Developing a highly scalable synthetic strategy for 5-amino-4-nitrobenzo[1,2-c:3,4-c']bis([1,2,5]oxadiazole)1,b-dioxide(CL-18)and investigating the influence of crystal engineering and positional isomerization on its safety and laser ignition performance

5-amino-4-nitrobenzo[1,2-c:3,4-c']bis([1,2,5]oxadiazole)1,6-dioxide(CL-18)exhibits significant potential as an initiating explosive.However,its current synthesis process remains non-scalable due to low yields and safety risks.In this study,we have developed a simple and safe synthetic route for CL-18.It was synthesized from 3,5-dihaloanisole in a four-step reaction with an overall yield exceeding 60%,surpassing all reported yields in the literature.Subsequently,recrystallization of CL-18 was successfully achieved by carefully selecting appropriate solvents and antisolvents to reduce its mechanical sensitivity.Ultimately,when DMF-ethanol was employed as the recrystallization solvent system,satisfactory product yield(>90%)and reduced mechanical sensitivity(IS=15 J;FS=216 N)were obtained.Additionally,CL-18 is derived from the rearrangement of oxygen atoms on i-CL-18 furoxan,and a comparative analysis of their physicochemical properties was conducted.The thermal stability of both compounds is similar,with onset decomposition temperatures recorded at 186 and 182℃respectively.Similarly,they exhibit 5 s breaking point temperatures of 236 and 237℃.Additionally,we present novel insights into the positional-isomerization-laser-ignition performance of CL-18 and its isomer i-CL-18 using laser irradiation for the first time.Remarkably,our findings demonstrate that i-CL-18 exhibits enhanced laser sensitivity,as it can be directly ignited by a 1064 nm wavelength laser,whereas CL-18 lacks this characteristic.

Simplified quantitative analysis method and its application in the insitu synthesized copper-based azide chips

Copper-based azide(Cu(N_(3))2 or CuN_(3),CA)chips synthesized by in-situ azide reaction and utilized in miniaturized explosive systems has become a hot research topic in recent years.However,the advantages of in-situ synthesis method,including small size and low dosage,bring about difficulties in quantitative analysis and differences in ignition capabilities of CA chips.The aim of present work is to develop a simplified quantitative analysis method for accurate and safe analysis of components in CA chips to evaluate and investigate the corresponding ignition ability.In this work,Cu(N_(3))2 and CuN_(3)components in CA chips were separated through dissolution and distillation by utilizing the difference in solubility and corresponding content was obtained by measuring N_(3)-concentration through spectrophotometry.The spectrophotometry method was optimized by studying influencing factors and the recovery rate of different separation methods was studied,ensuring the accuracy and reproducibility of test results.The optimized method is linear in range from 1.0-25.0 mg/L,with a correlation coefficient R^(2)=0.9998,which meets the requirements of CA chips with a milligram-level content test.Compared with the existing ICP method,component analysis results of CA chips obtained by spectrophotometry are closer to real component content in samples and have satisfactory accuracy.Moreover,as its application in miniaturized explosive systems,the ignition ability of CA chips with different component contents for direct ink writing CL-20 and the corresponding mechanism was studied.This study provided a basis and idea for the design and performance evaluation of CA chips in miniaturized explosive systems.

Propagation and Coalescence of Blast-Induced Cracks in PMMA Material Containing an Empty Circular Hole Under Delayed Ignition Blasting Load by Using the Dynamic Caustic Method

In this paper,dynamic caustic method is applied to analyze the blast-induced crack propagation and distribution of the dynamic stress field around an empty circular hole in polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)material under delayed ignition blasting loads.The following experimental results are obtained.(1)In directional-fracture-controlled blasting,the dynamic stress intensity factors(DSIFs)and the propagation paths of the blast-induced cracks are obviously influenced by the delayed ignition.(2) The circular hole situated between the two boreholes poses a strong guiding effect on the coelesence of the cracks,causing them to propagate towards each other when cracks are reaching the circular hole area.(3)Blast-induced cracks are not initiated preferentially because of the superimposed effect from the explosive stress waves on the cracking area.(4) By using the scanning electron microscopy(SEM)method,it is verified that the roughness of crack surfaces changes along the crack propagation paths.

