Micro defects formation and dynamic response analysis of steel plate of quasi-cracking area subjected to explosive load

As the protective component,steel plate had attracted extensive attention because of frequently threats of explosive loads.In this paper,the evolution of microstructure and the mechanism of damage in the quasi-cracking area of steel plate subjected to explosive load were discussed and the relationships between micro defects and dynamic mechanical response were revealed.After the explosion experiment,five observation points were selected equidistant from the quasi-cracking area of the section of the steel plate along the thickness direction,and the characteristics of micro defects at the observation points were analyzed by optical microscope(OM),scanning electron microscope(SEM) and electron backscattered diffraction(EBSD).The observation result shows that many slip bands(SBs) appeared,and the grain orientation changed obviously in the steel plate,the two were the main damage types of micro defects.In addition,cracks,peeling pits,grooves and other lager micro defects were appeared in the lower area of the plate.The stress parameters of the observation points were obtained through an effective numerical model.The mechanism of damage generation and crack propagation in the quasicracking area were clarified by comparing the specific impulse of each observation point with the corresponding micro defects.The result shows that the generation and expansion of micro defects are related to the stress area(i.e.the upper compression area,the neutral plane area,and the lower tension area).The micro defects gather and expand at the grain boundary,and will become macroscopic damage under the continuous action of tensile stress.Besides,the micro defects at the midpoint of the section of the steel plate in the direction away from the explosion center(i.e.the horizontal direction) were also studied.It was found that the specific impulse at these positions were much smaller than that in the thickness direction,the micro defects were only SBs and a few micro cracks,and the those decreased with the increase of the distance from the explosion center.

Microscopic defects formation and dynamic mechanical response analysis of Q345 steel plate subjected to explosive load

As the basic protective element, steel plate had attracted world-wide attention because of frequent threats of explosive loads. This paper reports the relationships between microscopic defects of Q345 steel plate under the explosive load and its macroscopic dynamics simulation. Firstly, the defect characteristics of the steel plate were investigated by stereoscopic microscope(SM) and scanning electron microscope(SEM). At the macroscopic level, the defect was the formation of cave which was concentrated in the range of 0-3.0 cm from the explosion center, while at the microscopic level, the cavity and void formation were the typical damage characteristics. It also explains that the difference in defect morphology at different positions was the combining results of high temperature and high pressure. Secondly, the variation rules of mechanical properties of steel plate under explosive load were studied. The Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler(ALE) algorithm and multi-material fluid-structure coupling method were used to simulate the explosion process of steel plate. The accuracy of the method was verified by comparing the deformation of the simulation results with the experimental results, the pressure and stress at different positions on the surface of the steel plate were obtained. The simulation results indicated that the critical pressure causing the plate defects may be approximately 2.01 GPa. On this basis, it was found that the variation rules of surface pressure and microscopic defect area of the Q345 steel plate were strikingly similar, and the corresponding mathematical relationship between them was established. Compared with Monomolecular growth fitting models(MGFM) and Logistic fitting models(LFM), the relationship can be better expressed by cubic polynomial fitting model(CPFM). This paper illustrated that the explosive defect characteristics of metal plate at the microscopic level can be explored by analyzing its macroscopic dynamic mechanical response.

NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF LATERAL MICRO-RESONATOR INCLUDING VISCOUS AIR DAMPING

The nonlinear dynamics of the lateral micro-resonator including the air damping effect is researched. The air damping force is varied periodically during the resonator oscillating, and the air damp coefficient can not be fixed as a constant. Therefore the linear dynamic analysis which used the constant air damping coefficient can not describe the actual dynamic characteristics of the mi-cro-resonator. The nonlinear dynamic model including the air damping force is established. On the base of Navier-Stokes equation and nonlinear dynamical equation, a coupled fluid-solid numerical simulation method is developed and demonstrates that damping force is a vital factor in micro-comb structures. Compared with existing experimental result, the nonlinear numerical value has quite good agreement with it. The differences of the amplitudes （peak） between the experimental data and the results by the linear model and the nonlinear model are 74.5% and 6% respectively. Nonlinear nu-merical value is more exact than linear value and the method can be applied in other mi-cro-electro-mechanical systeme （MEMS） structures to simulate the dynamic performance.

