Application of the method of equivalent edge currents to composite scattering from the cone-cylinder above a dielectric rough sea surface

Compared with scattering from a rough surface only, composite scattering from a target above a rough surface has become so practical that it is a subject of great interest. At present, this problem has been solved by some numerical methods which will produce an enormous calculation amount. In order to overcome this shortcoming, the reciprocity theorem （RT） and the method of equivalent edge currents （MEC） are used in this paper. Due to the advantage of RT, the difficulty in computing the secondary scattered fields is reduced. Simultaneously, MEC, a high-frequency method with edge diffraction considered, is used to calculate the scattered field from the cone-cylinder target with a high accuracy and efficiency. The backscattered field and the polarization currents of the rough sea surface are evaluated by the Kirchhoff approximation （KA） method and physical optics （PO） method, respectively. The effects of the backscattering radar cross section （RCS） and the Doppler spectrum on the size of the target and the windspeed of the sea surface for different incident angles are analysed in detail.

Validity and Accuracy of Eddy Current Field Analysis of Laminations by Introducing Equivalent Conductivities

对于分析叠片铁心中的涡流问题，利用各种等效电导率替代硅钢片实际电导率的匀质化方法是很有应用前景的。为了评估各种电导率模型，该文提出了铁心涡流场分析的二维解析验证方法，并分别基于引入各向异性或各向同性等效电导率的铁心连续体表述和实际叠片表述对涡流场进行了解析计算。通过比较连续体表述下所得到的平均磁通密度和涡流损耗值与相应由实际叠片表述所得到的精确解，对各种电导率模型的有效性和准确性在各种条件下进行了评估。为了进一步考察电导率模型对实际工程问题的适用性，利用有限元法进行了关于TEAM21面向工程基准问题的磁通和杂散场损耗计算。计算结果表明，由该文作者所提出的等效电导率模型优于其他模型。

Research on the Equivalence Between Double Differential- mode Current Injection and Radiation Test Method

There are the application scope limits for single differential-mode current injection test method, so in order to carry out injection susceptibility test for two-pieces equipment interconnected with both ends of a cable simultaneously, a double differential-mode current in- jection test method (DDMCI) is proposed. The method adopted the equivalence source wave theorem and Baum-Liu-Tesche(BLT) equation as its theory foundation. The equivalent corresponding relation between injection voltage and radiation electric field intensity is derived, and the phase relation between the two injection voltage sources is confirmed. The results indicate that the amplitude and phase of the equivalent injection voltage source is closely related to the S parameter of directional coupling device, the transmission line length, and the source vector in BLT equation, but has nothing to do with the reflection coefficient between the two equipment pieces. Therefore, by choosing the right amplitude and phase of the double injection voltage sources, the DDMCI test is equivalent to the radiation test for two interconnected equipment of a system.

Equivalent magnetic dipole method used to design gradient coil for unilateral magnetic resonance imaging

The conventional magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)equipment cannot measure large volume samples nondestructively in the engineering site for its heavy weight and closed structure.In order to realize the mobile MRI,this study focuses on the design of gradient coil of unilateral magnet.The unilateral MRI system is used to image the local area above the magnet.The current density distribution of the gradient coil cannot be used as a series of superconducting nuclear magnetic resonance gradient coils,because the region of interest(ROI)and the wiring area of the unilateral magnet are both cylindrical side arc surfaces.Therefore,the equivalent magnetic dipole method is used to design the gradient coil,and the algorithm is improved for the special case of the wiring area and the ROI,so the X and Y gradient coils are designed.Finally,a flexible printed circuit board(PCB)is used to fabricate the gradient coil,and the magnetic field distribution of the ROI is measured by a Gauss meter,and the measured results match with the simulation results.The gradient linearities of x and y coils are 2.82%and 3.56%,respectively,less than 5%of the commercial gradient coil requirement.

