Reliability and Validity of Addiction Severity Index in Drug Users with Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Guizhou Province, China

Objective To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of addiction severity index （ASI）-5th version （ASI-C-5）, in illegal drug users receiving methadone maintenance treatment （MMT） in China. Methods One hundred and eighty-six heroin addicts （144 men and 42 women） receivihg MMT at three clinics in Guizhou province, southwest China, were recmited. They were all interviewed with a questionnaire of ASI-C-5 and 35 were re-interviewed at an interval of seven days to assess its test-retest reliability. Results Cronbach＇s alpha for internal consistency of CSs varied from 0.60 to 0.81 in all domains. Test-retest reliability of composite scores （CSs） of ASI-C-5 were satisfactory （r=0.38-0.97）. Based on item analysis and expert＇s suggestions, five items were deleted and one item was modified in ASI-C-5. Criterion validity of ASI-C-5 was found acceptable, as compared to addicts＇ self-rating anxiety scale （SAS） and self-rating depression scale （SDS） （r=0.59 and 0.45） except for social support rating scale （SSRS）. Conclusions ASI-C-5 can be used for heroin addicts receiving MMT with acceptable reliability and validity.

Conversion from prolonged intravenous fentanyl infusion to enteral methadone in critically ill children

AIM To describe our institutional experience with conversion from intravenous(IV) fentanyl infusion directly to enteral methadone and occurrence of withdrawal in critically ill mechanically ventilated children exposed to prolonged sedation and analgesia.METHODS With Institutional Review Board approval,we retrospectively studied consecutively admitted invasively mechanically ventilated children(0-18 years) sedated with IV fentanyl infusion > 5 d and subsequently converted directly to enteral methadone.Data were obtained onsubject demographics,illness severity,daily IV fentanyl and enteral methadone dosing,time to complete conversion,withdrawal scores(WAT-1),pain scores,and need for rescue opioids.Patients were classified as rapid conversion group(RCG) if completely converted ≤ 48 h and slow conversion group(SCG) if completely converted in > 48 h.Primary outcome was difference in WAT-1 scores at 7 d.Secondary outcomes included differences in overall pain scores,and differences in daily rescue opioids.RESULTS Compared to SCG(n = 21),RCG(n = 21) had lower median WAT-1 scores at 7 d(2.5 vs 5,P = 0.027).Additionally,RCG had lower overall median pain scores(3 vs 6,P = 0.007),and required less median daily rescue opioids(3 vs 12,P = 0.003) than SCG.The starting daily median methadone dose was 2.3 times the daily median fentanyl dose in the RCG,compared to 1.1 times in the SCG(P = 0.049).CONCLUSION We observed wide variation in conversion from IV fentanyl infusion directly to enteral methadone and variability in withdrawal in critically ill mechanically ventilated children exposed to prolonged sedation.In those children who converted successfully from IV fentanyl infusion to enteral methadone within a period of 48 h,a methadone:fentanyl dose conversion ratio of approximately 2.5:1 was associated with less withdrawal and reduced need for rescue opioids.

Effects of Methadone Exposure during Development on Avian Brain and Blood Cells

Maintenance with methadone is standard treatment for opioid-addicted patients, including pregnant women. Cellular effects of methadone exposure during development are investigated by using an avian model, which is free of confounding maternal variables. In the first study, which explored dose by duration interactions, methadone was administered at one of two doses (0.458 mg/kg or 1.75 mg/kg) for one of three durations of exposure: late in development (Incubation Days 12 to 19), middle to late (Days 9 to 19), or early to late (Days 5 to 19). In the second study, 1.00 mg/kg of methadone was administered from days 8 to 18 and compared with controls (0.00 mg/kg). Brain tissue and blood samples were harvested for all dose conditions from the two studies. Increased methadone exposure was associated with subependymal anomalies, subependymal hemorrhaging, edema, monocytic infiltration, an increase in disintegrating red blood cells, an increase in white blood cells, and a decrease in neurons. Significant differences in variance for cell counts by condition were observed. Exposed specimens had significantly more thrombocytes (t = - 2.66, p < 0.05). The anomalies suggest that methadone exposure may be harmful to develop organisms at the cellular level.

