Micro-crack detection of nonlinear Lamb wave propagation in three-dimensional plates with mixed-frequency excitation

We propose a nonlinear ultrasonic technique by using the mixed-frequency signals excited Lamb waves to conduct micro-crack detection in thin plate structures.Simulation models of three-dimensional(3D)aluminum plates and composite laminates are established by ABAQUS software,where the aluminum plate contains buried crack and composite laminates comprises cohesive element whose thickness is zero to simulate delamination damage.The interactions between the S0 mode Lamb wave and the buried micro-cracks of various dimensions are simulated by using the finite element method.Fourier frequency spectrum analysis is applied to the received time domain signal and fundamental frequency amplitudes,and sum and difference frequencies are extracted and simulated.Simulation results indicate that nonlinear Lamb waves have different sensitivities to various crack sizes.There is a positive correlation among crack length,height,and sum and difference frequency amplitudes for an aluminum plate,with both amplitudes decreasing as crack thickness increased,i.e.,nonlinear effect weakens as the micro-crack becomes thicker.The amplitudes of sum and difference frequency are positively correlated with the length and width of the zero-thickness cohesive element in the composite laminates.Furthermore,amplitude ratio change is investigated and it can be used as an effective tool to detect inner defects in thin 3D plates.

Vibration and wave propagation analysis of twisted micro-beam using strain gradient theory

In this research, vibration and wave propagation analysis of a twisted micro- beam on Pasternak foundation is investigated. The strain-displacement relations （kine-matic equations） are calculated by the displacement fields of the twisted micro-beam. The strain gradient theory （SGT） is used to implement the size dependent effect at micro-scale. Finally, using an energy method and Hamilton＇s principle, the governing equations of motion for the twisted micro-beam are derived. Natural frequencies and the wave prop- agation speed of the twisted micro-beam are calculated with an analytical method. Also, the natural frequency, the phase speed, the cut-off frequency, and the wave number of the twisted micro-beam are obtained by considering three material length scale parameters, the rate of twist angle, the thickness, the length of twisted micro-beam, and the elastic medium. The results of this work indicate that the phase speed in a twisted micro-beam increases with an increase in the rate of twist angle. Moreover, the wave number is in- versely related with the thickness of micro-beam. Meanwhile, it is directly related to the wave propagation frequency. Increasing the rate of twist angle causes the increase in the natural frequency especially with higher thickness. The effect of the twist angle rate on the group velocity is observed at a lower wave propagation frequency.

Micro-seismic wave's propagation law and its numerical simulation

Deduced the propagation rule of longitudinal and transverse wave.On the basis.of this,propagation rules in attenuated visco-eiastic media and Varied Lame coefficientwere put forward as well.The subsequent numerical analysis found that in a small scopelongitudinal and transverse wave could be considered as homogeneously propagatingwhen faultages and joints were not taken into account.The existence of lane hindered thewave's propagation,and it made the velocity gradient change in a locat vicinity area.Therefore velocity varied in different direction.

MICRO-MOTION TARGET SENSING BY STEPPED-FREQUENCY CONTINUOUS-WAVE RADAR

Mechanical micro-vibration of a target may induce phase modulations on the radar echo,and the vibration can be detected to identify micro-motion target. In this paper,a new method to detect a micro-motion target and obtain its range and micro-motion frequency is proposed in which multiple periods stepped-frequency continuous-wave signal and Moving Target Indication (MTI) filter are adopted. The simulation results illustrate the validity of this method and present the detection of the target range and the vibration frequency. The experiment gives promising results.

Effect of Surface Roughness in Micro-nano Scale on Slotted Waveguide Arrays in Ku-band

Modeling of the roughness in micro-nano scale and its influence have not been fully investigated, however the roughness will cause amplitude and phase errors of the radiating slot, and decrease the precision and efficiency of the SWA in Ku-band. Firstly, the roughness is simulated using the electromechanical coupled（EC） model. The relationship between roughness and the antenna＇s radiation properties is obtained. For verification, an antenna proto- type is manufactured and tested, and the simulation method is introduced. According to the prototype, a contrasting experiment dealing with the flatness of the radiating plane is conducted to test the simulation method. The advantage of the EC model is validated by comparisons of the EC model and two classical roughness models （sine wave and fractal function）, which shows that the EC model gives a more accurate description model for roughness, the maxi- mum error is 13%. The existence of roughness strongly broadens the beamwidth and raises the side-lobe level of SWA, which is 1.2 times greater than the ideal antenna. In addition, effect of the EC model＇s evaluation indices is investigated, the most affected scale of the roughness is found, which is 1/10 of the working wavelength. The proposed research provides the instruction for antenna designing and manufacturing.