Frequency spectrum analysis on micro-seismic signal of rock bursts induced by dynamic disturbance

Blasting and breaking of hard roof are main inducing causes of rock bursts in coal mines with danger of rock burst,and it is important to find out the frequency spectrum distribution laws of these dynamic stress waves and rock burst waves for researching the mechanism of rock burst.In this paper,Fourier transform as a micro-seismic signal conversion method of amplitude-time character to amplitude-frequency character is used to analyze the frequency spectrum characters of micro-seismic signal of blasting,hard roof breaking and rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance in order to find out the difference and relativity of different signals.The results indicate that blasting and breaking of hard roof are high frequency signals,and the peak values of dominant frequency of the signals are single.However,the results indicate that the rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance are low frequency signals,and there are two obvious peak values in the amplitude-frequency curve witch shows that the signals of rock bursts are superposition of low frequency signals and high frequency signals.The research conclusions prove that dynamic disturbance is necessary condition for rock bursts,and the conclusions provide a new way to research the mechanism of rock bursts.

Structural parameter optimization for novel internal-loop iron–carbon micro-electrolysis reactors using computational fluid dynamics

It is generally recognized that internal-loop reactors are well-developed mass and heat-transfer multiphase flow reactors. However, the internal flow field in the internal-loop reactor is influenced by the structure parameter of the reactor, which has a great effect on the reaction efficiency. In this study, the computational fluid dynamics simulation method was used to determine the influence of reactor structure on flow field, and a volume-offluid model was employed to simulate the gas–liquid, two-phase flow of the internal-loop micro-electrolysis reactor. Hydrodynamic factors were optimized when the height-to-diameter ratio was 4:1, diameter ratio was9:1, draft-tube axial height was 90 mm. Three-dimensional simulations for the water distributor were carried out, and the results suggested that the optimal conditions are as follows: the number of water distribution pipes was four, and an inhomogeneous water distribution was used. According to the results of the simulation,the suitable structure can be used to achieve good fluid mechanical properties, such as the good liquid circulation velocity and gas holdup, which provides a good theoretical foundation for the application of the reactor.

Micro-motion dynamics analysis of ballistic targets based on infrared detection

The dynamic characteristics related to micro-motions, such as mechanical vibration or rotation, play an essential role in classifying and recognizing ballistic targets in the midcourse, and recent researches explore ways of extracting the micro-motion features from radar signals of ballistic targets. In this paper, we focus on how to investigate the micro-motion dynamic characteristics of the ballistic targets from the signals based on infrared (IR) detection, which is mainly achieved by analyzing the periodic fluctuation characteristics of the target IR irradiance intensity signatures. Simulation experiments demonstrate that the periodic characteristics of IR signatures can be used to distinguish different micro motion types and estimate related parameters. Consequently, this is possible to determine the micro-motion dynamics of ballistic targets based on IR detection.

Comparison of the Pull-out Strength Between a Novel Micro-dynamic Pedicle Screw and a Traditional Pedicle Screw by Using Pull Out Test and Micro-CT