Evaluation of the suicide risk factors among methadone maintenance treatment of opiate dependent individuals: A six month assessment

Background: Opiate abuse is a universal socio-medical problem and one of the most important risk factors for suicide, especially in accordance with other psychological disorders. This study designed to evaluate four important suicide risk factors in methadone maintenance therapy clinics within six months treatment. Method: In this cross-sectional study, a psychologist performed interviews with 82 patients who attended in methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) center of Hejazi and Ebnesina hospitals’ clinics, Mashhad, Iran. Five questionnaires including demographic characteristics, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were completed at first visit and after six months treatment. Results: Eighty two individuals (68 male and 14 female) ranged between 20 to 44 years old (31.68 ± 4.93) abused mostly crystal (crystal heroein) (79.3%), opium (15.9%) then Shishe (methamphetamine) (4.9%). All studied characteristics of the patients decreased significantly after six month follow up (P 0.05), while BHS after MMT period decreased significantly in men (P = 0.028). Conclusion: The positive effect of methadone maintenance therapy on reduction of four important risk factors for suicide imply on another benefits of this treatment method and it is useful for reduction of suicide risk, among substance abusers.

Chronic methadone use,poor bowel visualization and failed colonoscopy:A preliminary study

AIM:To examine effects of chronic methadone usage on bowel visualization,preparation,and repeat colonoscopy.METHODS:In-patient colonoscopy reports from October,2004 to May,2009 for methadone dependent(MD) patients were retrospectively evaluated and compared to matched opioid naive controls(C).Strict criteria were applied to exclude patients with risk factors known to cause constipation or gastric dysmotility.Colonoscopy reports of all eligible patients were analyzed for degree of bowel visualization,assessment of bowel preparation(good,fair,or poor),and whether a repeat colonoscopy was required.Bowel visualization was scored on a 4 point scale based on multiple prior studies:excellent = 1,good = 2,fair = 3,or poor = 4.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Pearson χ 2 test were used for data analyses.Subgroup analysis included correlation between methadone dose and colonoscopy outcomes.All variables significantly differing between MD and C groups were included in both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.P values were two sided,and < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.RESULTS:After applying exclusionary criteria,a total of 178 MD patients and 115 C patients underwent a colonoscopy during the designated study period.A total of 67 colonoscopy reports for MD patients and 72 for C were included for data analysis.Age and gender matched controls were randomly selected from this population to serve as controls in a numerically comparable group.The average age for MD patients was 52.2 ± 9.2 years(range:32-72 years) years compared to 54.6 ± 15.5 years(range:20-81 years) for C(P = 0.27).Sixty nine percent of patients in MD and 65% in C group were males(P = 0.67).When evaluating colonoscopy reports for bowel visualization,MD patients had significantly greater percentage of solid stool(i.e.,poor visualization) compared to C(40.3% vs 6.9%,P < 0.001).Poor bowel preparation(35.8% vs 9.7%,P < 0.001) and need for repeat colonoscopy(32.8% vs 12.5%,P = 0.004) were significantly higher in MD group compared to C,respectively.Under univariate analysis,factors significantly associated with MD group were presence of fecal particulate [odds ratio(OR),3.89,95% CI:1.33-11.36,P = 0.01] and solid stool(OR,13.5,95% CI:4.21-43.31,P < 0.001).Fair(OR,3.82,95% CI:1.63-8.96,P = 0.002) and poor(OR,8.10,95% CI:3.05-21.56,P < 0.001) assessment of bowel preparation were more likely to be associated with MD patients.Requirement for repeat colonoscopy was also significant higher in MD group(OR,3.42,95% CI:1.44-8.13,P = 0.01).In the multivariate analyses,the only variable independently associated with MD group was presence of solid stool(OR,7.77,95% CI:1.66-36.47,P = 0.01).Subgroup analysis demonstrated a general trend towards poorer bowel visualization with higher methadone dosage.ANOVA analysis demonstrated that mean methadone dose associated with presence of solid stool(poor visualization) was significantly higher compared to mean dosage for clean colon(excellent visualization,P = 0.02) or for those with liquid stool only(good visualization,P = 0.01).CONCLUSION:Methadone dependence is a risk factor for poor bowel visualization and leads to more repeat colonoscopies.More aggressive bowel preparation may be needed in MD patients.

