Chemical Kinetic Aspects of Solid State Reaction Producing Wollastonite from Rice Husk Silica and Limestone

An industrial mineral wollastonite (CaSiO3) was produced under solid state conditions from rice husk silica and limestone. Reaction was carried out at 900'C to 1300'C for 1 h. The product batches were subjected to XRD and chemical analysis techniques specific for wollastonite. Mole fractions of different product batches were calculated on the basis of accumulated data to study the kinetics. Specific rate constants and reaction rate were also found out. Various probable models of mechanism for reaction were considered and testified with the laid down criterion for suggesting the suitable one. The resulting data were treated with Arrhenius equation as well and activation energy was calculated--therefrom. In addition to finding it's value from the slope of Arrhenius curve, an alternate method was also applied for this purpose. Both of the values were observed to be comparable. The activation energy required for performed reaction was found to be almost one third of that reported for synthesizing CaSiO3 by using quartz. This referred to the economical preparation of wollastonite by using rice husk as a source of silica instead of quartz.

Urban Expansion in Major Grain Producing Area from 1978 to 2017:A Case Study of Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area,China

The spatial form of urbanization in China has developed from single-core city expansion to a multi-center metropolitan area.However,little attention has been paid to the growth process of the emerging metropolitan area situated in major grain producing locations in the central China.Taking the Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)as a case study,we developed an inverse S-shape model to characterize the spatial distribution of urban land density,and constructed an urban expansion core index,urban expansion intensity index,and urban compactness index to quantify the spatial structure change that has taken place from 1978 to 2017 during the process of urban expansion.Moreover,cropland contribution rate(CR)was constructed to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on croplands.We uncovered four key findings.First,over the past 40 yr,the ZZMA has experienced dramatic expansion,and the central city of Zhengzhou expanded faster than other cities.The gravity centers of urban expansion of surrounding cities were moving toward to Zhengzhou City.Second,the urban land density decreased with the distance from the city center to the outskirts.As the only large city,Zhengzhou has experienced the fastest and most compact centralized urban expansion,especially after 2000,while other medium-and small-sized cities have experienced low-intensity decentralized expansion.Third,the urban core has been gradually expanding outward.From 1978 to 2017,the hot-zone of urban growth has moved progressively with the acceleration of urbanization.All cities except Jiaozuo had a single peak in different periods.Forth,the cities in national core grain-producing areas has higher cropland contribution rates and lower urban expansion areas,which was closely related to cropland protection.Further analysis showed that large city was relatively better positioned than smaller cities in the efficiency of their urban infrastructure and the effectiveness of wealth creation efficiency in the urbanized area could be tested in all cities,and the policy factor seemed to play an important role in the urban expansion process.

Assessment on Energy Self-Sufficiency Rate for Building Integrated Photovoltaics and Fuel Cell System in Japan

A building integrated photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) system is proposed for assessment of the energy self-sufficiency rate in a city in Japan. The electricity consumed in the building is mainly supplied by solar panels, while the gap between the energy demand and supply is solved by the FC that is powered by the H2 produced by water electrolysis with surplus power of PV. A desktop case study of using the proposed system in Tsu city which is located in central part of Japan, has been conducted. The results found that the self-sufficiency rates of PV system to electricity demand of households (RPV) during the daytime in April and July are higher than those in January and October. The results also reveal that the self-sufficiency rate of FC system to the electricity demand (RFC) is 15% - 38% for the day when the mean amount of horizontal solar radiation is obtained in January, April, July and October. In addition, it is found the optimum tilt angle of solar panel installed on the roof of the buildings should be 0 degree, i.e., placed horizontally.

Energy Assessment of Building Integrated Photovoltaics and Fuel Cell Systems: Design Study for Building(s) of Mie, Japan

A building integrated energy system (photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC)) is proposed for assessment of the energy self-sufficiency rate in five cities of Mie prefecture in Japan. In this work, it is considered that the electricity requirement of the building is provided by the building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the gap between the energy demand and BIPV supply is fulfilled by the FC. The FC is powered by the electrolytic H2 produced from the surplus power of PV. A design study of using the proposed system in five cities in Mie prefecture, which are in center part of Japan, has been performed. It has been observed that the monthly power production from BIPV is higher in spring and summer, while it is lower in autumn and winter at all considered locations. The self-sufficiency rate of the FC system is higher with decreasing households’ number and it has been observed that the 12 households are more suitable for full cover of the electricity demand by the combined system of PV and FC. The relationship between the households’ number and self-sufficiency rate of the FC system per solar PV installation area can be expressed by exponential curve. The coefficient of the exponential curve can predict the suitable city for the BIPV system with FC system utilizing electrolytic H2 generated by using excess energy from the PV system.

Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel in Oilfield Produced Water under Dynamic Corrosion System

In order to predict the corrosion trendency of X100 pipeline steel in flowing oilfield produced water,the effect of flow rate on the corrosion behavior of X100 pipeline steel was studied under general dynamic condition and simulated real working condition at the flow rate of 0.2,0.4,and 0.6 m·s^(-1).Potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to study the corrosion behavior of X100 steel.Energy dispersive spectroscopy,X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze corrosion product composition and micromorphology.The experimental results show that the corrosion is more serious under simulated real working conditions than that under the general dynamic conditions.In any case the corrosion current density increases with the increase of the flow rate,and the total impedance value decreases.The corrosion products include Fe_(3)O_(4),Fe_(2)O_(3),and FeOOH.The mass transfer and electrochemistry were simulated by flow coupled in COMSOL software.The multiphysical field coupling simulation results are closer to the engineering practice than the single flow field simulation,and similar results from the experiments were obtained.Both experimental and simulation results reveal that the higher flow rate is,the more serious corrosion appear and the more corrosion products accumulate.By combining experimental and COMSOL simulation data,the corrosion process model of X100 steel was proposed.

Energy Characteristics of an Integrated Power Generation System with Photovoltaic and Fuel Cell

An integrated energy system (with photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) for building) is proposed and assessed in term of its energy self-sufficiency rate in seven cities (Nagoya, Toyota, Tajimi, Takayama, Ogaki, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka) in Tokai region in Japan in this paper. In this work, it is considered that the electricity requirement of the building for household users is provided by a building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) system and the gap between the energy demand and BIPV supply is fulfilled by the FC. The FC is powered by the electrolytic H2 produced when PV power was in surplus. Based on the study of applying the proposed system in seven cities, which clarifies the effectiveness of the integrated BIPV, electrolytic H2 and FC power generation system, a universal system model has been developed in this paper. It has been observed that the monthly power production from BIPV as well as FC system are higher in spring and summer, while they are both lower in autumn and winter at all considered locations. The self-sufficiency rate of the FC system is higher with decreasing households’ number and it has been observed that 16 is the most appropriate number of households in a building, whose electricity demand could be fully covered by the integrated PV and FC system. Due to its climate condition, Hamamatsu is the best city in the region for installing the proposed system. The correlation between the households’ number and self-sufficiency rate of the FC system per solar PV installation area can be expressed by the regression curve in the form of y = ax-b well.

Kidding after Transfer of in Vitro Produced Saanen Goat Embryos into Local Ukrainian Breed Recipients in Different Seasons

In recent years, the demand for goat products has been growing due to the fact that goat milk has a number of advantages over cow milk, for example, it is low in lactose, and is considered less allergenic and easier to digest. To increase production during both breeding and non-breeding seasons and reduce the price of dairy products, it is necessary to effectively use reproductive management and assisted reproductive technologies. In vitro embryo production makes it possible to obtain a large number of eggs from goats, which for some reason are unable to conceive, but have genetic value. Afterward in vitro produced embryos can be transferred into recipient goats of other less genetically valuable breeds, such as the Ukrainian local breed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of transfers of in vitro produced embryos of Saanen goats into surrogate sires of the Ukrainian local breed in different seasons. All manipulations with animals were carried out following ethical standards (Strasbourg, 1986). Six Saanen goats were selected as the oocyte donors. After the hormonal stimulation oocytes were retrieved by laparoscopic ovum pick-up. In vitro produced embryos were transferred laparotomically into 24 recipients of Ukrainian local breed. Fifty days after embryo transfers, pregnancies were determined by ultrasound diagnostics. Although the embryo development rate in the breeding season was 20% higher than in the non-breeding season, there was no difference in pregnancy and kidding rates between seasons. In conclusion, the transfer of in vitro produced Saanen goat embryos to recipients of the Ukrainian local breed gives the opportunity to achieve pregnancy and kidding regardless of the breeding season, which will enable a faster and more efficient increase in the livestock of highly productive goats in Ukraine in the post-war period.