Objective To investigate the effectiveness of the micro-dynamic pedicle screw for the prevention of loosening between the screw and bone surface in lumbar spinal fusion.For this evaluation,the peek pull-out force(PPF)after fatigue resistance testing at different cycles and semidiameter of screw insertion area of micro-CT image was compared between the micro-dynamic and traditional pedicle screws.Methods Forty lumbar vertebrae received a traditional pedicle screw on one side and a micro-dynamic pedicle screw on the other side as follows:15 vertebrae underwent instant pull-out testing(group A,traditional vs.group B,micro-dynamic);15 vertebrae underwent pull-out test after 5000-cyclic fatigue loading(group C,traditional vs.group D,micro-dynamic);and 10 vertebrae underwent pull-out test after 10000-cyclic fatigue loading(group E,traditional vs.group F,micro-dynamic).All vertebrae that after fatigue loading were scanned by using micro-ct to check the semidiameter of screw insertion area.The PPF,normalized PPF(PPFn),bone mineral density(BMD)and diameter of screw insertion area were compared between all groups.Results The BMD showed a weak significant correlation with PPF(r=0.252,P=0.024).The PPF in groups A and B(P=0.485),and groups C and D(P=0.184)did not show significant difference.However,the PPF in group F was significantly greater than that measured in group E(P=0.005).The PPFn of groups A,C,and E significantly decreased as the number of cycles increased(P=0.015).Meanwhile,the PPFn of groups B,D,and F remained consistent regardless of the number of cycles(P=0.367). The semidiameter of traditional pedicle screw insertion area was significantly larger than that of micro-dynamic pedicle screw insertion area(P<0.001).Conclusions This study compared the performance of a micro-dynamic pedicle screw versus that of a traditional pedicle screw using pull-out testing and micro-CT.The results showed that the micro-dynamic pedicle screw provides similar resistance in lowcycle fatigue testing and favorable resistance in high-cycle fatigue testing versus the traditional pedicle screw.The micro-dynamic pedicle screw provides stronger fixation stability versus the traditional pedicle screw,especially in high-cyclic fatigue loading condition versus the traditional pedicle screws.

Dynamic Membrane for Cross-flow Micro-filtration in Treating Activated Sludge

Mixed liquid of activated sludge (AS) were micro-filtrated by dynamic membrane (DM) made of 6000 mesh kaolin. The results illustrated that the permeate quality and flux with DM filtration were superior to that with direct filtration in treating AS. The experiments of membrane washing showed that DM could abate the internal fouling of membranes efficiently, and the permeate flux of renewed membrane reached 90% of that of new membranes. The denser the mixed liquid suspended solids (MLSS) were, the lower the permeate flux was. Increasing of both flow velocity over the membrane surface and trans-membrane pressure (TMP) could lead to some enhancement of permeate flux, while the former approach could be carried out more economically. The feasibility of application of the DM to membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been ascertained.

Microstructure and micro-hardness of the Inconel 718 superalloy coating prepared by cold gas dynamic spraying

Inconel 718 superalloy coating was prepared on a martensitic steel substrate by cold gas dynamic spraying （ CGDS ）. Microstructure and micro-hardness of the coating were characterized by means of scanning electronic microscope （SEM） ,energy dispersive spectrometer （EDS）, and micro-hardness and nano-indentation tests. The results have indicated that the coating＇ s thickness can reach more than 300 um, and there exists a good interfacial cohesion between the coating and the substrate. The quantity and size of the defects at the bottom, middle and top areas increase gradually. There is no significant change to the original microstructure of the Inconel 718 superalloy particle after the process of CGDS ;and an obvious torsional deformation on the particle＇ s profile is produced while little deformation at the center part occurs. The micro-hardness of the coating at the bottom, middle and top areas decreases in turn. Compared with the bottom area, the micro-hardness of the middle and top areas decreases by about 10% and 21%, respectively. The nano-hardness of the coating is much lower than the original particle,which decreases by about 13.5% at the bottom area and 28% at the top area,respectively. The distribution of micro-defects is an important factor to the micro-hardness of the coating.

Elastic responses of underground circular arches considering dynamic soil-structure interaction:A theoretical analysis

Due to the wide applications of arches in underground protective structures, dynamic analysis of circular arches including soil-structure interactions is important. In this paper, an exact solution of the forced vibration of circular arches subjected to subsurface denotation forces is obtained. The dynamic soil-structure interaction is considered with the introduction of an interfacial damping between the structure element and the surrounding soil into the equa- tion of motion. By neglecting the influences of shear, rotary inertia and tangential forces and assuming the arch incompressible, the equations of motion of the buried arches were set up. Analytical solutions of the dynamic responses of the protective arches were deduced by means of modal super- position. Arches with different opening angles, acoustic impedances and rise-span ratios were analyzed to discuss their influences on an arch. The theoretical analysis suggests blast loads for elastic designs and predicts the potential failure modes for buried protective arches.