医护-社工联动康复模式对美沙酮维持治疗患者心理状况的影响

目的 探究医护-社工联动康复模式对美沙酮维持治疗患者心理状况的影响。方法 纳入94例美沙酮维持治疗服务的患者,随机分为观察组(48例)和对照组(46例)。对观察组运用医护-社工联动康复模式进行个体化干预,对照组则运用常规美沙酮治疗服务模式进行干预。分别在干预前、干预3个月及6个月三个时间点对两组受试者的焦虑状态、抑郁状态及生活质量进行评估。结果 观察组受试者在接受医护-社工联动康复模式干预6个月后在抑郁状态和焦虑状态方面均较干预前显著改善,并且无论是BDI评分和BAI评分均显著低于对照组(P <0.05)。同时,观察组受试者中“有抑郁”的人数占比和“有焦虑”的人数占比均显著低于对照组(P <0.05)。干预6个月后,观察组受试者的生活质量评分(183.77±8.90)显著高于对照组(174.76±11.14)(P <0.01)。结论 医护-社工联动康复模式在改善美沙酮维持治疗患者的心理状态方面具有一定的优越性,值得被推广应用。

美沙酮按需转换法治疗癌痛的临床研究

目的:探讨美沙酮按需转换法(Ad libitum,AL)治疗癌痛的有效性和安全性。方法:选取南京大学医学院附属金陵医院疼痛科2022年11月至2023年9月全身大剂量使用阿片类药物疼痛控制不佳的癌痛病人31例,采用每次20 mg(间隔≥2 h)按需口服美沙酮转换,观察并记录美沙酮转换前、转换第1~7天和第14天病人平均疼痛数字分级评分法(numerical rating scale,NRS)评分;记录转换前、转换第1天、第3天及第7天不良反应;转换第1天至第5天补救次数;评估转换前和转换第7、14天病人生活质量(quality of life,QOL);评价并计算病人满意度和转换成功率(NRS评分降低50%,且无不能耐受的不良反应)。结果:与转换前相比,转换第1~7天及第14天病人平均NRS评分均降低(P<0.05),生活质量明显改善(P<0.001)。补救次数随滴定时间的延长而降低。病人均未出现不能耐受的药物不良反应,总体满意度为4.0(1.0),美沙酮转换成功率为93.5%。结论:全身大剂量阿片类药物使用病人,采用每次20 mg口服美沙酮按需转换效果确切、不良反应少,病人生活质量获得改善且满意度高,适合中国人群,可供临床参考。

盐酸美沙酮片剂用于慢性癌症疼痛治疗中国专家共识解读

美沙酮是世界卫生组织(WHO)癌痛三阶梯治疗中的第三阶梯强阿片药物,具有独特的镇痛效果,但在国内相关领域美沙酮并未得到充分应用。为了指导美沙酮在中国慢性癌痛病人中的临床应用,中国麻醉药品协会组织国内相关领域专家撰写盐酸美沙酮片剂用于慢性癌症疼痛治疗中国专家共识(简称《共识》)。本文对《共识》中的重点内容进行解读,旨在加深医护人员对《共识》的认识,促进美沙酮规范应用于慢性癌痛的镇痛治疗。

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸后路融合术后以美沙酮为基础的多模式镇痛效果

目的探讨美沙酮为基础的多模式镇痛模式对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患儿术后疼痛和阿片类药物用量的影响。方法选择2018年1月~2020年12月在本院实施PSF的102例患儿作为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为A组和B组各51例。对照组采用常规自控镇痛为主的多模式镇痛,B组给予美沙酮为基础的多模式镇痛。观察两组患儿术后每日阿片类药物消耗量(吗啡毫克当量,MME)、视觉VAS评分、阿片类药物相关副作用和术后住院时间。结果术后当天,B组疼痛VAS评分和阿片类药物用量显著高于A组(P<0.05);术后第1天,两组患儿疼痛VAS评分和阿片类药物用量差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后第2、3天,B组疼痛VAS评分和阿片类药物用量显著低于A组(P<0.05)。A组患者住院时间和首次排便时间均显著长于B组(P<0.05),两组患儿均未观察到呼吸抑制等严重不良反应。结论美沙酮为基础的多模式镇痛可改善AIS患儿PSF术后疼痛控制,降低阿片类药物消耗量。