Chemical Analysis of Magnesia and Magnesia-Alumina Refractory Materials——Gravimetric method for determination of loss on ignition

1 Scope This standard specifies the gravimetric method for determination of loss on ignition.

An Experimental Investigation on Low Load Combustion Stability and Cold-Firing Capacity of a Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine

Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is one of the most promising combustion concepts to maintain low pollutant emissions and high efficiency. However, low load combustion stability and firing in cold-start operations are two major challenges for GCI combustion. Strategies including negative valve overlap (NVO), advanced injection strategies, fuel reforming, and intake preheating have been proposed in order to solve these difficulties;however, the cold start is still an obstacle. The objective of this work is to study effective methods to achieve GCI engine cold start-up. This work combines NVO, in-cylinder fuel reforming, and intake preheating to achieve quick firing under cold-start conditions and the subsequent warmup conditions. The results show that start of injection (SOI) during the intake stroke yields the best fuel economy, and injection during the compression stroke has the potential to extend the low load limit. Furthermore, SOI during the NVO period grants the ability to operate under engine conditions with cold intake air and coolant. With highly reactive products made by in-cylinder fuel reforming and fast heat accumulation in the combustion chamber, the NVO injection strategy is highly appropriate for GCI firing. An additional assisted technical method, such as intake preheating, is required to ignite the first firing cycle for a cold-start process. With the combination of NVO, in-cylinder fuel reforming, and intake preheating, the GCI engine successfully started within five combustion cycles in the experiment. After the firing process, the engine could stably operate without further intake preheating;thus, this method is appropriate for engine cold-start and warm-up.

A Time-dependent Stochastic Grassland Fire Ignition Probability Model for Hulun Buir Grassland of China

Grassland fire is one of the most important disturbance factors in the natural ecosystems.This paper focuses on the spatial distribution of long-term grassland fire patterns in the Hulun Buir Grassland located in the northeast of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China.The density or ratio of ignition can reflect the relationship between grassland fire and different ignition factors.Based on the relationship between the density or ratio of ignition in different range of each ignition factor and grassland fire events,an ignition probability model was developed by using binary logistic regression function and its overall accuracy averaged up to 81.7%.Meanwhile it was found that daily relative humidity,daily temperature,elevation,vegetation type,distance to county-level road,distance to town are more important determinants of spatial distribution of fire ignitions.Using Monte Carlo method,we developed a time-dependent stochastic ignition probability model based on the distribution of inter-annual daily relative humidity and daily temperature.Through this model,it is possible to estimate the spatial patterns of ignition probability for grassland fire,which will be helpful to the quantitative evaluation of grassland fire risk and its management in the future.

Ignition models and simulation of solid propellant of thermodynamic undersea vehicle

The starting characteristics of thermodynamic undersea vehicle systems are determined by the geometry, size and combustion area of solid propellants, which directly effect liquid propellant pipeline design. It is necessary to establish accurate burning models for solid propellants. Based on combustion models using powder rings and two different solid ignition grains, namely star-shaped ignition grains and stuffed ignition grains, a mathematic model of the ignition process of the propulsion system was built. With the help of Matlab, a series of calculations were made to determine the effects of different grains on ignition characteristics. The results show that stuffed ignition grain is best suited to be the ignition grain of a thermodynamic undersea vehicle system.

Contribution to Development of Reliability and Optimization Methods Applied to Mechanical Structures

In order to take into account the uncertainties linked to the variables in the evaluation of the statistical properties of structural response, a reliability approach with probabilistic aspect was considered. This is called the Probabilistic Transformation Method (PTM). This method is readily applicable when the function between the input and the output of the system is explicit. However, the situation is much more involved when it is necessary to perform the evaluation of implicit function between the input and the output of the system through numerical models. In this work, we propose a technique that combines Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Probabilistic Transformation Method (PTM) to evaluate the Probability Density Function (PDF) of response where the function between the input and the output of the system is implicit. This technique is based on the numerical simulations of the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the Probabilistic Transformation Method (PTM) using an interface between Finite Element software and Matlab. Some problems of structures are treated in order to prove the applicability of the proposed technique. Moreover, the obtained results are compared to those obtained by the reference method of Monte Carlo. A second aim of this work is to develop an algorithm of global optimization using the local method SQP, because of its effectiveness and its rapidity of convergence. For this reason, we have combined the method SQP with the Multi start method. This developed algorithm is tested on test functions comparing with other methods such as the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). In order to test the applicability of the proposed approach, a structure is optimized under reliability constraints.

Start-up phase plasma discharge design of a tokamak via control parameterization method

The tokamak start-up is a very important phase during the process to obtain a suitable equalizing plasma, and its governing model can be described as a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations（ODEs）. In this paper, we first estimate the parameters in the original model and set up an accurate model to express how the variables change during the start-up phase, especially how the plasma current changes with respect to time and the loop voltage. Then, we apply the control parameterization method to obtain an approximate optimal parameters selection problem for the loop voltage design to achieve a desired plasma current target. Computational optimal control techniques such as the variational method and the costate method are employed to solve the problem, respectively. Finally, numerical simulations are performed and the results obtained via different methods are compared. Our numerical parameterization method and optimization procedure turn out to be effective.

