Application of Self-Organizing Feature Map Neural Network Based on K-means Clustering in Network Intrusion Detection

Due to the widespread use of the Internet,customer information is vulnerable to computer systems attack,which brings urgent need for the intrusion detection technology.Recently,network intrusion detection has been one of the most important technologies in network security detection.The accuracy of network intrusion detection has reached higher accuracy so far.However,these methods have very low efficiency in network intrusion detection,even the most popular SOM neural network method.In this paper,an efficient and fast network intrusion detection method was proposed.Firstly,the fundamental of the two different methods are introduced respectively.Then,the selforganizing feature map neural network based on K-means clustering(KSOM)algorithms was presented to improve the efficiency of network intrusion detection.Finally,the NSLKDD is used as network intrusion data set to demonstrate that the KSOM method can significantly reduce the number of clustering iteration than SOM method without substantially affecting the clustering results and the accuracy is much higher than Kmeans method.The Experimental results show that our method can relatively improve the accuracy of network intrusion and significantly reduce the number of clustering iteration.

CLUSTERING PROPERTIES OF FUZZY KOHONEN'S SELF-ORGANIZING FEATURE MAPS

A new clustering algorithm called fuzzy self-organizing feature maps is introduced. It can process not only the exact digital inputs, but also the inexact or fuzzy non-digital inputs, such as natural language inputs. Simulation results show that the new algorithm is superior to original Kohonen’s algorithm in clustering performance and learning rate.

Analysis of morphological characteristics of gravels based on digital image processing technology and self-organizing map

A comprehensive understanding of spatial distribution and clustering patterns of gravels is of great significance for ecological restoration and monitoring.However,traditional methods for studying gravels are low-efficiency and have many errors.This study researched the spatial distribution and cluster characteristics of gravels based on digital image processing technology combined with a self-organizing map(SOM)and multivariate statistical methods in the grassland of northern Tibetan Plateau.Moreover,the correlation of morphological parameters of gravels between different cluster groups and the environmental factors affecting gravel distribution were analyzed.The results showed that the morphological characteristics of gravels in northern region(cluster C)and southern region(cluster B)of the Tibetan Plateau were similar,with a low gravel coverage,small gravel diameter,and elongated shape.These regions were mainly distributed in high mountainous areas with large topographic relief.The central region(cluster A)has high coverage of gravels with a larger diameter,mainly distributed in high-altitude plains with smaller undulation.Principal component analysis(PCA)results showed that the gravel distribution of cluster A may be mainly affected by vegetation,while those in clusters B and C could be mainly affected by topography,climate,and soil.The study confirmed that the combination of digital image processing technology and SOM could effectively analyzed the spatial distribution characteristics of gravels,providing a new mode for gravel research.

Feature Extraction of Kernel Regress Reconstruction for Fault Diagnosis Based on Self-organizing Manifold Learning

The feature space extracted from vibration signals with various faults is often nonlinear and of high dimension.Currently,nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods are available for extracting low-dimensional embeddings,such as manifold learning.However,these methods are all based on manual intervention,which have some shortages in stability,and suppressing the disturbance noise.To extract features automatically,a manifold learning method with self-organization mapping is introduced for the first time.Under the non-uniform sample distribution reconstructed by the phase space,the expectation maximization(EM) iteration algorithm is used to divide the local neighborhoods adaptively without manual intervention.After that,the local tangent space alignment(LTSA) algorithm is adopted to compress the high-dimensional phase space into a more truthful low-dimensional representation.Finally,the signal is reconstructed by the kernel regression.Several typical states include the Lorenz system,engine fault with piston pin defect,and bearing fault with outer-race defect are analyzed.Compared with the LTSA and continuous wavelet transform,the results show that the background noise can be fully restrained and the entire periodic repetition of impact components is well separated and identified.A new way to automatically and precisely extract the impulsive components from mechanical signals is proposed.

Vibration Feature Fusion for State Evaluation of Machinery

To overcome the problem that a single feature can not reflect the state of machinery in different stages,a method of vibration feature fusion based on self-organizing map(SOM) is presented.Minimum quantization error(MQE) is obtained unsupervised based on SOM network.And trend information of the MQE curve is extracted by the wavelet packet to enhance state differentiating.Experimental flat is designed for bearing accelerating fatigue.And experimental results show that the method of vibration feature fusion based on SOM can reflect the state of machinery in different stages effectively.