考虑精确磁通的电磁加载装置等效磁路建模

为提高电磁加载装置在控制应用时的模型预测快速性与精确性,考虑电磁加载装置硅钢片表面涡流磁场生成因素与不同轴偏心下有效气隙长度,采用非线性方程拟合硅钢片磁化曲线,建立包含磁极边缘效应、磁极铁心、转子硅钢片动态磁阻与涡流磁场的电磁加载装置非线性等效磁路模型。研究了硅钢片表面涡流磁场生成因素与气隙磁场分布,并与有限元仿真结果比较分析。应用该模型在水润滑轴承试验台上进行电磁加载力测试试验。研究结果表明:等效磁路法对磁场分布的表征与有限元法一致,且对气隙的计算更为精确;电磁加载力稳态误差小于4%,响应时间低于0.55 s。

混合励磁式电涡流制退机电磁场与阻力特性分析

电涡流制退机具有无液体泄漏、无需密封、阻力稳定的优势。与目前应用较多的永磁式电涡流制退机相比,混合励磁式电涡流制退机采用线圈替代了一部分永磁体,对阻力特性的调节效果更好。对比了混合励磁式电涡流制退机2种可能的结构形式,然后根据磁路分析与初步计算选择出具有更好阻力性能的结构。针对该结构,利用等效磁路法计算气隙磁场,采用子域模型考虑感生涡流影响,建立了求解混合励磁式电涡流制退机阻力值的等效子域模型。根据某口径火炮反后坐要求,确定了制退机的主要尺寸参数,完成了混合励磁式电涡流制退机结构参数的前期设计,并通过数值计算对解析计算结果进行了验证。接着,针对某口径火炮发射时的工况建立仿真模型,以炮膛合力曲线和复进机力的后坐行程函数曲线作为条件输入,分析强冲击载荷下混合励磁式电涡流制退机的电磁阻尼力、后坐位移和后坐速度规律。最后,分析了不同气隙宽度与内筒的电导率对电磁阻尼力的影响,结果表明气隙宽度越小电磁阻尼力越大,同时过大的内筒电导率会导致电磁阻尼力呈现“马鞍”型。本文研究可为混合励磁式电涡流制退机的工程化应用提供理论基础。

220kV变压器中压侧中性点经小电抗接地的运行分析

北京电网分区运行,其中枢纽站的接地方式关系整个电网运行,K分区中的A变电站采用220 kV变压器中压侧中性点经小电抗接地的运行方式。分析了该分区的主变中性点接地情况、A变电站的等值网络,同时计算了A变电站的短路容量、不同主变并列运行时的单相短路电流,计算表明,中性点经小电抗接地后可降低其单相短路电流,满足设备热稳定性要求。同时提出中性点小电抗投运后对现场运行、倒闸操作的要求。

电磁式线-角振动激振器气隙磁场特性分析

针对传统单轴激振器无法复现线-角空间耦合运动的问题,提出了一种可实现复合振动的电磁式线-角振动激振器磁路结构,并对其气隙磁场特性进行分析。首先构建了激振器的磁路和线圈结构,基于等效电流法,建立了气隙磁场的解析模型,与有限元分析结果的最大相对误差为1.25%,验证了解析模型的正确性;接着研究了各磁路参数对气隙磁场分布特性的影响规律,以及线圈电流产生的磁场与原磁场的耦合效应,并分析了线圈在运动过程中的受力情况;最后研制了激振器磁路拓扑结构样机,分别对线、角振动气隙磁场进行了实验测量,测得结果与有限元计算结果的最大相对误差小于5%,进一步验证了所提出磁路结构的有效性。

MoM-PO-MEC混合法及其在组合体散射中的应用

对于携带电小结构的电大目标的散射问题,单纯的矩量法(MoM)或单纯的物理光学法(PO)由于自身固有的缺点,都不能给出有效的结果.而矩量法与物理光学法的混合方法是解决此类问题的有效途径,本文在MoM-PO混合法的基础上,通过引入等效电磁流方法(MEC)来计算PO区域边缘的绕射贡献,提出了一种MoM-PO-MEC混合方法,并将其计算结果与多层快速多极子计算结果进行比较,最终证明了该混合方法的有效性。

计及周期/半周期性边界条件的永磁电机子域模型

该文提出的表贴磁极永磁电机考虑周期/半周期性边界条件的子域模型,为舰船大容量直驱多相永磁推进电机的设计优化提供一种快速、高效的工具。介绍周期性边界条件和半周期性边界条件的原理及实现方法,并将其应用到基于等效面电流的子域模型中求解电机气隙磁场,而后通过有限元仿真验证了解析计算的准确性。对比3种求解域下子域模型中谐波系数矩阵的维数和求解速度,表明考虑周期/半周期性边界条件的子域模型在保证结果精度的前提下,能大幅降低矩阵维数,并显著减少求解时间。对实验样机进行空载和负载实验,空载反电势与负载转矩实验结果与解析结果吻合较好,进一步说明了周期/半周期性边界条件下所用子域模型的正确性。