Dynamics and adaptive control of a dual-arm space robot with closed-loop constraints and uncertain inertial parameters

A dynamics-based adaptive control approach is proposed for a planar dual-arm space robot in the presence of closed-loop constraints and uncertain inertial parameters of the payload. The controller is capable of controlling the po- sition and attitude of both the satellite base and the payload grasped by the manipulator end effectors. The equations of motion in reduced-order form for the constrained system are derived by incorporating the constraint equations in terms of accelerations into Kane＇s equations of the unconstrained system. Model analysis shows that the resulting equations perfectly meet the requirement of adaptive controller design. Consequently, by using an indirect approach, an adaptive control scheme is proposed to accomplish position/attitude trajectory tracking control with the uncertain parameters be- ing estimated on-line. The actuator redundancy due to the closed-loop constraints is utilized to minimize a weighted norm of the joint torques. Global asymptotic stability is proven by using Lyapunov＇s method, and simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

The effect of aneurismal-wall mechanical properties on patient-specific hemodynamic simulations:two clinical case reports

Hemodynamic factors such as the wall shear stress play an important role in the pathogenesis and treatment of cerebral aneurysms. In present study, we apply computational fluid-structure interaction analyses on cerebral aneurysms with two different constitutive relations for aneurismal wall in order to investigate the effect of the aneurismal wall mechanical properties on the simulation results. We carry out these analyses by using two patient-specific models of cerebral aneurysms of different sizes located in different branches of the circle of Willis. The models are constructed from 3D rotational angiography image data and blood flow dynamics is studied under physiologically representative waveform of inflow. From the patient models analyzed in this investigation, we find that the deformations of cerebral aneurysms are very small. But due to the nonlinear character of the Navier-Stokes equations, these small deformations could have significant influences on the flow characteristics. In addition, we find that the aneurismal-wall mechanical properties have great effects on the deformation distribution of the aneurysm, which also affects the wall shear stress distribution and flow patterns. Therefore, how to define a proper constitutive relation for aneurismal wall should be considered carefully in the hemodynamic simulation.

From molecular dynamics to lattice Boltzmann:a new approach for pore-scale modeling of multi-phase flow

Most current lattice Boltzmann （LBM） models suffer from the deficiency that their parameters have to be obtained by fitting experimental results. In this paper, we propose a new method that integrates the molecular dynamics （MD） simulation and LBM to avoid such defect. The basic idea is to first construct a molecular model based on the actual components of the rock-fluid system, then to compute the interaction force between the rock and the fluid of different densities through the MD simulation. This calculated rock-fluid interaction force, combined with the fluid-fluid force determined from the equation of state, is then used in LBM modeling. Without parameter fitting, this study presents a new systematic approach for pore-scale modeling of multi-phase flow. We have validated this ap- proach by simulating a two-phase separation process and gas-liquid-solid three-phase contact angle. Based on an actual X-ray CT image of a reservoir core, we applied our workflow to calculate the absolute permeability of the core, vapor-liquid H20 relative permeability, and capillary pressure curves.

A hybrid Lagrangian-Eulerian numerical model for sea-ice dynamics

A hybrid Lagrangian - Eulerian （HLE） method is developed for sea ice dynamics, which combines the high computational efficiency of finite difference method （FDM） with the high numerical accuracy of smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH）. In this HLE model, the sea ice cover is represented by a group of Lagrangian ice particles with their own thicknesses and concentrations. These ice variables are interpolated to the Eularian gird nodes using the Gaussian interpolation function. The FDM is used to determine the ice velocities at Eulerian grid nodes, and the velocities of Lagrangian ice particles are interpolated from these grid velocities with the Gaussian function also. The thicknesses and concentrations of ice particles are determined based on their new locations. With the HLE numerical model, the ice ridging process in a rectangular basin is simulated, and the simulated results are validated with the analytical solution. This method is also applied to the simulation of sea ice dynamics in a vortex wind field. At last, this HLE model is applied to the Bohai Sea, and the simulated concentration, thickness and velocity match the satellite images and the field observed data well.