Application of Monte Carlo method in rudder control precision

After the trajectory simulation model of rudder control rocket with six degrees of freedom is established by Matlab/ Simulink, the simulated targeting of rudder control rocket with rudder angle error and starting control moment error is carried out respectively by means of Monte Carlo method and the distribution of impact points of rudder control rocket is counted from all the successful subsamples. In the case of adding interference errors associated with rudder angle error and starting time error, the simulation analysis of impact point dispersion is done and its lateral and longitudinal correction abilities at different targeting angles are simulated to identify the effects of these factors on characteristics and control precision of the rudder control rocket, which provides the relevant reference for high-precision design of rudder control system.

A New Type of Restarted Krylov Methods

In this paper we present a new type of Restarted Krylov methods for calculating peripheral eigenvalues of symmetric matrices. The new framework avoids the Lanczos tridiagonalization process, and the use of polynomial filtering. This simplifies the restarting mechanism and allows the introduction of several modifications. Convergence is assured by a monotonicity property that pushes the eigenvalues toward their limits. The Krylov matrices that we use lead to fast rate of convergence. Numerical experiments illustrate the usefulness of the proposed approach.

An experimental and numerical approach-characterisation of power cartridge for water-jet application

Power Cartridges are pyrotechnic devices where hot combustion gases utilized to do mechanical work for disruption of suspected Improvised Explosive Devices(IEDs). It plays a vital role either in destroying the suspicious object or making them non-functional by generating the gas pressure on burning of propellant against the water column inside the barrel, Present work is focused on characterisation,numerical solution such as deformation; strain; stress using FEM(Finite Element Method), design qualification, performance and evaluation of power cartridge for disruptor application. Experimental trials for pressure-time(P-t) measurement in closed vessel(CV), various electrical parameters like all fire current(AFC), no fire current(NFC) and ignition delay have been measured. Further, mechanical properties for brass material have been determined. An attempt has been made to characterise the power cartridge by FEM and carrying out the experiments for water-jet application.

Research Activities of Nuclear Data Research Group in 2018

In 2018 the main research activities of Nuclear Data Research Group were focused on nuclear data measurements,calculations and fundamental research in heavy ion reactions.Some important results have been obtained.In order to validate nuclear data and the neutron transportation performance of the materials related to the accelerator driven subcritical system(ADS),we measured the leakage neutron spectra from multiple-slab sample assemblies using 14.8 MeV D-T neutrons[1].The measurement was performed at China Institute of Atomic Energy using time-of-flight method.Two types of assemblies comprising A-1(W+U+C+CH2)and A-2(U+C+CH2)were both built up gradually starting with the first wall.The measured spectra were compared with the MCNP simulations with ENDF/B-VII.1,JENDL-4.0 and CENDL-3.1 libraries.The results show that the experimental leakage neutron spectra for both A-1 or A-2 were reproduced well by the three evaluated nuclear data libraries with discrepancies of less than 15%(A-1)and 12%(A-2),2),except when below 3 MeV.For 2cm and 5cm uranium samples,the CENDL-3.1 calculations exhibited large discrepancies in the energy range of 28MeV and above 13MeV.

柴油机低温启动过程关键影响参数研究

为实现柴油机在极端低温环境下可以具备较好的启动性能,对相关影响柴油机启动的参数进行研究。通过正交仿真研究了环境因素(进气压力、进气温度)、设计参数(压缩比、燃烧室缩口比、喷嘴直径)、控制参数(喷油温度、预喷油量、主喷提前角、主喷持续期、主预喷间隔)对柴油机低温条件下启动过程的影响,通过极差分析提取出对柴油机启动过程影响较大的关键影响参数,并以缸内压力、缸内温度和瞬时放热率为评价指标对各因素进行参数匹配研究。结果表明,环境因素和控制参数对柴油机启动过程的影响程度更高,进气压力、进气温度、主喷提前角和主喷持续期为影响柴油机低温条件下启动的关键影响参数,并选择组合1作为最佳参数匹配组合。研究得到了柴油机低温启动过程中的关键影响参数,可为改善低温环境下柴油机的启动效果提供参考。

用于反应堆启动的Am-Be中子源物理特性研究

利用蒙特卡罗程序对采用合金法制备的Am-Be中子源辐照前中子源强能谱、伴生γ放射性等物理特性及其在堆内辐照过程中的变化情况进行了分析,评估了其作为压水型核电反应堆启动中子源的可行性。分析表明:合金法制作的单个Am-Be中子源(源活性区尺寸φ3.4 mm×236 mm,密度为4 g·cm^(-3))中子发射率可达3.34×10^(7)s^(-1),该源的源强虽低于核电厂反应堆常用的启动中子源,但多个Am-Be中子源叠加也可满足应用要求。Am-Be中子源在堆芯辐照过程中,由于产生的^(242)Cm等核素的影响,总中子源强高于其初始源强,保证其长期起到启动中子源作用。另外,Am-Be中子源具有较高的γ源强,在制造、运输与安装过程中需要考虑辐射防护问题。