Quantifying Corrosion Rate in Oil and Gas Wells by Measuring Alloying Constituents in Produced Water

Most oil and gas wells worldwide are completed with low alloy carbon steel due to cost-effectiveness, despite its high susceptibility to corrosion. Corrosion in alloy steels occurs through galvanic or electrolytic reactions, resulting in the release of metallic ions. This release adversely affects the strength and integrity of production tubing. The current study focused on quantifying the amount of alloying constituents present in the produced waters of oil and gas wells using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) to calculate the corrosion rate on the production tubing. Two types of alloy steel tubing, API 5CT T-95 and API 5CT J55, were selected. The wells were chosen based on sweet and sour production. The levels of ions present in the produced water—Nickel, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, and Iron—were measured. Ion dissolution was converted to corrosion rate using the exposed area of the tubing and the water flow rate. The study concluded that a very high corrosion rate occurs in sweet wells completed with T-95 metallurgy, whereas the corrosion rate in sour gas producers is significantly less compared to sweet producers. For the oil wells, although they are sour producers, a very low corrosion rate was observed with API 5CT J55 metallurgy. Furthermore, the study revealed that quantifying the alloying constituents in produced water is key to developing suitable corrosion projection approaches, predicting the service life of production tubing in gas and oil wells and metallic structures, and guiding production engineers to make informed decisions and timely responses to corrosion threats before failure.

华南陆缘火成岩区差异性地壳热结构及地热意义

高产热花岗岩是重要的壳内热源之一,我国华南陆缘花岗岩体分布广泛,为该区浅表热量的生成及聚集提供了可能。本文在简述区内花岗岩资源分布的基础上,系统分析了区内主要花岗岩体的放射性生热特征,并结合区内近些年施工的地热勘探深钻,对重点地热勘查区的深部地温场分布、地热通量、地壳热结构等进行了对比分析,提出了华南陆缘浅表地热资源的聚热模式。分析认为,华南陆缘地区具有“幔源供热-壳内生热-断裂传热-盖层保热”的四元聚热模式,其中,花岗岩体的放射性生热率是影响区内浅部地温场的主要因素之一,粤北—赣南岩体的生热率明显高于漳州地区的花岗岩体,其近似“热壳冷幔”型或“温壳温幔”型岩石圈热结构与漳州“热幔冷壳”型岩石圈热结构有一定的差异;断裂构造及盖层条件对于地下热量聚集及散失具有明显的控制作用。研究成果对于深入理解华南陆缘地热资源的成因、控热因素,以及今后该地区地热资源勘探开发实践具有一定的理论与指导意义。

含聚污水重力沉降分离过程淤泥增长特性预测

重力沉降作为污水处理的基本工艺,其常用设施重力沉降罐在运行过程中,来水中的悬浮物会不断向罐底沉积形成淤泥,为了防止水质二次污染,保障设施的高效运行,需根据淤泥量来制定清淤方案。文章基于大庆某油田污水处理站运行实际,从日处理量、含聚浓度、悬浮物含量、含油量、悬浮物脱除率等特征量出发,通过构建重力沉降罐清淤数据集,分析各特征量间的关系,并确定影响淤泥增长的主导因素,进而基于BP神经网络架构建立淤泥增长速率预测模型。研究结果表明,污水中含聚浓度在一定程度上影响含油量和悬浮物含量,随着沉降罐日处理量的增加,油珠脱除率和悬浮物脱除率降低,淤泥增长速率正相关于污水悬浮物含量、悬浮物脱除率和含聚浓度,基于生产数据训练的预测模型拟合度分布在0.9以上,满足精度要求,为污水沉降罐清淤操作的时间选择提供了依据和方法。

