Ignition processes and characteristics of charring conductive polymers with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber for applications in micro/nano satellite hybrid rocket motors

The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.However,charring polymers alone need a relatively high input voltage to achieve pyrolysis and ignition,which increases the burden and cost of the power system of micro/nano satellite in practical application.Adding conductive substance into charring polymers can effectively decrease the conducting voltage which can realize low voltage and low power consumption repeated ignition of arc ignition system.In this paper,a charring conductive polymer ignition grain with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber,which is composed of PLA and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)was proposed.The detailed ignition processes were analyzed and two different ignition mechanisms in the cavity of charring conductive polymers were revealed.The ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers were also investigated at different input voltages,ignition grain structures,ignition locations and injection schemes in a visual ignition combustor.The results demonstrated that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition were inversely correlated with the voltages applied to ignition grain.Moreover,the incremental depth of cavity shortened the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition while accelerated the propagation of flame.As the depth of cavity increased from 2 to 6 mm(at 50 V),the time of flame propagating out of ignition grain changed from 235.6 to 108 ms,and values of mean ignition delay time and mean external energy required for ignition decreased from 462.8 to 320 ms and 16.2 to 10.75 J,respectively.The rear side of the cavity was the ideal ignition position which had a shorter ignition delay and a faster flame propagation speed in comparison to other ignition positions.Compared to direct injection scheme,swirling injection provided a more favorable flow field environment in the cavity,which was beneficial to ignition and initial flame propagation,but the ignition position needed to be away from the outlet of swirling injector.At last,the repeated ignition characteristic of charring conductive polymers was also investigated.The ignition delay time and external energy required for ignition decreased with repeated ignition times but the variation was decreasing gradually.

Study on Characteristics of a High-Precision Cold Gas Micro Thruster

In order to improve the reliability of the spacecraft micro cold gas propulsion system and realize the precise control of the spacecraft attitude and orbit, a micro-thrust, high-precision cold gas thruster is carried out, at the same time due to the design requirements of the spacecraft, this micro-thrust should be continuous working more than 60 minutes, the traditional solenoid valve used for the thrusts can’t complete the mission, so a long-life micro latching valve is developed as the control valve for this micro thruster, because the micro latching valve can keep its position when it cuts off the outage. Firstly, the authors introduced the design scheme and idea of the thruster. Secondly, the performance of the latching valve and the flow characteristics of the nozzle were simulated. Finally, from the experimental results and compared with the numerical study, it shows that the long-life micro cold gas thruster developed in this paper meets the mission requirements.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE MACRO-AND MICRO- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SPRAY FROM A PRESSURE SWIRL NOZZLE

The experimental study on the macro and micro characteristics of the spray from a pressure swirl nozzle embraces the growth of surface unstable wave,disintegration process,spray angle,breakup length and so on.The effects of injection pressure,nozzle geometry and liquid properties on these characteristics are also discussed.The results are helpful to understand the underlying physics of the pressure swirl nozzle and serve as the basis for the practical design,usage and improvement of the nozzle.

Nonlinear static characteristics of piezoelectric unimorph bending micro actuators

The nonlinear static characteristic of a piezoelectric unimorph cantilever micro actuator driven by a strong applied electric field is studied based on the couple stress theory.The cantilever actuator consists of a piezoelectric layer,a passive（elastic）layer and two electrode layers.First,the nonlinear static characteristic of the actuator caused by the electrostriction of the piezoelectric layer under a strong applied electric field is analyzed using the Rayleigh-Ritz method.Secondly,since the thickness of the cantilever beam is in micro scale and there exists a size effect,the size dependence of the deformation behavior is evaluated using the couple stress theory.The results show that the nonlinearities of the beam deflection increase along with the increase of the applied electric field which means that softening of the micro beam rigidity exists when a strong external electric field is applied.Meanwhile,the optimal value of the thickness ratio for the passive layer and the piezoelectric layer is not around 1.0 which is usually adopted by some previous researchers.Since there exists a size effect of the micro beam deflection,the optimal value of this thickness ratio should be greater than 1.0 in micro scale.