Tectonic Stress Wave,Microfracture Wave,and a Modified Elastic-Rebound Model of Earthquakes

Based on a sample of some real earthquakes,we have suggested in previous papers that there is a density-tectonic stress wave with ultra-low frequency which is emitted from the epicenter region for months before earthquakes,and a micro-fracture wave 1 ～ 10 days before earthquakes. The former has been observed by different kinds of measurements and the latter has been observed by a few chance observations which consists of electromagnetic,gravitational and sonic fluctuations. We show real observational results that depict the two waves and they have very different frequencies,which are not difficult to discriminate. The classical elastic-rebound model is one of the most influential theories on earthquakes,and the thermodynamic elastic-rebound model has amended the classical framework. Considering the two waves above,we attempt to further modify the elasticrebound model,and the new framework could be called the "micro-fracture elasticrebound model". We infer that tectonic earthquakes could have three special phases: the accumulation of tectonic stress,micro-fracture,and main-fracture. Accordingly,there would be three waves which come from the epicenter of a tectonic earthquake,i. e. ,the tectonic stress wave with ultra-low frequency a few months before the earthquake,the micro-fracture wave about 1 ～ 10 days before the earthquake and the main-fracture wave (common earthquake wave).

WAVE1、MMP-2及MMP-9在卵巢癌组织中的表达及意义

目的探讨WASP家族富含脯氨酸同源蛋白1(WASP-family verprolin-homologous protein 1,WAVE1)及基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinases-2,MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)在卵巢癌的表达及临床意义。方法采用免疫组化SABC三步法检测47例卵巢癌、30例卵巢良性肿瘤和21例正常卵巢组织中WAVE1、MMP-2、MMP-9的表达,并对卵巢癌组织WAVE1与MMP-2、MMP-9的表达进行相关性分析。结果①WAVE1、MMP-2及MMP-9在卵巢癌中的表达均高于在正常卵巢组织及卵巢良性组织中的表达,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Spearman相关分析显示,WAVE1和MMP-2、MMP-9两两表达成正相关(r=0.773,r=0.664,P<0.05)。②WAVE1的表达与卵巢癌的临床分期、组织分化及Ca-125水平有关(P<0.05),与年龄、肿瘤的直径无关(P>0.05)。MMP-2、MMP-9表达与卵巢癌的临床分期有关(P<0.05),与年龄、组织分化、Ca-125水平及肿瘤直径无关(P>0.05)。结论 WAVE1和MMP-2、MMP-9在卵巢癌中呈现高表达,早期联合筛查WAVE1和MMP-2、MMP-9指标对卵巢癌病情演变和预后评估有着重要的临床意义。

5-羟色胺转运蛋白显像剂^(11)C-DASB的自动化合成及Micro PET/CT显像

目的:自动化合成5-羟色胺转运蛋白显像剂11 C-DASB并进行大鼠Micro PET/CT显像;方法:通过改变甲基化试剂、溶解前体溶剂及反应条件,得到优化的标记条件作为碳-11多功能合成模块的输入参数,进行自动化合成11 C-DASB,大鼠静脉注射11 C-DASB 45 min后进行显像;结果:采用11 C-CH3-Triflate作为甲基化试剂,通入新配制的含1mg去甲基DASB前体的500μL DMSO溶液内,80℃下加热2min,标准率为63.7%,大鼠显像表明,11 C-DASB特异性的浓聚于SERT富集区域;结论:经优化,11 C-DASB自动化合成可得到较高产率,大鼠显像表明,其特异性浓聚于SERT富集区域,有望作为5-羟色胺转运蛋白显像剂。

