Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle ce...Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(SMCs). Methods CREG knocked-down SMCs were employed to evaluate the biological activity of wtCREG and mCREG.Expressions of SMC differentiation markers SM myosin heavy chain(SM-MHC),SM-actin,heavy caldesmon and myocardin were determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Cellular growth of SMCs was assessed by bromide dewuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell cycle analysis on fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS).A solid-phase binding assay was used to study the binding of CREG to extracellular domains of M6P/IGF2R.The cellular co-localization of the two recombinant CREGs with M6P/IGF2R was detected on SMC surface by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis.Results The molecular weight of wtCREG was around 30 kD while that of the mCREG was～25 kD.Treatment of wtCREG with PNGase F reduced its molecular weight from～30 kD to～25 kD,whereas PNGase F treatment had no effect on the molecular weight of mCREG.Both wtCREG and mCREG proteins enhanced SMC differentiation,inhibited BrdU incorporation,and arrested cell cycle progression when added to the culture medium.In CREG knocked-down SMCs,the amount of CREG detected by immunoblotting in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates was significantly reduced when compared to normal cells.Both recombinant CREGs co-immunoprecipitated with M6P/IGF2R, although slightly reduced amount of the mutant CREG was detected in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates.Immunostaining revealed that His-tagged CREGs co-localized with IGF2R on the cell surface in a glycosylation-independent manner.In vitro binding assay showed that CREGs bound to M6P/ IGF2R extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 in a glycosylation -dependent and -independent manner,respectively.Further blocking experiments using soluble M6P/IGF2R fragments and M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody indicated that the biological activities of recombinant CREGs in SMC growth and the up-regulation of SMC differentiation markers were all abolished by treatment with the M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody. However,although the growth inhibitory effect of wtCREG was nearly abolished by D7-10 or D11-13,the effect of mCREG was only reversed by Dll-13,indicating that the binding to domains 11-13 is required for CREG to modulate the proliferation of SMCs.Conclusions These data suggest that solubleCREG proteins can exert their biological function via binding to the extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 of cell surface M6P/IGF2R in both a glycosylation-dependent and -independent manner.展开更多
Modeling of the roughness in micro-nano scale and its influence have not been fully investigated, however the roughness will cause amplitude and phase errors of the radiating slot, and decrease the precision and effic...Modeling of the roughness in micro-nano scale and its influence have not been fully investigated, however the roughness will cause amplitude and phase errors of the radiating slot, and decrease the precision and efficiency of the SWA in Ku-band. Firstly, the roughness is simulated using the electromechanical coupled（EC） model. The relationship between roughness and the antenna＇s radiation properties is obtained. For verification, an antenna proto- type is manufactured and tested, and the simulation method is introduced. According to the prototype, a contrasting experiment dealing with the flatness of the radiating plane is conducted to test the simulation method. The advantage of the EC model is validated by comparisons of the EC model and two classical roughness models （sine wave and fractal function）, which shows that the EC model gives a more accurate description model for roughness, the maxi- mum error is 13%. The existence of roughness strongly broadens the beamwidth and raises the side-lobe level of SWA, which is 1.2 times greater than the ideal antenna. In addition, effect of the EC model＇s evaluation indices is investigated, the most affected scale of the roughness is found, which is 1/10 of the working wavelength. The proposed research provides the instruction for antenna designing and manufacturing.展开更多
