenoma induced DM as a medical therapy but are associated with psychosis and hallucinations. Meglitinides increases insulin secretion and has minuscule risk of hypoglycemia but can not be used in CKD patients. Otelixizumab and Teplizumab decrease T cell functions and save beta cells from immune reactions used in DM 1 but cause immune suppression and is an orphan drug. Recombinant GAD used in vaccines decreased antibody mediated beta cell damage but is still under studies.

司美格鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗糖尿病的临床效果分析

目的采用司美格鲁肽联合二甲双胍联合治疗糖尿病,分析治疗效果和临床价值。方法选择2021年1月—2022年10月在北京泰康燕园康复医院治疗的80例糖尿病患者为研究对象。按照信封法将其分为对比组、治疗组,均40例。对比组采用二甲双胍单药治疗,治疗组采用司美格鲁肽+二甲双胍联合治疗。评价两组患者治疗效果,检测两组治疗前后血糖、胰岛素功能相关指标,比较不良反应发生率。结果治疗后,治疗组血糖水平均优于对比组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组胰岛素功能指标优于对比组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论司美格鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗糖尿病具备显著的优越性,能够改善患者胰岛功能,有利于控制血糖水平处于合理范围,安全性可靠。

二甲双胍、达格列净联合强化胰岛素治疗新诊断2型糖尿病的临床分析

目的研究分析二甲双胍、达格列净联合强化胰岛素治疗新诊断2型糖尿病的临床效果。方法选择2018年1月—2021年12月在宜兴市第二人民医院治疗的新诊断2型糖尿病患者100例为研究对象,根据用药方案不同分成两组,每组50例。对照组应用二甲双胍+胰岛素强化治疗,观察组应用二甲双胍+达格列净+胰岛素强化治疗,比较两组患者治疗效果、血糖水平、胰岛素分泌有关指标、治疗安全性。结果观察组治疗总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组血糖各指标水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组空腹胰岛素(Fins)、胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA-β)、胰岛素分泌指数均高于对照组,胰岛素敏感指数(HOMA-IR)低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论新诊断2型糖尿病患者应用二甲双胍、达格列净联合胰岛素强化治疗的效果更好,不仅可以降低患者血糖水平,还可以调节患者胰岛素分泌情况,安全可靠。

2型糖尿病患者采用盐酸二甲双胍与阿卡波糖治疗的疗效比较

目的比较盐酸二甲双胍与阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病患者的疗效。方法96例2型糖尿病患者,通过入院单双号分为观察组和参照组,每组48例。观察组患者采用阿卡波糖治疗,参照组患者采用二甲双胍治疗。比较两组患者治疗前后血糖指标、胰岛素功能指标及不良反应发生情况、治疗效果。结果治疗后,观察组患者糖化血红蛋白(7.22±1.32)%、空腹血糖(7.33±0.87)mmol/L和餐后2 h血糖(8.69±1.03)mmol/L均明显低于参照组的(8.64±1.43)%、(8.36±1.10)mmol/L、(10.16±1.29)mmol/L,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组胰岛素抵抗指数(3.97±0.94)低于参照组的(4.54±1.25),空腹胰岛素(15.03±3.88)μIU/ml、餐后2 h胰岛素(28.81±3.96)μIU/ml、胰岛β细胞功能指数(93.13±7.94)%高于参照组的(11.46±3.15)μIU/ml、(23.03±4.00)μIU/ml、(65.89±6.31)%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者不良反应发生率为6.25%,与参照组的10.42%比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组患者治疗优良率为91.67%,高于参照组的75.00%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论采用阿卡波糖治疗2型糖尿病患者的疗效优于二甲双胍,可给予临床推广应用。

达格列净结合二甲双胍在2型糖尿病治疗的效果及安全性探讨

目的 分析达格列净结合二甲双胍在2型糖尿病治疗的效果及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2021年1月—2022年4月期间山东省淄博市沂源县人民医院内分泌科治疗的118例2型糖尿病患者的临床资料,依据治疗方式将其分成对照组和研究组,各59例。对照组患者以二甲双胍治疗,研究组以达格列净结合二甲双胍治疗,对比两组的效果、药物不良反应发生率、血糖指标及内分泌激素指标。结果 研究组总有效率(98.31%)显著较对照组(84.75%)高,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.993,P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组糖化血红蛋白、空腹血糖与餐后2 h血糖水平显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组药物不良反应发生率显著较对照组低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,研究组空腹胰岛素、胰岛β细胞功能以及胰岛素抵抗指数显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 应用达格列净结合二甲双胍治疗2型糖尿病患者可明显提升其效果,减少药物不良反应发生率,稳定血糖水平,积极改善内分泌激素。

利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗门诊2型糖尿病的效果观察

目的分析利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍对门诊2型糖尿病的治疗价值。方法120例2型糖尿病患者,随机分为对照组与联合组,每组60例。对照组患者给予二甲双胍治疗,联合组患者给予利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗。比较两组血糖指标达标时间,治疗前后胰岛素抵抗指数-IR、空腹C肽、血糖指标,治疗效果,不良反应发生率。结果联合组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白达标时间分别为(5.12±0.15)、(7.45±1.21)、(8.45±2.12)d,短于对照组的(7.91±0.34)、(8.24±2.54)、(10.31±3.12)d,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,联合组胰岛素抵抗指数-IR、空腹C肽、空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、糖化血红蛋白分别为(3.01±0.25)、(0.52±0.21)nmol/L、(7.32±1.85)mmol/L、(9.18±2.75)mmol/L、(6.21±1.12)%,均低于对照组的(3.62±0.79)、(0.71±0.11)nmol/L、(9.24±2.41)mmol/L、(11.21±3.12)mmol/L、(8.45±1.92)%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。联合组治疗总有效率100.00%高于对照组的75.00%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论2型糖尿病患者采用利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍进行治疗,可发挥药物协同作用,提高治疗效果,且安全性良好,可有效降低血糖,是一种值得推广和应用的治疗方案。

利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍对2型糖尿病治疗的疗效及药学分析

目的探究采用利拉鲁肽与甲双胍联合治疗2型糖尿病患者后临床效果及药学分析。方法选取2021年10月—2023年10月泰兴市人民医院收治的2型糖尿病患者80例为研究对象,采用随机数表法分为对照组、观察组,每组40例。对照组采取二甲双胍治疗,观察组在对照组基础上采取利拉鲁肽治疗,对比两组患者血糖水平、体质指数(body mass index,BMI)、治疗效果、不良反应。结果观察组空腹血糖水平(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2 h血糖水平(2-hour fasting blood glucose,2 hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated he-moglobin A1C,HbA1c)为(5.24±1.26)mmol/L、(8.04±1.41)mmol/L、(7.03±1.31)%均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);观察组BMI低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组治疗效果95.00%高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在对2型糖尿病患者进行治疗时,选择利拉鲁肽联合二甲双胍治疗方式,疗效明显,有利于改善血糖水平和BMI,整体安全性较高。