Comparison of the Bright Band Characteristics Measured by Micro Rain Radar (MRR) at a Mountain and a Coastal Site in South Korea

Data from a long term measurement of Micro Rain Radar （MRR） at a mountain site （Daegwallyeong, DG, one year period of 2005） and a coastal site （Haenam, HN, three years 2004-2006） in South Korea were analyzed to compare the MRR measured bright band characteristics of stratiform precipitation at the two sites. On average, the bright band was somewhat thicker and the sharpness （average gradient of reflectivity above and below the reflectivity peak） was slightly weaker at DG, compared to those values at HN. The peak reflectivity itself was twice as strong and the relative location of the peak reflectivity within the bright band was higher at HN than at DG. Importantly, the variability of these values was much larger at HN than at DG. The key parameter to cause these differences is suggested to be the difference of the snow particle densities at the two sites, which is related to the degree of riming. Therefore, it is speculated that the cloud microphysical processes at HN may have varied significantly from un-rimed snow growth, producing low density snow particles, to the riming of higher density particles, while snow particle growth at DG was more consistently affected by the riming process, and therefore high density snow particles. Forced uplifting of cloudy air over the mountain area around DG might have resulted in an orographic supercooling effect that led to the enhanced riming of supercooled cloud drops.

An experimental study on microscopic characteristics of gas-bearing sediments under different gas reservoir pressures

Gas-bearing sediments are widely distributed in five continents all over the world.Most of the gases exist in the soil skeleton in the form of discrete large bubbles.The existence of gas-phase may increase or decrease the strength of the soil skeleton.So far,bubbles’structural morphology and evolution characteristics in soil skeleton lack research,and the influence of different gas reservoir pressures on bubbles are still unclear.The micro characteristics of bubbles in the same sediment sample were studied using an industrial CT scanning test system to solve these problems.Using the image processing software,the micro variation characteristics of gas-bearing sediments in gas reservoir pressure change are obtained.The results show that the number and volume of bubbles in different equivalent radius ranges will change regularly under different gas reservoir pressure.With the increase of gas reservoir pressure,the number and volume of tiny bubbles decrease.In contrast,the number and volume of large bubbles increase,and the gas content in different positions increases and occupies a dominant position,driving the reduction of pore water and soil skeleton movement.

A new type of micro-disseminated gold deposits in association with diabase found in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region——Their geological characteristics and metallogenic conditions

With the continuous development of gold ore prospecting and exploration in recent years a new type of micro-disseminated gold deposits have been found in the regions of Southwest Guizhou Province and Northwest Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,with the orebodies directly occurring in diabase or in the contact zone between diabase and strata.The orebodies are strictly controlled by fault structures.The discovery of this type of gold deposits has brought about new prospects for gold ore prospecting in the Yunnan-Guizhou-Guangxi Golden Triangle region.From the preliminary analysis of the geological characteristics of the Qiaoxiang gold deposit in Wangmo County,in combination with the results of research work in the adjacent areas in recent years,this paper roughly described the geological characteristics and metallogenic conditions of this type of gold ore deposits with an attempt to make more and more geologists pay enough attention to this type of gold ore deposits,so as to promote gold ore prospecting in Guizhou Province to develop toward a variety of types of gold deposits in all round way.

Micro-simulation model of two-lane freeway vehicles for obtaining traffic flow characteristics including safety condition

Unidirectional two-lane freeway is a typical and the simplest form of freeway. The traffic flow char- acteristics including safety condition on two-lane freeway is of great significance in planning, design, and manage- ment of a freeway. Many previous traffic flow models are able to figure out flow characteristics such as speed, den- sity, delay, and so forth. These models, however, have great difficulty in reflecting safety condition of vehicles. Besides, for the cellular automation, one of the most widely used microscopic traffic simulation models, its discreteness in both time and space can possibly cause inaccuracy or big errors in simulation results. In this paper, a micro-simula- tion model of two-lane freeway vehicles is proposed to evaluate characteristics of traffic flow, including safety condition. The model is also discrete in time but continu- ous in space, and it divides drivers into several groups on the basis of their preferences for overtaking, which makes the simulation more aligned with real situations. Partial test is conducted in this study and results of delay, speed, volume, and density indicate the preliminary validity of our model, based on which the proposed safety coefficient evaluates safety condition under different flow levels. It is found that the results of this evaluation coincide with daily experience of drivers, providing ground for effectiveness of the safety coefficient.