前胡药材产地干燥加工方法研究

目的比较产地不同干燥加工方法对前胡药材质量的影响,筛选其最佳产地干燥加工方法。方法分别采用传统晒干、自然阴干和电热恒温鼓风干燥、真空干燥、红外干燥和真空冷冻干燥等干燥加工方法对前胡药材进行处理,以折干率、含水量、浸出物含量、颜色色度值以及4种香豆素类成分含量为指标,采用逼近理想解排序法进行综合质量评价。结果不同干燥加工方法下,12份前胡药材样品的折干率为31.56%~40.10%,含水量为6.96%~8.58%,浸出物含量为27.56%~43.10%,红绿度值为1.80~7.50,黄蓝度值为19.90~30.20,明度值为46.90~59.90;伞形花内酯、白花前胡甲素、白花前胡乙素、白花前胡E素的含量分别为≤0.05、3.70~14.05、0.72~2.37、0.81~3.90 mg/g,总含量为5.47~19.65 mg/g;40℃电热恒温鼓风干燥下的前胡药材综合得分最高。结论40℃电热恒温鼓风干燥是前胡药材最佳的产地干燥加工方法。

基于肾小球滤过率的肾上腺醛固酮瘤列线图预测模型的建立与验证研究

背景醛固酮瘤(APA)是原发性醛固酮增多症的常见类型。对于单侧肾上腺腺瘤者,虽然共识推荐血浆醛固酮与肾素比值(ARR)作为APA的筛查指标,由于缺乏统一的检测方法和诊断流程,ARR切点值范围变化大。因此临床需要一种可靠、快捷的预测模型协助鉴别APA。目的探讨肾小球滤过率(GFR)与APA的相关性,基于此构建APA的列线图预测模型并验证。方法收集2012—2022年石河子大学第一附属医院经肾上腺内分泌激素评估后行手术治疗病理回报为单侧肾上腺肿物患者493例,根据APA和肾上腺无功能腺瘤的诊断标准,最终纳入APA组155例,无功能腺瘤合并原发性高血压组113例。收集患者的病史资料、生化资料等。按照GFR四分位数水平将患者分组,分析GFR与APA的相关性。通过多因素Logistic回归分析筛选APA的危险因素并构建列线图预测模型。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析预测模型的区分度,一致性指数(C-index)评价模型的预测精准度,Hosmer-Lemeshow检测模型的拟合度,运用决策曲线与临床获益曲线评价模型的诊断效能。结果按照GFR四分位数进行分组(Q1~Q4组),Q1组:≥107.4 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73 m^(2))^(-1)(n=67),Q2组:99.7~107.3 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73 m^(2))^(-1)(n=67),Q3组:88.6~99.6 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73 m^(2))^(-1)(n=67),Q4组:≤88.5 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73 m^(2))^(-1)(n=67),各组APA发生率分别为47.8%(32/67)、53.7%(36/67)、58.2%(39/67)、71.6%(48/67)。Logistic回归趋势性检验提示随着GFR水平降低,APA患病风险呈趋势性升高(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示:收缩压>160mmHg(OR=5.209,95%CI=2.531~10.720)、高血压病程≥59个月(OR=4.326,95%CI=1.950~9.595)、血钾<3.25 mmol/L(OR=4.714,95%CI=2.046~10.860)、GFR[Q4组:≤88.5 mL·min^(-1)·(1.73 m^(2))^(-1)](OR=4.106,95%CI=1.492~11.300)、基础血浆醛固酮>13.42 ng/dL(OR=8.756,95%CI=4.320~17.749)为APA发生的独立危险因素(P<0.050)。根据多因素筛选的变量构建列线图预测模型,该模型ROC曲线下面积为0.898(95%CI=0.859~0.936),以此建立的列线图预测模型C-index为0.898,模型有较好的预测精度。Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示该模型有较好的拟合度(χ^(2)=14.059,P=0.080)。预测概率阈值在0.10~0.90时该模型具有显著的预测效能。结论随着GFR水平降低,APA患病风险呈趋势性升高。基于收缩压、高血压病程、血钾、GFR四分位分组、基础血浆醛固酮5种因素构建的APA预测模型具有较好的预测性、一致性和临床实用性,可帮助识别APA,有助于临床决策。