台风-浪-流耦合作用下海上10 MW级特大型风力机风荷载特性分析

为揭示海上台风-浪-流耦合作用下海上风力机的风荷载分布特性,以广东外罗10 MW特大型风力机为研究对象,采用Model Coupling Toolkit(MCT)建立中尺度WRF-SWAN-FVCOM(W-S-F)实时耦合模拟平台,分析超强台风“威马逊”过境全过程海上风电场台风-浪-流的时空演变,再结合中/小尺度嵌套方法分析了风力机风荷载分布特性与叶片-塔筒-波浪面之间的干扰效应,提出了极端风况下海上风力机典型位置极值荷载模型。结果表明:建立的中尺度W-S-F耦合平台能准确模拟台风、波浪和海流间的相互作用;塔筒风荷载在叶片干扰段以横风向为主,在波浪干扰段以顺风向为主,并在低空波面附近表现出较强的脉动特征;A位置叶片最安全而B位置最危险;T4相位为海上风力机单桩基础强度设计的最不利相位,基底剪力最大达7.68×10^(6)量级,基底弯矩最大达5.2×10^(8)量级。

^(18)F-氟赤硝基咪唑micro PET/CT评价裸鼠乳腺癌早期放疗疗效实验研究

目的探讨^(18)F-氟赤硝基咪唑micro PET/CT评价裸鼠MDA-MB231乳腺癌早期放疗疗效的价值。方法建立16只裸鼠MDA-MB231乳腺癌模型,将其按照随机对照原则分为两组:对照组(A组)、放疗组(B组),每组8只。每组裸鼠行micro PET/CT显像,测定每只裸鼠肿瘤SUVmax值。完成显像后,常规HE染色观察每组肿瘤组织形态学特征,免疫组化方法测定每组肿瘤细胞乏氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)的表达情况。结果放疗前,对照组与放疗组SUVmax值差异无统计学意义(t=0. 375,P> 0. 05)。放疗组放疗后48 h裸鼠肿瘤组织SUVmax值较放疗前(t=9. 958,P <0. 05)、放疗后24 h(t=16. 506,P <0. 05)明显降低,差异有统计学意义(F=58. 860,P <0. 05)。放疗后24 h SUVmax值也低于放疗前24 h(t=5. 405,P <0. 05),差异有统计学意义。HE染色结果显示放疗组肿瘤细胞坏死较对照组更加明显。免疫组化结果显示放疗组放疗后HIF-1α表达阳性率明显低于放疗前(t=14. 802,P <0. 05),差异具有统计学意义。相关性分析结果显示肿瘤SUVmax与HIF-1α的表达呈明显正相关性(r=0. 865,P <0. 05)。结论^(18)F-氟赤硝基咪唑micro PET/CT可以监测肿瘤内部的乏氧状态,并且可以评价裸鼠MDA-MB231乳腺癌的早期放疗疗效。

Research on Measurement of Bed Shear Stress Under Wave-Current Interaction

The movement of sediment in estuary and on coast is directly restricted by the bed shear stress. Therefore, the research on the basic problem of sediment movement by the bed shear stress is an important way to research the theory of sediment movement. However, there is not a measuring and computing method to measure the bed shear stress under a complicated dynamic effect like wave and current. This paper describes the measurement and test research on the bed shear stress in a long launder of direct current by the new instrument named thermal shearometer based on micro-nanotechnology. As shown by the research results, the thermal shearometer has a high response frequency and strong stability. The measured results can reflect the basic change of the bed shear stress under wave and wave-current effect, and confirm that the method of measuring bed shear stress under wave-current effect with thermal shearometer is feasible. Meanwhile, a preliminary method to compute the shear stress compounded by wave-current is put forward according to the tested and measured results, and then a reference for further study on the basic theory of sediment movement under a complicated dynamic effect is provided.

