Household Drill Innovative Design under the Guidance of Ergonomics

The household drill is named 90 Degree, designed by Industrial Design Pilot Program Center(Hereinafter referred to as IDPPC) of Luxun Academy of Fine Arts(Hereinafter referred to as LAFA), which is the only national pilot program center in Chinese industrial design field. 90 Degree is designed for home environment, it helps inexperience users, such as women and the elderly, complete the operation easily, and it makes sure that safe operation and assistance users solve the precise punching, location, storage trash and other operations. According to research among users who can understand or manipulate a drill, the designers find problems of users from the user central perspective, and then they integrate product innovative design methods to propose solutions. When the designers intend to design 90 Degree, they attempt using the user behavior record and analysis system, and start ergonomics study in subjects by double hands operation analysis, using gesture analysis, details of work analysis, time and motion study, etc; meanwhile taking advantages of user experience analysis, behavior intention analysis to do user subjective perceptual evaluation. The functions, structure, shape, color, material, details of 90 Degree should be consistent with the standard of usability evaluation. There are two characteristics in 90 Degree, the first one is a transparent cover installed in front of the drill, which can collect the dust, rubbish when drilling and keep the work environment clean. So it is applicable for households. When the transparent cover of the drill is removed, it also can be used as a normal hand drill; the second one is the shape of 90 Degree makes it and the operating surface fitting together, thus enhancing the stability in operation, so it is best for inexperienced users. When 90 Degree contacts with the operating surface, it can emit the laser ray which helps the user to punch accurately, and make array punch more easily. After obtaining the data, charts, creating Shadow observation by the designers, they make a comprehensive evaluation on research results; verification advantages of 90 Degree meet the requirement of usability, reducing operating failure rate; and increasing safety factors. 90 Degree, in 2011, wined German Red Dot Design Award, which had become a representative excellent design example to resolve several drilling difficulties. The designers introduce ergonomics theory into design practice, and use scientific program and methods to evaluate the products which is useful to the development and promotion of products.

Speciation and biogeochemical behavior of perfluoroalkyl acids in soils and their environmental implications:A review

Perfluoroalkyl acids(PFAAs)are emerging organic pollutants that have attracted significant attention in the fields of environmental chemistry and toxicology.Although PFAAs are pervasive in soils and sediments,there is a paucity of research regarding their environmental forms and driving mechanisms.This review provides an overview of the classification and biotoxicity of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances(PFAS),organic pollutant forms,PFAS extraction and analytical methods,the prediction of PFAS distribution in soils,and current PFAS remediation strategies.Four predominant PFAA forms have been proposed in soils:(i)aqueous-extracted PFAAs,(ii)organic-solvent extracted PFAAs,(ii)embedded or sequestered PFAAs,and(iv)covalently bound PFAAs.Furthermore,it suggests suitable extraction methods and predictive models for different PFAA forms,which are instrumental in the research on PFAA speciation and prediction in soils.Simultaneously,it was proposed that elemental cycling and microbial activity may affect the speciation of PFAs.Additionally,the categorization of PFAA forms facilitated the analysis of pollution remediation.Understanding the interplay between PFAA speciation,element cycling,and bacterial activity during soil remediation is essential for understanding remediation mechanisms and assessing the long-term stability of remediation methods.Future studies should expand the investigation of varying PFAA forms in different media,consider the potential binding forms of PFAAs to minerals,organic matter,and microbes,and evaluate the possible mechanisms of PFAA speciation variation.