短路试验法校验500 kV自耦变压器套管CT电流计算

通过分析大型自耦变压器验收过程中套管CT电流的幅值和相位,介绍了一种利用变压器铭牌参数计算套管CT在短路试验中电流的方法。同时,以某变电站自耦变压器套管CT的验收为例,对所提出的方法进行了分析和验证,可为变电专业工程人员验收自耦变压器套管CT提供借鉴。

Improved method to derive equivalent current systems from global MHD simulations

Derivation of equivalent current systems(ECS)from a global magnetospheric magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)model is very useful in studying magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling,ground induction effects,and space weather forecast.In this study we introduce an improved method to derive the ECS from a global MHD model,which takes account of the obliqueness of the magnetic field lines.By comparing the ECS derived from this improved method and the previous method,we find that the main characteristics of the ECS derived from the two methods are generally consistent with each other,but the eastward-westward component of the geomagnetic perturbation calculated from the ECS derived from the improved method is much stronger than that from the previous method.We then compare the geomagnetic perturbation as a function of the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF)clock angle calculated from the ECS derived from both methods with the observations.The comparison indicates that the improved method can improve the performance of the simulation.Furthermore,it is found that the incomplete counterbalance of the geomagnetic effect produced by the ionospheric poloidal current and field-aligned current(FAC)contributes to most of the eastward-westward component of geomagnetic perturbation.

A study on the multi-componentsubstrom current

A new technique of eigen mode analysis, Method of Natural Orthogonal Components (MNOC) is used to analyze the ionospheric equivalent current systems obtained on the basis of magnetic data at six meridian magnetometer chains in the northern hemisphere during March 17 19, 1978. The results show that the whole current pattern for any given instant consists of a few eigen modes with different intensities. The first eigen mode exhibits a two cell current construction, characterizing the large scale magnetospheric convection and directly driven process, while the second eigen mode shows a concentrated westward electrojet at midnight sector, characterizing the substorm current wedge and the loading unloading process. The first mode consistently exists whenever during quiet periods or at substorms, and its intensity increases from the beginning of the growth phase of substorms, then quickly intensifies in the expansion phase, followed by a gradual decrease in the recovery phase. On the other hand, the intensity of the second mode remains to be near zero during both quiet time and the growth phase of substorms. Its rapid enhancement occurs in the expansion phase. These characteristics in the current patterns and the intensity variations coincide with the defined physical processes of the directly driven and loading unloading components.

基于高耦合电抗器的500kV限流器限流特性等效试验

基于高耦合电抗器的500 kV限流器在限流状态下的阻抗较大,而由于试验室电源电压有限,限流状态下的试验电流远小于额定短路电流,因此500 kV限流器在额定短路工况下的限流特性试验和动稳定性考核试验无法直接进行。针对上述问题,提出了一种间接验证限流器限流特性的等效试验方法。通过设计降低阻抗参数的比例缩小样机,在试验室条件下进行全电流的比例缩小样机间接试验,同时结合试验室内500 kV限流器比例缩小样机的低电压试验和500 kV限流器接入实际系统的高电压人工短路试验,综合验证500 kV限流器的限流能力。研究结果表明,500 kV限流器在额定短路工况下的限流幅度满足设计要求,所设计试验方法具有良好的等价性。

基于耗能等效和时域显式方法的电涡流阻尼器参数优化

电涡流阻尼器是一种双参数非线性速度型阻尼器,采用耗能等效方法可将其参数优化过程简化为线性黏滞阻尼的单参数优化,同时采用时域显式方法可显著提高参数敏感性分析计算效率。该文以耗能等效为前提,推导电涡流阻尼与线性黏滞阻尼耗能量关系式,得到耗能等效原则下电涡流阻尼的最优参数;明确应用时域显式方法分析参数敏感性问题的可行性和便捷性;以悬索桥抗震分析为例,验证耗能等效参数优化的有效性和时域显式方法对计算效率的提高作用。分析结果表明:以耗能等效为基础,应用线性黏滞阻尼可以简化电涡流阻尼器的参数优化分析流程,为工程设计人员采用电涡流阻尼器进行减振设计提供理论指导;采用时域显式方法研究阻尼器参数优化问题,大大提高结构时程响应分析和参数敏感性分析计算效率,改善其耗时费力的现状。