Self-organizing feature map neural network classification of the ASTER data based on wavelet fusion

Most methods for classification of remote sensing data are based on the statistical parameter evaluation with the assumption that the samples obey the normal distribution. How-ever, more accurate classification results can be obtained with the neural network method through getting knowledge from environments and adjusting the parameter (or weight) step by step by a specific measurement. This paper focuses on the double-layer structured Kohonen self-organizing feature map (SOFM), for which all neurons within the two layers are linked one another and those of the competition layers are linked as well along the sides. Therefore, the self-adapting learning ability is improved due to the effective competition and suppression in this method. The SOFM has become a hot topic in the research area of remote sensing data classi-fication. The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) is a new satellite-borne remote sensing instrument with three 15-m resolution bands and three 30-m resolution bands at the near infrared. The ASTER data of Dagang district, Tianjin Munici-pality is used as the test data in this study. At first, the wavelet fusion is carried out to make the spatial resolutions of the ASTER data identical; then, the SOFM method is applied to classifying the land cover types. The classification results are compared with those of the maximum likeli-hood method (MLH). As a consequence, the classification accuracy of SOFM increases about by 7% in general and, in particular, it is almost as twice as that of the MLH method in the town.

改进麻雀搜索算法的入侵检测特征选择

针对网络入侵检测所处理数据存在特征维数高、检测效率低、准确率不高的问题,提出一种改进麻雀搜索算法的特征选择方法,旨在减少特征冗余的同时提高分类准确率。利用改进Circle映射初始化种群;结合秃鹰搜索算法中的螺旋搜索方式更新发现者位置;采用单纯形法和小孔成像法优化适应度较差和最优麻雀的位置,提升算法的寻优能力。将该算法与其它算法在6个经典基准函数上进行对比测试,其在收敛速度、精度等方面均有提升。使用数据集CIC-IDS2017进行特征选择实验,平均保留了7.6个特征,准确率达到了99.5%,结果表明,该算法可以在保证准确率的同时有效降低特征维度。

Visualization of amino acid composition differences between processed protein from different animal species by self-organizing feature maps

Amino acids are the dominant organic components of processed animal proteins,however there has been limited investigation of differences in their composition between various protein sources.Information on these differences will not only be helpful for their further utilization but also provide fundamental information for developing species-specific identification methods.In this study,self-organizing feature maps(SOFM) were used to visualize amino acid composition of fish meal,and meat and bone meal(MBM) produced from poultry,ruminants and swine.SOFM display the similarities and differences in amino acid composition between protein sources and effectively improve data transparency.Amino acid composition was shown to be useful for distinguishing fish meal from MBM due to their large concentration differences between glycine,lysine and proline.However,the amino acid composition of the three MBMs was quite similar.The SOFM results were consistent with those obtained by analysis of variance and principal component analysis but more straightforward.SOFM was shown to have a robust sample linkage capacity and to be able to act as a powerful means to link different sample for further data mining.

基于特征聚类和等距映射的无监督特征选择算法

为了提高无标签场景下特征选择的准确率和稳定性,提出一种基于特征聚类和等距映射的无监督特征选择算法。特征聚类将相似性较高的特征聚成一类,然后结合等距映射和稀疏系数矩阵定义新的特征得分计量函数。该函数对各特征簇中的特征进行打分,选择出每个类簇中得分最高的代表特征,构成特征子集。在14个广泛应用的数据集上的实验结果表明:本文所提算法能够选择出具有强分类能力的特征,且算法具有很强的泛化性。

无人机平飞下激光雷达和双目视觉融合的SLAM建图

针对无人机在较快运动下使用单一传感器难以有效构建地图的问题,提出一种基于LiDAR与双目融合的建图方法。利用LiDAR获取远处环境信息,提取物体的边界信息减少数据冗余,实现预先地图的构建;使用双目获取近处的信息,同时利用改进的特征金字塔法以实现特征快速提取,与LiDAR预建地图并行计算提高运行效率;最后将视觉特征与LiDAR预建地图融合构建二维地图。实验表明,该方法在无人机不同速度下可构建可靠性更高、更精确的环境地图,可为快速无人机的实时避障提供位置信息。