Research on the Characteristics of Aesthetic Acceptance of Micro-Film Based on Micro-Age

With the development of society and the progress of information science and technology, it has entered into the "Micro-Era". In the micro-era micro-film was born, micro film playback time is short, and the amount of investment in the production cycle is short, forming a unique advantage, and micro-film aesthetic acceptance characteristics are different from the traditional film, the audience's aesthetic acceptance of features has also changed accordingly. This paper analyzes the relationship between micro-film and micro-era, and analyzes the micro-film to change the aesthetic acceptance of the audience from the aesthetic acceptance, aesthetic needs, aesthetic psychology and aesthetic experience to analyze and summarize. Hope to be able to cause domestic and foreign micro-film-related researchers and practitioners of thinking, and strive to micro-film can be further develop.

Characteristics of suspended planar-type gas sensor based on MEMS process

In order to simplify the fabrication process,distribute the temperature uniformly and reduce the power consumption of the micro-hotplate（MHP） gas sensor,a planar-type gas sensor based on SnO2 thin film with suspended structure is designed through a MEMS process.Steady-state thermal analysis of the gas sensor and the closed membrane type sensor where the membrane overlaps the Si substrate is carried out with the finite element model,and it is shown that the suspended planar-type gas sensor has a more homogeneous temperature distribution and a lower power consumption.When the maximum temperature on the sensor reaches 383℃,the power consumption is only 7 mW,and the temperature gradient across the thin film is less than 14℃.To overcome the fragility of the suspended beams,a novel fabrication process in which the deposition of the gas sensing film occurs prior to the formation of suspended beams is proposed.The back side of the Si substrate is etched through deep reactive ion etching（DRIE） to avoid chemical pollution of the front side.The fabrication steps in which only four masks are used for the photolithography are described in detail.The Fe doped SnO2 thin film synthesized by sol-gel spin-coating is used as the gas sensing element.The device is tested on hydrogen and exhibits satisfactory sensing performance.The sensitivity increases with the rise of the concentration from 50×10-6 to 2000×10-6,and reaches about 30 at 2000×10-6.

Micro-CT分析跟骨内骨小梁分布及结构特征

背景:跟骨位于足的后下部,受力较大。跟骨外形复杂且不规则,外周有较薄的皮质骨包绕,内部充满大量的骨小梁,探讨骨小梁的微观结构、走行及分布特征有助于提高对跟骨骨折的认识。目的:采用微计算机断层扫描仪(Micro-CT)扫描跟骨标本获得其影像资料,对其内部骨小梁结构进行分析,探讨跟骨内骨小梁的形态、分布及结构特征。方法:采用Micro-CT连续扫描干燥成人跟骨标本,扫描后获得影像图像,将其以DICOM格式存储。导入影像资料到Hiscan Analyzer软件,显示清晰完整的成人跟骨矢状面、冠状面、水平面的图像,逐层观察骨小梁的走行,依据骨小梁走行特点将跟骨矢状面分为6个部分,在以7 mm为标准的相同厚度下,每个部分选择1个49 mm2等面积的兴趣区,三维重建后获得跟骨及骨小梁的立体微观结构,二值化后运用软件计算感兴趣区域内骨小梁的体积分数、表面密度、骨小梁厚度、骨小梁间隙和骨小梁数量参数。结果与结论:①跟骨表面皮质层很薄,内部充满大量骨松质,在Gissane角的骨皮质明显增厚;②跟骨上部的骨小梁体积分数大于跟骨下部前端、中和三角区、跟骨下后部、跟骨结节部、跟骨底部,跟骨结节部的骨小梁体积分数大于跟骨下部前端、中和三角区、跟骨下后部、跟骨底部;跟骨结节部的骨小梁表面密度大于跟骨下部前端、中和三角区、跟骨底部,跟骨上部、跟骨下后部的骨小梁表面密度大于中和三角区;跟骨上部的骨小梁厚度大于跟骨结节部;中和三角区的骨小梁间隙大于跟骨上部、跟骨结节部;跟骨结节部的骨小梁数量大于中和三角区;③中和三角区主要分布杆状骨小梁,骨小梁表面密度最小、体积分数较小、骨小梁间隙最大;该部位骨质较疏松,受到高冲击力时抗压缩能力差,骨小梁最先发生断裂,是易发生骨折的部位。