The micro-genetic algorithm (MGA) optimization combined with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to design a band-notched ultra wide-band (UWB) antenna. A U-type slot on a stepped U-type UWB mon...The micro-genetic algorithm (MGA) optimization combined with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to design a band-notched ultra wide-band (UWB) antenna. A U-type slot on a stepped U-type UWB monopole is used to obtain the band-notched characteristic for 5 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) band. The measured results show that voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) less than 2 covers 3.1-10.6 GHz operating band and VSWR more than 2 is within 5.150-5.825 GHz notched one with the highest value of 5.6. Agreement among the calculated, HFSS simulated and measured results validates the effiectiveness of this MGA-FDTD method, which is efficient for UWB antennas design.展开更多
目的:通过分析微RNA(microRNA,miR)-21-5p及其靶基因含硬化蛋白域蛋白1(recombinant sclerostin domain containing protein 1,SOSTDC1)在甲状腺癌中的作用,深入了解甲状腺癌转移的分子机制。方法:通过生物信息学分析和细胞验证筛选出mi...目的:通过分析微RNA(microRNA,miR)-21-5p及其靶基因含硬化蛋白域蛋白1(recombinant sclerostin domain containing protein 1,SOSTDC1)在甲状腺癌中的作用,深入了解甲状腺癌转移的分子机制。方法:通过生物信息学分析和细胞验证筛选出miR-21-5p,通过miR-21-5p抑制剂转染甲状腺癌细胞系;采用MTT实验、流式细胞术和细胞划痕实验分别检测miR-21-5p抑制剂组和抑制剂对照组的甲状腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡和迁移的情况;采用荧光素酶报告实验验证miR-21-5p和SOSTDC1的靶向调控关系;采用蛋白质印迹法检测miR-21-5p抑制剂组和抑制剂对照组甲状腺癌细胞中SOSTDC1、下游磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)信号通路因子的表达水平及磷酸化水平。结果:MiR-21-5p在甲状腺癌细胞中显著上升,且与SOSTDC1呈负相关(r=-0.24,P<0.01);miR-21-5p抑制剂组甲状腺癌细胞增殖和迁移显著低于抑制剂对照组(均P<0.01),细胞凋亡率显著高于抑制剂对照组(P<0.01);荧光素酶报告实验表明miR-21-5p能够靶向调控SOSTDC1表达水平;甲状腺癌细胞中PI3K/Akt和MAPK/ERK信号通路检测显示miR-21-5p抑制剂组PI3K表达水平显著低于抑制剂对照组(P<0.01),Akt和ERK1/2水平无显著变化,但miR-21-5p抑制剂组Akt和ERK1/2磷酸化水平显著低于抑制剂对照组(均P<0.01)。结论:甲状腺癌细胞中miR-21-5p能够靶向抑制SOSTDC1的表达,影响PI3K/Akt和MAPK/ERK活性,从而抑制甲状腺癌细胞凋亡,促进细胞的增殖和迁移能力。展开更多
文摘Background The present study aimed to investigate the detailed mode and specific sites for their binding as well as the functional relevance of this binding in the phenotypic proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells(SMCs). Methods CREG knocked-down SMCs were employed to evaluate the biological activity of wtCREG and mCREG.Expressions of SMC differentiation markers SM myosin heavy chain(SM-MHC),SM-actin,heavy caldesmon and myocardin were determined by Western blotting using specific antibodies. Cellular growth of SMCs was assessed by bromide dewuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell cycle analysis on fluorescence-activated cell sorting(FACS).A solid-phase binding assay was used to study the binding of CREG to extracellular domains of M6P/IGF2R.The cellular co-localization of the two recombinant CREGs with M6P/IGF2R was detected on SMC surface by immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence analysis.Results The molecular weight of wtCREG was around 30 kD while that of the mCREG was～25 kD.Treatment of wtCREG with PNGase F reduced its molecular weight from～30 kD to～25 kD,whereas PNGase F treatment had no effect on the molecular weight of mCREG.Both wtCREG and mCREG proteins enhanced SMC differentiation,inhibited BrdU incorporation,and arrested cell cycle progression when added to the culture medium.In CREG knocked-down SMCs,the amount of CREG detected by immunoblotting in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates was significantly reduced when compared to normal cells.Both recombinant CREGs co-immunoprecipitated with M6P/IGF2R, although slightly reduced amount of the mutant CREG was detected in M6P/IGF2R immunoprecipitates.Immunostaining revealed that His-tagged CREGs co-localized with IGF2R on the cell surface in a glycosylation-independent manner.In vitro binding assay showed that CREGs bound to M6P/ IGF2R extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 