Periodic oscillation and fine structure of wedge-induced oblique detonation waves

An oblique detonation wave for a Mach 7 inlet flow over a long enough wedge of 30 turning angle is simulated numerically using Euler equation and one-step rection model.The fifth-order WENO scheme is adopted to capture the shock wave.The numerical results show that with the compression of the wedge wall the detonation wave front structure is divided into three sections：the ZND model-like strcuture,single-sided triple point structure and dual-headed triple point strucuture.The first structure is the smooth straight,and the second has the characteristic of the triple points propagating dowanstream only with the same velocity,while the dual-headed triple point structure is very complicated.The detonation waves facing upstream and downstream propagate with different velocities,in which the periodic collisions of the triple points cause the oscillation of the detonation wave front.This oscillation process has temporal and spatial periodicity.In addition,the triple point trace are recorded to obtain different cell structures in three sections.

Measurements of non-equilibrium and equilibrium temperature behind a strong shock wave in simulated martian atmosphere

Non-equilibrium radiation measurements behind strong shock wave for simulated Martian atmosphere are presented in this paper. The shock wave is established in a hydrogen oxygen combustion driven shock tube. Time- resolved spectra of the Av = 0 sequence of the B^2∑^＋ → X^2∑^＋ electronic transition of CN have been observed through optical emission spectroscopy （OES）. A new method, which is based on fitting high resolution spectrum for rotational and vibrational temperatures measurement, is proposed to diag- nose temperature distribution behind the shock wave. It is estimated that the current scheme has the maximum deviation less than 8% （lσ） for vibrational temperature measurement through detailed analysis of the influence of the uncertainties of spectroscopic constants and spectral resolution. Radiation structure of the shock layer, including induction, relaxation and equilibrium process, and corresponding rotational and vibrational temperatures are obtained through time gating OES diagnostics with sub-microsecond temporal resolution. The present extensive results will strongly benefit the reaction rate estimation and computational fluid dynamics （CFD） code validation in high enthalpy Mars reentry chemistry.

Effect of Micro-Dimples on Hydrodynamic Lubrication of Textured Sinusoidal Roughness Surfaces

Surface texturing has been applied to improving the tribological performance of mechanical components for many years. Currently, the researches simulate the film pressure distribution of textured rough surfaces on the basis of the average flow model, and however the influence of roughness on the film pressure distribution could not be precisely expressed. Therefore, in order to study the hydrodynamic lubrication of the rough textured surfaces, sinusoidal waves are employed to characterize untextured surfaces. A deterministic model for hydrodynamic lubrication of microdimple textured rough surfaces is developed to predict the distribution of hydrodynamic pressure. By supplementing with the JFO cavitation boundary, the load carrying capacity of the film produced by micro-dimples and roughness is obtained. And the geometric parameters of textured rough surface are optimized to obtain the maximum hydrodynamic lubrication by specifying an optimization goal of the load carrying capacity. The effect of roughness on the hydrodynamic pressure of surface texture is significant and the load carrying capacity decreases with the increase of the roughness ratio because the roughness greatly suppresses the hydrodynamic effect of dimples. It shows that the roughness ratio of surface may be as small as possible to suppress the effect of hydrodynamic lubrication. Additionally,there are the optimum values of the micro-dimple depth and area density to maximize the load carrying capacity for any given value of the roughness ratio. The proposed approach is capable of accurately reflects the influence of roughness on the hydrodynamic pressure, and developed a deterministic model to investigate the hydrodynamic lubrication of textured surfaces.

A novel type of transverse surface wave propagating in a layered structure consisting of a piezoelectric layer attached to an elastic half-space

The existence and propagation of transverse surface waves in piezoelectric coupled solids is investigated, in which perfect bonding between a metal/dielectric substrate and a piezoelectric layer of finite-thickness is assumed. Dis- persion equations relating phase velocity to material con- stants for the existence of various modes are obtained in a simple mathematical form for a piezoelectric material of class 6mm. It is discovered and proved by numerical examples in this paper that a novel Bleustein-Gulyaev （B-G） type of transverse surface wave can exist in such piezoelectric cou- pled solid media when the bulk-shear-wave velocity in the substrate is less than that in the piezoelectric layer but greater than the corresponding B-G wave velocity in the same pie- zoelectric material with an electroded surface. Such a wave does not exist in such layered structures in the absence of pie- zoelectricity. The mode shapes for displacement and electric potential in the piezoelectric layer are obtained and discussed theoretically. The study extends the regime of transverse sur- face waves and may lead to potential applications to surface acoustic wave devices.