5种阿片受体激动剂不良反应信号的数据挖掘与分析

目的基于美国食品药品管理局不良事件报告系统(FAERS)对5种阿片受体激动剂(吗啡、可待因、哌替啶、芬太尼、美沙酮)相关不良反应进行挖掘分析,为阿片受体激动剂的临床安全用药提供参考依据。方法利用美国食品药品管理局公共数据开放项目(OpenFDA)平台,收集2004年第1季度至2021年第4季度FAERS数据库中5种阿片受体激动剂的不良反应报告数据,采用报告比值比(reporting odds ratio,ROR)法对5种阿片受体激动剂的药品不良反应(ADR)进行信号挖掘,分析ADR报告中的安全警告信号。结果最终得到吗啡165572份,可待因79574份,哌替啶9838份,芬太尼145819份,美沙酮43433份ADR报告。这些ADR报告中女性207657份多于男性156810份,主要集中于18~60岁年龄段病人,且美国地区的上报数最多为282820份,严重ADR报告中以住院或住院时间延长的上报数最多为129454份。在上报数前20位的ADR中,药物依赖、过量、新生儿戒断综合征、怀孕期间胎儿暴露相关ADR在5种药物的说明书中均有提及,各类神经系统疾病及精神病类相关ADR在说明书较为常见。经ROR法检测发现,常见有精神障碍相关ADR,吗啡和可待因信号强度最为显著,药物依赖性吗啡信号最强,除芬太尼外其余学习障碍和发育迟缓高危信号均较强,自杀身亡美沙酮信号最强。结论通过对吗啡、可待因、哌替啶、芬太尼和美沙酮等阿片受体激动剂的严重和其他重要ADR信号的挖掘与分析,可更深入了解此类药物的ADR特征和潜在风险,促进临床安全用药。

美沙酮中毒的研究进展

美沙酮是一种合成阿片类止痛药,用于治疗海洛因依赖和慢性疼痛。由于其半衰期长、肠内吸收好、成本低,已成为治疗阿片类药物成瘾的重要物质。美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)有助于降低死亡率、终止或减少海洛因使用、减少或避免复发和犯罪活动,以及降低艾滋病毒和肝炎病毒感染的风险。然而,在许多国家,美沙酮被从治疗项目中转移,成为非法滥用药物,导致因摄入美沙酮而死亡。笔者对美沙酮中毒的原因、毒理作用、检测方法以及法医学检验要点等进行系统综述,以期为美沙酮中毒的有效防治和鉴定提供科学依据。

Nylon 6-cellulose composite hosted in a hypodermic needle: Biofluid extraction and analysis by ambient mass spectrometry in a single device

This study proposes a hypodermic needle(HN)as a sorbent holder and an electrospray(ESI)emitter,thus combining extraction and analysis in a single device.A novel nylon 6-cellulose(N6-Cel)composite sorbent is proposed to extract methadone from oral fluid samples.The cellulosic substrate provides the composite with high porosity,permitting the flow-through of the sample,while the polyamide contributes to the extraction of the analyte.The low price of the devices(considering the holder and the sorbent)contributes to the affordability of the method,and their small size allows easy transportation,opening the door to on-site extractions.Under the optimum conditions,the analyte can be determined by high-resolution ambient ionization mass spectrometry at a limit of detection(LOD)as low as 0.3 mg/L and precision(expressed as relative standard deviation,RSD)better than 9.3%.The trueness,expressed as relative recovery(RR),ranged from 90%to 109%.As high-resolution mass spectrometers are not available in many laboratories,the method was also adapted to low-resolution spectrometers.In this sense,the direct infusion of the eluates in a triple quadrupole-mass spectrometry provided an LOD of 2.2 mg/L.The RSD was better than 5.3%,and the RR ranged from 96%to 121%.

Prenatal and postnatal drug exposure:focus on persistent central effects

Clinical studies indicate significant use of prescription,nonprescription and social/recreational drugs by women during pregnancy;however,limited knowledge exists about the detrimental effects that this practice may have on the developing central nervous system of the fetus.Importantly,few experimental and clinical data are available on how gestational exposure could exacerbate the effects of the same or a different drug consumed by the offspring later in life.The present review summarizes recent findings on the central toxicity elicited by several classes of drugs,administered prenatally and postnatally in experimental animals and humans,focusing on prescription and nonprescription analgesics,anti-inflammatory agents,alcohol and nicotine.