基于深度学习算法的人事考评信息非线性映射方法

目前人事的考评方法无法准确获取考评指标,导致考评耗时高、考评精确度低、用户满意度低。为此,提出基于深度学习算法的人事考评信息非线性映射方法。采用深度学习算法对人事信息进行处理,获得人事信息的特征,并将其输入Softmax分类器中;根据特征分类结果,选取人事考评指标;采用非线性映射获取人事考评特征与考评等级之间的关系,完成人事的考评。实验结果表明,所提方法的考评耗时最高为37 s,考评精确度在95%以上,用户满意度接近100%。

基于轻量化YOLOv8n的动态视觉SLAM算法

为了改善在动态场景下同步定位与地图绘制(Simultaneous Localization And Mapping,SLAM)算法定位精度低的问题,提出一种基于轻量化YOLOv(You Only Look Once version)8n的动态视觉SLAM算法。利用加权双向特征金字塔网络(Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network,BiFPN)对YOLOv8n模型进行轻量化改进,减少其参数量。在SLAM算法中引入轻量化YOLOv8n模型,并结合稀疏光流法组成目标检测线程,以去除动态特征点,利用经过筛选的特征点进行特征匹配和位姿估计。实验结果表明:轻量化YOLOv8n模型参数量下降了36.7%,权重减少了33.3%,能够实现YOLOv8n模型的轻量化;与ORB-SLAM3算法相比,所提算法在动态场景下的定位精度提高83.38%,有效提高了动态场景下SLAM算法的精度。

基于无人机遥感测绘的GIS数据处理技术

无人机遥感测绘利用无人机搭载的传感器从空中获取地表数据,数据经过GIS的高效处理与分析,能够为城市规划、环境监测、农业管理等领域提供精确的空间信息和有力的决策支持。介绍了基于无人机遥感测绘的GIS数据处理技术,包括无人机数据的采集流程和GIS中的数据预处理、分类、特征提取方法,并通过技术测试验证了方法的有效性。通过详细的技术分析和实证研究,为遥感测绘领域的研究者和应用开发者提供关于如何高效利用无人机与GIS技术处理和分析地理信息的综合性指南。

遥感信息技术在地震灾害检测中的应用方法

为实现对地震灾害的精准检测,研究基于遥感信息技术的地震灾害检测方法。引进遥感信息技术,搭建数字化遥感图像可视化处理模型,进行图像测绘与成像;引进ICA算法,提取地震灾害图像的纹理特征;按照输出时序对纹理特征进行排序,得到具有连续化特征的区域地质变化影像,实现基于数据动态监测的地震发生点定位。实验结果证明,该文设计的地震灾害检测方法,不仅可以实现对地震灾害发生点的定位,还可以确保灾害定位结果的精准度。

A Modified SOFM Method for Point Cloud Segmentation in Reverse Engineering

The purpose of reverse engineering is to convert a large point cloud into a CAD model. In reverse engineering, the key issue is segmentation, i.e. studying how to subdivide the point cloud into smaller regions, where each of them can be approximated by a single surface. Segmentation is relatively simple, if regions are bounded by sharp edges and small blends; problems arise when smoothly connected regions need to be separated. In this paper, a modified self-organizing feature map neural network （SOFM） is used to solve segmentation problem. Eight dimensional feature vectors （3-dimensional coordinates, 3-dimensional normal vectors, Gaussian curvature and mean curvature） are taken as input for SOFM. The weighted Euclidean distance measure is used to improve segmentation result. The method not only can deal with regions bounded by sharp edges, but also is very efficient to separating smoothly connected regions. The segmentation method using SOFM is robust to noise, and it operates directly on the point cloud. An examples is given to show the effect of SOFM algorithm.

Pattern recognition of messily grown nanowire morphologies applying multi-layer connected self-organized feature maps

Multi-layer connected self-organizing feature maps(SOFMs) and the associated learning procedure were proposed to achieve efficient recognition and clustering of messily grown nanowire morphologies. The network is made up by several paratactic 2-D SOFMs with inter-layer connections. By means of Monte Carlo simulations, virtual morphologies were generated to be the training samples. With the unsupervised inner-layer and inter-layer learning, the neural network can cluster different morphologies of messily grown nanowires and build connections between the morphological microstructure and geometrical features of nanowires within. Then, the as-proposed networks were applied on recognitions and quantitative estimations of the experimental morphologies. Results show that the as-trained SOFMs are able to cluster the morphologies and recognize the average length and quantity of the messily grown nanowires within. The inter-layer connections between winning neurons on each competitive layer have significant influence on the relations between the microstructure of the morphology and physical parameters of the nanowires within.