基于动态磁网络法大型感应电机阻抗参数及起动特性计算

为提高大型感应电机动态阻抗参数及起动特性计算的准确性及计算效率,构建了考虑电机转子转速变化引起气隙磁导变化的非线性动态磁网络模型。以一台6.5 MW大型感应电机为例,分析起动电流变化对电机内各处饱和程度的影响机理,在此基础上,根据磁力线路径及电机内饱和程度确定动态磁网络模型中的非线性磁导的计算方法。将动态磁网络模型与转子趋肤效应模型相结合,提出计及漏磁并考虑转子转速变化及饱和偏移现象的电机动态阻抗参数的计算方法。推导并建立基于转子多回路法的大型感应电机的动态数学模型,根据电机瞬态过程中的电磁耦合关系,确定动态数学模型与磁网络模型的动态耦合求解方法,提出大型电机瞬态过程中考虑电流、转速、饱和及趋肤程度变化的动态阻抗参数及起动特性的计算方法。通过与有限元计算结果及实验结果对比,验证了所提出计算方法的正确性。

低温起动热力学条件下柴油机喷雾着火特性

针对一款V型八缸增压柴油机,首先分析了其低温起动过程中缸内压缩压力和压缩温度的变化规律,然后在定容喷雾燃烧装置中研究了低温起动热力学条件下柴油的喷雾着火特性,分析了背景温度和背景密度的变化过程中喷雾射流滞燃期和着火位置的变化规律.研究发现:随着背景温度降低,柴油自由喷雾着火滞燃期逐渐增加,着火稳定性逐渐降低;背景密度越高,最低着火温度越低;背景温度低于430℃时,柴油射流的着火成功率非常低,很难着火.该研究对提高起动稳定性,降低燃油消耗率和改善排放有重要的指导意义.

基于有限体积法碱金属高温热管冷态启动流动换热数值研究

为建立碱金属高温热管启动瞬态和运行稳态工作特性预测方法,本研究采用有限体积法(FVM)建立管壁导热模型、吸液芯流动传热模型和蒸气区模型。基于C语言开发并验证了碱金属高温热管的冷态启动瞬态分析程序,最大相对偏差为9.8%。仿真模拟了单根水平钠热管启动瞬态并开展敏感性分析,结果显示:对于本研究中使用的热管,在固定输入功率为1 000 W的环境条件下,启动开始后700 s热管蒸气区完全进入连续流态,到达稳态总用时为3 000 s,启动过程中工质熔化阶段吸液芯内部压力相对值逐渐增大,熔化完成后压力相对值略有降低;稳态运行下热管等温性良好,外壁面轴向温差稳定在22.5 K,吸液芯内部压降约为47 Pa;环境温度升高会延长热管到达稳态所需时间,并对稳态蒸气压力和流速分布产生一定影响;绝热段长度增加同样延长了热管启动到达稳态时间,同时对吸液芯内流体压力和速度分布存在一定影响。

压缩空气点火的无电烟火泵浦激光技术

为了解决传统固体烟火泵浦激光器点火效率低和电能依赖的问题,根据绝热压缩原理,设计使用了完全无电的压缩空气点燃烟火药泵浦Nd:YAG激光介质,提高了点火同步性和烟火药燃烧效率,实现了激光输出阈值药剂量10 mg,使用30 mg KClO4/Zr药剂,获得了30.2 mJ的激光能量,脉冲宽度10 ms,为小型无电高能激光器提供了一条新的实现路径。

二冲程柴油发动机冷起动控制策略研究

二冲程航空柴油发动机中,由于柴油粘性大,导致雾化质量较差。改善燃油的雾化质量,能够有效提高冷起动性能。利用GT-Power软件建立了二冲程柴油发动机一维冷起动模型,并校核了模型的准确性;将此模型计算出的压力和温度作为三维仿真模型的边界条件,研究了冷起动不同阶段采用多大的点火提前角、空燃比有利于起动,以及喷油结束时刻、喷油量和燃油温度对起动性能的影响。结果表明:拖动阶段,推迟点火,增加喷油量,有利于形成良好的混合气;起动阶段,较大的点火提前角能够改善起动性能,喷油量较多则会造成燃烧速率减小,不利于起动;稳定阶段和暖机阶段的点火提前角小于起动阶段,能够稳定转速。推迟喷油结束时刻,有利于形成良好的分层混合气;喷油量增大和燃油温度提高,在一定范围内能够改善混合气质量。