高压含水气井两相流态节流判断与控制方法

井筒气水两相管流节流前后动态特性分析与控制,对保障致密气等高压含水气井高效稳定安全开采和水合物防治具有重要意义。考虑等熵绝热、等压热容、等容热容、不同井深节流能量等因素,推导气水两相流体流经喷嘴的能量、动能和温度动态变化等热力学微分方程组,建立高压含水气井两相节流能量、节流系统热量、节流物质平衡和流体质量流量变化等井下节流场数学模型,提出一种气水两相井筒节流前后动态特性分析与控制方法,为优化井下节流器及其节流喷嘴的结构参数和保障气井流动安全提供理论依据。最后依据数值模拟手段及其判断结果,以鄂尔多斯盆地东缘大宁-吉县区块为例进行验证,以揭示高压含水气井喷嘴尺寸和深度、含水率、节流前压力和温度对节流前后动态特性的影响规律。结果表明:高压含水气井气水两相流体质量流量先是随节流压力比减小而呈指数级增大,并在压力比降至0.55阈值附近时达到最大值,增大喷嘴下入深度和含水率、同时降低节流前压力和温度,可提高节流后温度,有利于抑制水合物生成;且节流过程临界质量流量受喷嘴内径的影响最大,含水率和节流前压力次之,而节流前温度和喷嘴深度的影响最小,且增加含水率会提高临界质量流量,但产气量也随之下降;大宁–吉县区块现场工程实例分析表明,井下节流喷嘴内径由3.0 mm扩至5.0 mm和节流前压力由14 MPa增至18 MPa时,气水两相流体的临界质量流量提升幅度分别为179.3%和27.8%,而利用地层温度等将节流前温度由313 K升至333 K时,节流过程临界质量流量反而小幅下降且下降幅度仅为5.15%,为此,增大喷嘴内径及其下入深度和节流前压力同时降低节流前温度,有利于提高气水两相流体节流过程中临界质量流量,并提升高压含水气井的产气量。

GD油田采出液高效破乳剂研制及应用效果

GD油田开发进入中后期,伴随着弱碱三元复合驱的开采,采出液含水量、含药量不断升高,集输过程中油水易乳化,不易分离。针对这一问题,开展高效破乳剂的室内评价实验。基于正交设计实验,筛选出高效破乳剂,并依据筛选得出的最佳复配比、最佳处理温度区间,制定出适应GD油田弱碱三元复合驱采出液处理的工艺方案。结果表明,破乳剂DQZY-2C和LJZ-425对采出液具有良好的破乳效果,在50℃条件下沉降90 min脱水率均达90%以上;进一步复配后,在2∶1复配比时,二者协同作用的脱水率达93%以上;随着处理温度和体系含水率的升高,破乳效果逐渐增强;现场实施应用1年后,实现了脱水处理后净化油含水率≤1.0%,水中含油质量浓度≤1000 mg/L,有效解决了GD油田弱碱三元采出液破乳问题。

碳钢在CO_(2)/H_(2)S共存体系下油田采出水中的腐蚀行为研究

CO_(2)、H_(2)S和高矿化度是油田采出水中3种常见的腐蚀因素,当3种腐蚀因素同时存在时,腐蚀行为远比CO_(2)、H_(2)S和高矿化度单独作用时复杂。利用反应釜模拟高矿化度采出水同时存在CO_(2)和H_(2)S的实际工况,研究了CO_(2)分压分别为0.15,0.75,1.5 MPa,H_(2)S分压为0.00015 MPa,温度为50,60,70℃条件下,20G、L245N和L360Q三种碳钢的腐蚀行为。结果表明,3种碳钢在CO_(2)/H_(2)S共存的油田高矿化度采出水体系中均腐蚀严重,在液相中比在气相中腐蚀更为严重,最大腐蚀速率达到3.4 mm/a,随着腐蚀时间的延长,腐蚀速率整体呈现波动性下降的趋势;随实验温度的提高其腐蚀速率呈总体增大趋势;在3种分压条件下,腐蚀速率随CO_(2)分压增加先增大后减小,在分压0.75 MPa时腐蚀速率最大;3种材质腐蚀速率大小顺序为L245N>L360Q>20G,则耐蚀顺序为20G>L360Q>L245N。