无铁心轴向磁通永磁电机的磁场解析计算

轴向磁通永磁电机磁场呈三维结构且磁路复杂,采用有限元法求解电机的气隙磁场将会耗费大量的建模及仿真时间,针对该问题,采用解析法对电机的空载磁场进行计算,通过将电机沿径向分成多个截面,使三维的轴向磁通电机等效为多个二维直线电机的组合体,在直角坐标系中求解拉普拉斯方程,得到矢量磁位,代入边界条件对磁场进行求解。计算电枢反应磁场时,采用多层电流片法进行求解,与有限元仿真结果对比,验证了解析法的可行性,提高了无铁心轴向磁通永磁电机磁场计算和电机参数设计的速度。

一种永磁同步电主轴转矩脉动和电磁力波的抑制方法

针对磁极为平行充磁且两边平行的表面式永磁同步电主轴存在转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的问题,提出一种磁极结构优化方法以抑制转矩脉动和径向电磁力波。基于等效面电流法建立磁极表面半径为任意值的永磁同步电主轴转子气隙磁场的解析模型;综合研究转子气隙磁场对定子开槽电主轴转矩脉动、径向电磁力波的影响;在最小气隙长度不变的前提下,确立优化目标(气隙磁通密度的谐波和幅值),并通过迭代计算的方式得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案(方案一结构和方案二结构);最后,通过有限元法验证转子气隙磁场解析模型的有效性,并对原结构电主轴、方案一结构电主轴和方案二结构电主轴的转子气隙磁场谐波、转矩脉动、齿槽转矩、平均转矩和径向电磁力波进行对比分析。结果表明:该优化方法可以得到满足不同优化目标的永磁体磁极结构方案,实现原电主轴指定阶次磁通密度谐波、转矩脉动和径向电磁力波的综合抑制。

Equivalent model of multi-type distributed generators under faults with fast-iterative calculation method based on improved PSO algorithm

There are various types of distributed generators (DGs) with different grid integration strategies. The transient characteristics of the fault currents provided by the DGs are different to those of conventional synchronous generators. In this paper, a distribution network with multi-type DGs is investigated, including consideration of DG low-voltage ride through (LVRT). The fault current characteristics of two typical DGs, i.e. an inverter-interfaced distributed generator (IIDG) and a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), are analyzed, considering the specific operation modes. Based on analysis of the fault characteristics, an equivalent model of the multi-type DGs under symmetrical/asymmetrical fault conditions is established. A fast-iterative fault calculation method for enhancing the calculation efficiency while avoiding local convergence is then proposed using an improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. A simulation system of the distribution network with multi-type DGs is established in PSCAD/EMTDC. The simulation results validate the high accuracy and calculation efficiency of the proposed calculation method of the fault components. This can assist in the settings of the protection threshold.

钳形电流表溯源校准技术的研究

文中旨在分析研究钳形电流表的溯源校准技术,详细阐述了钳形电流表的工作原理与类型,并通过对测量误差的分析,总结得出钳形电流表的系统误差与检测线圈和载流导线的关系,并对多匝等效安匝法和单匝标准电流法两种典型校准方法进行对比分析,总结得出两种方法的特点和适用性,有利于提升钳形电流表的溯源校准技术,并为实际校准工作提供参考。

大功率电力电子装置等效试验方法及其在电力系统中的应用

大功率电力电子装置核心组件试验的目的是验证其符合设计准则,并确保大功率电力电子装置在正常及故障条件下都能完成预定的工作目标而不至于损坏或影响到所接入的电力系统。随着电力电子装置在电力系统中的广泛应用,大功率电力电子组件的试验技术已成为电力电子技术发展和工程应用极其重要的组成部分。电力电子装置容量的日益提高使得很难直接在电力系统中进行试验,等效试验成为必然的选择。由于其自身的高度复杂性,大功率电力电子组件等效试验方法的研究通常比传统电力设备更复杂、难度更大。大功率电力电子组件试验等效分析的目的是:首先从机理上保证在一定的试验条件约束下,试验方法及试验装置产生的电流、电压、机械和热应力等应与被试电力电子装置在实际运行中所遇到的各种工况具有等价效果;其次是利用必要的试验条件对试品耐受能力作出合理的评价。文章重点对大功率电力电子装置的等效试验机理、等效试验方法和技术应用进行了全面研究,相关研究成果已成功地推动了灵活交流输电技术和高压直流输电技术的工程化进程,为电力系统电力电子技术在中国电网成功应用奠定了重要的理论基础和实验平台。