3D v_P and v_S models of southeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau from joint inversion of body-wave arrival times and surface-wave dispersion data

A new 3D velocity model of the crust and upper mantle in the southeastern （SE） margin of the Tibetan plateau was obtained by joint inversion of body- and sur- face-wave data. For the body-wave data, we used 7190 events recorded by 102 stations in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The surface-wave data consist of Rayleigh wave phase velocity dispersion curves obtained from ambient noise cross-correlation analysis recorded by a dense array in the SE margin of the Tibetan plateau. The joint inversion clearly improves the Vs model because it is constrained by both data types. The results show that at around 10 km depth there are two low-velocity anomalies embedded within three high-velocity bodies along the Longmenshan fault system. These high-velocity bodies correspond well with the Precambrian massifs, and the two located to the northeast of 2013 Ms 7.0 Lushan earthquake are associated with high fault slip areas during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. The aftershock gap between 2013 Lushan earthquake and 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is associated with low-velocity anomalies, which also acts as a barrier zone for ruptures of two earthquakes. Generally large earthquakes （M 〉 5） in the region occurring from 2008 to 2015 are located around the high-velocity zones, indicating that they may act as asperities for these large earthquakes. Joint inversion results also clearly show that there exist low-velocity or weak zones in the mid-lower crust, which are not evenly distributed beneath the SE margin of Tibetan plateau.

Numerical study on wave loads and motions of two ships advancing in waves by using three-dimensional translating-pulsating source

A frequency domain analysis method based on the three-dimensional translating-pulsating （3DTP） source Green function is developed to investigate wave loads and free motions of two ships advancing on parallel course in waves. Two experiments are carried out respectively to mea- sure the wave loads and the free motions for a pair of side-by- side arranged ship models advancing with an identical speed in head regular waves. For comparison, each model is also tested alone. Predictions obtained by the present solution are found in favorable agreement with the model tests and are more accurate than the traditional method based on the three dimensional pulsating （3DP） source Green function. Numer- ical resonances and peak shift can be found in the 3DP pre- dictions, which result from the wave energy trapped in the gap between two ships and the extremely inhomogeneous wave load distribution on each hull. However, they can be eliminated by 3DTP, in which the speed affects the free sur- face and most of the wave energy can be escaped from the gap. Both the experiment and the present prediction show that hydrodynamic interaction effects on wave loads and free motions are significant. The present solver may serve as a validated tool to predict wave loads and motions of two ves- sels under replenishment at sea, and may help to evaluate the hydrodynamic interaction effects on the ships safety in replenishment operation.

CISK-rossby wave and the 30-60 Day Oscillation in the Tropics

The 30-60 day oscillation is an important aspect of the atmospheric variance in the tropical area. A number of works have been done on this phenomenon, this article is a further one. A quasi-geostrophic linear model that consists of a two-layer free atmosphere and a well-mixed boundary layer is used to investigate the instability of intraseasonal oscillation, its propagation and vertical structures. Results show that the dynamical coupling and interaction between the barotropic and baroclinic components via boundary layer convergence / divergence are responsible for the appearance of a new kind of low-frequency wave. Such wave is very different from the traditional tropical Rossby wave. It can propagate westward and eastward. Some behaviours of it appear to resemble the observed 30-60 day oscillation mode in many aspects, such,as vertical structures, zonal and meridional propagations. Now many researchers emphasize the direct relationship between CISK-Kelvin mode and the tropical atmospheric 30-60 oscillation. It is considered that CISK-Rossby mode should not be neglected.

Propagation of harmonic waves through micro gap with consideration of frictional contact

Transmission of elastic waves through a micro gap between two solids with consideration of frictional contact is investigated. By using the Fourier analysis technique and the corrective solution method, the nonlinear boundary problem is reduced to a set of algebraic equations. Numerical results exhibit the locations and extents of separation, slip, and stick zones, the interface tractions, and the energy partition. The effects of gap width, frictional coefficients, and the incident angle on the wave transmission are discussed in detail. The results show that higher harmonics are generated due to the local contact/slip at the interface.