产水气井冲缝套动态冲蚀机理研究

在产水气井中,冲缝筛管同时受到腐蚀和冲蚀磨损,服役寿命远远低于预期。为了解冲缝筛管在产水气井中快速失效的原因,模拟含水气井的腐蚀环境,进行了室内腐蚀试验,并建立了冲缝套的2种缺陷分布模型,模拟计算不同缺陷分布模型,以腐蚀速率为动网格速率,探究了不同缺陷深度和含水体积分数下冲缝套的冲蚀机理。研究结果表明:含水体积分数从0增加到100%,腐蚀速率从0.0115 mm/a增加到0.0399 mm/a,腐蚀坑的截面为圆形;缺陷在边缘中间区域时,最大冲蚀磨损量分布在缺陷处;缺陷在其他区域时,最大冲蚀磨损量分布在边缘四角区域的非缺陷区域;最大冲蚀磨损速率与缺陷深度、含水体积分数成正比,这种腐蚀与冲蚀的共同作用是冲缝筛管在产水气井中服役寿命大幅缩减的原因。所得结论可为延长冲缝筛管服役寿命研究提供理论参考。

循环气提法处理二氧化碳驱采出水试验研究

二氧化碳驱是高效、绿色、低碳的原油开采技术,但存在采出水游离CO_(2)含量高、pH值低、水处理药剂消耗量大、污泥产生量大、腐蚀速率高等难题。为解决以上难题,建立氮气循环气提工艺,以中原油田某二氧化碳驱采出水为研究对象,通过一体化“循环气提”脱除CO_(2)试验装置,以游离CO_(2)、pH值、腐蚀速率、含油量等为考察指标,在现场条件下评价低气液比的处理效果。结果表明,循环气提法对二氧化碳驱采出水游离CO_(2)去除效果明显。在气液比2.4∶1条件下,处理后采出水游离CO_(2)平均质量浓度为63.7 mg/L,游离CO_(2)去除率可达80%以上,pH值从5.6增加到6.7左右,将pH调至7.5,石灰乳消耗量减少82.3%,污泥产生量下降78.3%,碳钢挂片腐蚀速率小于0.076 mm/a,达到SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》要求。该试验研究为高效处理二氧化碳驱采出水提供了创新思路和基础积淀。

煤层气采出水阴极结垢的影响分析与减缓技术优化试验

为减缓煤层气采出水阴极结垢量,保障设备长期稳定运行,开展了煤层气采出水电絮凝结垢减缓试验,并分析了软化水比例、极板间距、电流密度、处理量等因素对未软化、完全软化和部分软化3种电絮凝处理效果的影响。试验结果表明,当极板间距为20 mm、电流密度为10 mA/cm^(2)、软化水比例1∶20。处理量为30 L/h时,3种电絮凝处理效果最好,阴极结垢量分别为0.81、0.12、0.13 g,单价分别为0.35、9.82、0.80元/m^(3)。综合考虑处理效果和单价成本,最终确定煤层气采出水的最佳结垢减缓电絮凝方式为部分软化电絮凝。

产水气井最小携液配产确定方法

产水气井通常采用“高产低配,低产高配”的思路,采用无阻流量的经验配产比例来确定气井生产制度。为提高产水气井携液能力和减少排水采气成本,建立定量化确定气井最小携液配产的方法,论证不同配产制度下产气量和井筒临界携液产量变化规律,在神府气田取得较好应用效果。研究结果表明:可以根据区块的地层压力、经验系数α以及管柱尺寸建立区块最小携液配产方程,通过数值求解,得到不同管柱下携液配产或配产比例图版;在较低无阻时最小携液配产比例较高,且变化较快,而非单一的经验配产比例;最小携液配产受到管柱尺寸、试气无阻和地层压力的影响较大,而受到区块α值的影响较小。建立的最小携液配产方法可以有效减少气井投产初期井筒积液的发生,对产水气井合理配产、管柱优化和生产动态分析具有一定指导作用。

微生物在生物煤层气形成中的作用及影响因素研究进展

在当今能源紧缺和环境污染严重的前提下,煤层气作为一类非常规天然气,越来越受到人们的重视。传统观点认为煤层甲烷多由高温热解产生,但是根据甲烷的同位素特征来判断,世界很多地方(包括我国鄂尔多斯、淮南等地)的煤层气多属生物成因或者生物和热成因混合。同时,越来越多的生物学证据也表明种类多样的产甲烷相关微生物广泛存在于煤层伴生地层水中或者煤层样品中。这也说明生物成因的煤层气仍然在不断地产生,这也为利用生物方法促进煤层气产生和利用提供了良好的契机。本文将介绍产甲烷微生物种群构成与功能、产气途径、影响产气速率的因素,探讨我国微生物强化产煤层气并实现产业化的应用前景。