盐酸美沙酮片联合复方苦参注射液治疗中重度癌痛患者的临床观察

目的:研究盐酸美沙酮片联合复方苦参注射液治疗中重度癌痛患者时的临床止痛效果与安全性,以期提高临床治疗水平。方法:选取某院2017年1月~2022年9月收治的94例中重度癌痛患者,纳入观察组(45例,口服盐酸美沙酮片+静脉滴注复方苦参注射液)和对照组(49例,仅口服盐酸美沙酮片)。比较两组患者的卡氏(KPS)评分、疼痛缓解度和不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后,观察组数字疼痛程度评估量表(NRS)评分低于对照组;KPS评分高于对照组(t=3.422,P<0.05)。观察组疼痛缓解率(80.00%)高于对照组(61.22%,χ^(2)=3.954,P=0.047);不良反应总发生率(15.59%)低于对照组(34.69%,χ^(2)=4.519,P<0.05)。结论:中重度癌痛患者应用盐酸美沙酮片联合复方苦参注射液可以提高临床止痛效果和患者生活质量,减少不良事件的发生率。

丁丙诺啡舌下含片用于海洛因依赖者脱毒治疗临床评价

目的 :评价丁丙诺啡舌下含片对海洛因依赖者脱毒的效果及不良反应。方法 :采用多中心随机双盲双模拟对照试验及无对照开放试验设计。对照试验选择 2 39例中度海洛因依赖者 ,按照 1:1:2的比例随机分入丁丙诺啡10d组、丁丙诺啡 14d组和美沙酮 14d组。另外 4 9例重度海洛因依赖者使用丁丙诺啡进行 10 - 14d脱毒治疗 ,进行开放观察。结果 :丁丙诺啡舌下含片控制戒断症状总分和主要戒断症状评分与美沙酮比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。焦虑量表评分丁丙诺啡组与美沙酮组比较差异也无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。用药前 3d丁丙诺啡单次用量最大可达 6mg ,日剂量最大为 18mg。不良反应较少 ,主要为便秘。停药后无明显戒断症状。结论

美沙酮维持合并心理、家庭干预治疗效果研究

目的:研究美沙酮维持治疗+心理、家庭干预对海洛因依赖者的治疗效果、生活质量的影响,并对维持治疗的剂量及不良反应发生情况进行初步探索。方法:将90例海洛因依赖者分为美沙酮+心理、家庭干预(A组,30例)、心理、家庭干预(B组,30例)和对照(C组,30例)3组。比较组间治疗保持率的差异及美沙酮+心理、家庭干预组生活质量的变化情况。结果:3组比较,美沙酮+心理、家庭干预组治疗保持率高(P<0.001);生活质量也显著提高(P<0.05)。维持剂量20-70 mg.d-1。结论:美沙酮+心理、家庭干预对提高海洛因依赖者治疗保持率效果显著,生活质量改善明显,不良反应轻微。美沙酮维持治疗的剂量应根据具体情况做到个体化,并足量给药。

江苏省美沙酮门诊在治病人药物滥用情况分析

目的:调查美沙酮门诊在治病人海洛因偷吸和多药滥用情况,为美沙酮门诊药物滥用预防和干预工作提供基础数据支持。方法:随机抽取江苏省3个美沙酮社区药物维持治疗门诊点,每个门诊按美沙酮服药剂量分层抽取150例正在治疗的海洛因成瘾者,现场问卷调查病人一般情况和多药滥用情况,采集的病人尿液分别做5种滥用物质检测。结果:449例在治病人中8.5%(38例)的病人曾经退出过治疗,23.8%(107例)的病人自我报告最近1个月偷吸过海洛因。尿检显示美沙酮门诊治疗病人多药滥用比例达到36.3%(163例),尿检结果中吗啡阳性率最高,为23.4%(105例);安定类为15.4%(69例);苯丙胺类为9.4%(42例);吗啡、苯丙胺类和安定类尿检阳性病人中分别有80.0%(84例)、14.3%(6例)和52.2%(36例)主动报告使用相关物质。结论:美沙酮门诊病人中有多种药物滥用和偷吸海洛因现象;门诊发现新型毒品尤其是甲基苯丙胺使用者。建议门诊加强对维持病人偷吸毒品的危害教育。

南昌市美沙酮维持治疗门诊海洛因依赖者心理健康调查分析

目的了解南昌市美沙酮维持治疗门诊内的海洛因依赖者的心理健康状况,为开展心理治疗提供科学依据。方法采用预先制订的问卷收集海洛因依赖者的人口学数据;SCL-90症状自评量表测定海洛因依赖者的心理症状;海洛因依赖者SCL-90评分与常模比较采用t检验。结果269例海洛因依赖者中男性为主,占76.2%;心理障碍主要表现为抑郁、躯体化和焦虑。结论南昌市美沙酮门诊内的海洛因依赖者均不同程度存在心理问题,门诊必须开展心理治疗促进吸毒者心理康复。