in a glycosylation -dependent and -independent manner,respectively.Further blocking experiments using soluble M6P/IGF2R fragments and M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody indicated that the biological activities of recombinant CREGs in SMC growth and the up-regulation of SMC differentiation markers were all abolished by treatment with the M6P/IGF2R neutralizing antibody. However,although the growth inhibitory effect of wtCREG was nearly abolished by D7-10 or D11-13,the effect of mCREG was only reversed by Dll-13,indicating that the binding to domains 11-13 is required for CREG to modulate the proliferation of SMCs.Conclusions These data suggest that solubleCREG proteins can exert their biological function via binding to the extracellular domains 7-10 and 11-13 of cell surface M6P/IGF2R in both a glycosylation-dependent and -independent manner.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51305322,51405364,51475348)
文摘Modeling of the roughness in micro-nano scale and its influence have not been fully investigated, however the roughness will cause amplitude and phase errors of the radiating slot, and decrease the precision and efficiency of the SWA in Ku-band. Firstly, the roughness is simulated using the electromechanical coupled（EC） model. The relationship between roughness and the antenna＇s radiation properties is obtained. For verification, an antenna proto- type is manufactured and tested, and the simulation method is introduced. According to the prototype, a contrasting experiment dealing with the flatness of the radiating plane is conducted to test the simulation method. The advantage of the EC model is validated by comparisons of the EC model and two classical roughness models （sine wave and fractal function）, which shows that the EC model gives a more accurate description model for roughness, the maxi- mum error is 13%. The existence of roughness strongly broadens the beamwidth and raises the side-lobe level of SWA, which is 1.2 times greater than the ideal antenna. In addition, effect of the EC model＇s evaluation indices is investigated, the most affected scale of the roughness is found, which is 1/10 of the working wavelength. The proposed research provides the instruction for antenna designing and manufacturing.
基金supported by the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (Grant No.S30108)
文摘The micro-genetic algorithm (MGA) optimization combined with the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is applied to design a band-notched ultra wide-band (UWB) antenna. A U-type slot on a stepped U-type UWB monopole is used to obtain the band-notched characteristic for 5 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) band. The measured results show that voltage standing wave ration (VSWR) less than 2 covers 3.1-10.6 GHz operating band and VSWR more than 2 is within 5.150-5.825 GHz notched one with the highest value of 5.6. Agreement among the calculated, HFSS simulated and measured results validates the effiectiveness of this MGA-FDTD method, which is efficient for UWB antennas design.
文摘目的:通过分析微RNA(microRNA,miR)-21-5p及其靶基因含硬化蛋白域蛋白1(recombinant sclerostin domain containing protein 1,SOSTDC1)在甲状腺癌中的作用,深入了解甲状腺癌转移的分子机制。方法:通过生物信息学分析和细胞验证筛选出miR-21-5p,通过miR-21-5p抑制剂转染甲状腺癌细胞系;采用MTT实验、流式细胞术和细胞划痕实验分别检测miR-21-5p抑制剂组和抑制剂对照组的甲状腺癌细胞增殖、凋亡和迁移的情况;采用荧光素酶报告实验验证miR-21-5p和SOSTDC1的靶向调控关系;采用蛋白质印迹法检测miR-21-5p抑制剂组和抑制剂对照组甲状腺癌细胞中SOSTDC1、下游磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase,PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(protein kinase B,Akt)和丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinases,MAPK)/细胞外调节蛋白激酶(extracellular regulated protein kinases,ERK)信号通路因子的表达水平及磷酸化水平。结果:MiR-21-5p在甲状腺癌细胞中显著上升,且与SOSTDC1呈负相关(r=-0.24,P<0.01);miR-21-5p抑制剂组甲状腺癌细胞增殖和迁移显著低于抑制剂对照组(均P<0.01),细胞凋亡率显著高于抑制剂对照组(P<0.01);荧光素酶报告实验表明miR-21-5p能够靶向调控SOSTDC1表达水平;甲状腺癌细胞中PI3K/Akt和MAPK/ERK信号通路检测显示miR-21-5p抑制剂组PI3K表达水平显著低于抑制剂对照组(P<0.01),Akt和ERK1/2水平无显著变化,但miR-21-5p抑制剂组Akt和ERK1/2磷酸化水平显著低于抑制剂对照组(均P<0.01)。结论:甲状腺癌细胞中miR-21-5p能够靶向抑制SOSTDC1的表达,影响PI3K/Akt和MAPK/ERK活性,从而抑制甲状腺癌细胞凋亡,促进细胞的增殖和迁移能力。