Roll System and Stock's Multi-parameter Coupling Dynamic Modeling Based on the Shape Control of Steel Strip

The existence of rolling deformation area in the rolling mill system is the main characteristic which dis- tinguishes the other machinery. In order to analyze the dynamic property of roll system＇s flexural deformation, it is necessary to consider the transverse periodic movement of stock in the rolling deformation area which is caused by the flexural deformation movement of roll system simul- taneously. Therefore, the displacement field of roll system and flow of metal in the deformation area is described by kinematic analysis in the dynamic system. Through intro- ducing the lateral displacement function of metal in the deformation area, the dynamic variation of per unit width rolling force can be determined at the same time. Then the coupling law caused by the co-effect of rigid movement and flexural deformation of the system structural elements is determined. Furthermore, a multi-parameter coupling dynamic model of the roll system and stock is established by the principle of virtual work. More explicitly, the cou- pled motion modal analysis was made for the roll system. Meanwhile, the analytical solutions for the flexural defor- mation movement＇s mode shape functions of rolls are discussed. In addition, the dynamic characteristic of the lateral flow of metal in the rolling deformation area has been analyzed at the same time. The establishment ofdynamic lateral displacement function of metal in the deformation area makes the foundation for analyzing the coupling law between roll system and rolling deformation area, and provides a theoretical basis for the realization of the dynamic shape control of steel strip.

地震作用下微型桩群桩支护黄土滑坡的土-桩动力响应分析

微型桩具有施工快速便捷和扰动小等优点,已在黄土滑坡快速治理中得到了应用。为揭示微型桩群桩支护黄土滑坡动力响应规律,该文基于动态黏弹塑性本构模型(VEP模型),研究微型桩与滑坡地震动力相互作用机制,探讨合理桩间距。结果表明:激振后VEP模型计算结果对地震量级较敏感,模型考虑了土的黏弹塑性,能够合理的反映地震作用下坡体位移规律;地震作用下微型群桩的桩身产生弯剪组合破坏,主要破坏位置位于滑面上下2~4倍桩径处;建议微型群桩的列间距采用5~7倍桩径,排间距采用3~4倍桩径进行布设。研究结果可为地震作用下黄土滑坡防治的数值分析与抗震设计提供依据。

A kind of noise-induced transition to noisy chaos in stochastically perturbed dynamical system

We investigate a kind of noise-induced transition to noisy chaos in dynamical systems. Due to similar phenomenological structures of stable hyperbolic attractors excited by various physical realizations from a given stationary random process, a specific Poincar6 map is established for stochastically perturbed quasi-Hamiltonian system. Based on this kind of map, various point sets in the Poincar6＇s cross-section and dynamical transitions can be analyzed. Results from the customary Duffing oscillator show that, the point sets in the Poincare＇s global cross-section will be highly compressed in one direction, and extend slowly along the deterministic period-doubling bifurcation trail in another direction when the strength of the harmonic excitation is fixed while the strength of the stochastic excitation is slowly increased. This kind of transition is called the noise-induced point-overspreading route to noisy chaos.

EFFECT OF DYNAMIC STRAIN AGING ON LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOUR OF 18-8 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

Studies were made of the symmetric tensile-compressive low cycle fatigue behaviour and the influence of dynamic strain aging(DSA)pre-treatment of 18-8 austenitic stainless steel. Within the testing amplitude range of strain.±0.5 % to±1.5 %,the three processes of cyclic hardening,cyclic saturation and cyclic softening were observed.In the same amplitude of strain,the peak stress of the samples pre-treated by DSA is higher than that of solid-solu- tion and cold working pre-treatment,but no remarkable differences of the fatigue lives of them were found.TEM observation shows that the uniform and stable dislocation networks with high density form after DSA pre-treatment,which increases the cyclic peak stress.The cyclic softening results from the low dislocation density and elongated cell structure with low energy.