Evaluation Method of the Gait Motion Based on Self-organizing Map Using the Gravity Center Fluctuation on the Sole

This paper describes the evaluation method of the gait motion in walk rehabilitation. We assume that the evaluation consists of the classification of the measured data and the prediction of the feature of the gait motion. The method may enable a doctor and a physical therapist to recognize the condition of the patients more easily, and increase the motivation of patient further for rehabilitation. However, it is difficult to divide the gait motion into discrete categories, since the gait motion continuously changes and does not have the clear boundaries. Therefore, the self-organizing map （SOM） that is able to arrange the continuous data on the almost continuous map is employed in order to classify them. And, the feature of the gait motion is predicted by the classification. In this study, we adopt the gravity-center fluctuation （GCF） on the sole as the measured data. First, it is shown that the pattern of the CCF that is obtained by our developed measurement system includes the feature of the gait motion. Secondly, the relation between the pattern of the GCF and the feature of the gait motion that the doctor and the physical therapist evaluate by visual inspection is considered using the SOM. Next, we describe the prediction of following features measured by numerical values： the length of stride, the velocity of walk and the difference of steps that are important for the doctor and the physical therapist to make a diagnosis of the condition of the gait motion in walk rehabilitation. Finally, it is investigated that the position of a new test data that is arranged on the map accords with the prediction. As a consequence, we confirm that the method using the SOM is often useful to classify and predict the condition of the patient.

Pattern recognition of seismogenic nodes using Kohonen selforganizing map: example in west and south west of Alborz region in Iran

Pattern recognition of seismic and mor- phostructural nodes plays an important role in seismic hazard assessment. This is a known fact in seismology that tectonic nodes are prone areas to large earthquake and have this potential. They are identified by morphostructural analysis. In this study, the Alborz region has considered as studied case and locations of future events are forecast based on Kohonen Self-Organized Neural Network. It has been shown how it can predict the location of earthquake, and identifies seismogenic nodes which are prone to earthquake of M5.5＋ at the West of Alborz in Iran by using International Institute Earthquake Engineering and Seismology earthquake catalogs data. First, the main faults and tectonic lineaments have been identified based on MZ （land zoning method） method. After that, by using pattern recognition, we generalized past recorded events to future in order to show the region of probable future earthquakes. In other word, hazardous nodes have determined among all nodes by new catalog generated Self-organizing feature maps （SOFM）. Our input data are extracted from catalog, consists longitude and latitude of past event between 1980-2015 with magnitude larger or equal to 4.5. It has concluded node D1 is candidate for big earthquakes in comparison with other nodes and other nodes are in lower levels of this potential.

Feature matching using quasi-conformal maps

We present a fully automatic method for finding geometrically consistent correspondences while discarding outliers from the candidate point matches in two images. Given a set of candidate matches provided by scale-invariant feature transform(SIFT) descriptors, which may contain many outliers, our goal is to select a subset of these matches retaining much more geometric information constructed by a mapping searched in the space of all diffeomorphisms. This problem can be formulated as a constrained optimization involving both the Beltrami coefficient(BC) term and quasi-conformal map, and solved by an efficient iterative algorithm based on the variable splitting method. In each iteration, we solve two subproblems, namely a linear system and linearly constrained convex quadratic programming. Our algorithm is simple and robust to outliers. We show that our algorithm enables producing more correct correspondences experimentally compared with state-of-the-art approaches.

English-Chinese Neural Machine Translation Based on Self-organizing Mapping Neural Network and Deep Feature Matching

The traditional Chinese-English translation model tends to translate some source words repeatedly,while mistakenly ignoring some words.Therefore,we propose a novel English-Chinese neural machine translation based on self-organizing mapping neural network and deep feature matching.In this model,word vector,two-way LSTM,2D neural network and other deep learning models are used to extract the semantic matching features of question-answer pairs.Self-organizing mapping(SOM)is used to classify and identify the sentence feature.The attention mechanism-based neural machine translation model is taken as the baseline system.The experimental results show that this framework significantly improves the adequacy of English-Chinese machine translation and achieves better results than the traditional attention mechanism-based English-Chinese machine translation model.