Expression of miR-21 in Colorectal Cancer and Its Relationship with Clinicopathological Characteristics of Colorectal Cancer

Objective:To investigate the expression of miR-21 in colorectal cancer cells,and to analyze the relationship between the level of miR-21 and the clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer patients.Methods:210 patients with colorectal cancer treated in our hospital from January 2016 to June 2019 were selected.Cancer tissue specimens(study group)and adjacent normal tissue specimens(control group)were surgically collected,and the quantitative quantitative PCR was used to detect and compare the miR-21 expression of the two groups.Results:The expression of miR-21 in the study group was higher than that in the control group,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).There were significant differences among patients with early and intermediate TNM,patients with low differentiation and patients with moderate to high differentiation,patients with lymph node metastasis and patients without lymph node metastasis,patients with high infiltration and patients with low infiltration,patients with high CEA levels,and patients with low CEA,and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).Conclusion:In colorectal cancer,miR-21 is highly expressed,which is closely related to stage and differentiation,and can be used to reflect the patient’s condition.

根管治疗后隐匿性牙根纵裂特征的体外及micro-CT研究

目的:收集根管治疗后隐匿性牙根纵裂牙(subtle vertical root fracture, SVRF),对其进行裂纹特征体外观察及micro-CT扫描,探索其裂纹特征并探讨其发生发展过程。方法:收集我院2021年10月~2023年10月拔除的根管治疗后SVRF患牙共计21颗,收集SVRF患牙的牙位及裂纹发生的牙根位。在直视或透照法下观察裂纹数目,以根管为中心,颊、舌、近中、远中分别计算,以及裂纹纵向长度根据裂纹是否累及釉牙骨质界及根尖区分为4类。使用micro-CT扫描并评价裂纹是否累及根管,裂纹在轴位图像上的方向(颊舌,近远中向),并在裂纹最宽层面进行裂纹宽度测量,将裂纹最宽处在牙根上的分布分为根上部、根中部及根下部。结果:本研究共收集21颗SVRF患牙,累及24个牙根,其中17个牙根为完全性裂纹,7个为不完全性裂纹,共计41条裂纹。上颌前磨牙牙根及下颌磨牙近中根为发生牙根纵裂最多的牙根,且这些牙根均表现为颊舌/腭向扁根并分为颊舌/腭向双根管。所有裂纹均为颊舌/腭向,均累及根中区及根管内壁。裂纹最大宽度无论是在牙根上的纵向分布还是在水平面上的分布都没有明显的规律。结论:根管治疗后SVRF的裂纹均累及根中区,均由根管壁向根面延伸,裂纹宽度无明显规律;推测根中区的根管内壁为牙根纵裂发生的起始部位;裂纹扩展的过程具有无序性和多样性。

Organic Petrologic Characteristicsand Hydrocarbon-Generating Significance of Epiphyton

The Epiphyton occurred in the carbonate rock of lower Paleozoic in North China was analyzed by using the optical and some micro-area methods such as Micro-FT-IR and TOF-SIMS. The result shows that tbe Epiphyton belonging to the calcic algae has a certain hydrocarbon-generating potential and the hydrocarbou-generating action may continue to the high mature stage.

基于Micro CT的铜导线短路熔痕孔洞特征分析

导线短路是造成电气火灾的重要原因之一。现行国家标准中将导线短路熔痕分为起火前发生的一次短路熔痕和起火后造成的二次短路熔痕,然而现行国家标准中的鉴定仅停留在定性判断的阶段。火灾现场铜导线短路熔痕特征的量化分析研究是国内外研究人员主要关注的重点。本文应用Micro CT技术对铜导线短路熔痕进行断层扫描检测并重构铜导线短路熔痕的3D图像数据,在此基础上统计、归纳、总结铜导线短路熔痕内部孔洞形态及分布等孔洞特征。研究表明,Micro CT能够全面采集铜导线短路熔痕的整体形态和内部孔洞特征,一次短路熔痕与二次短路熔痕内部孔洞半径、表面积、紧密度的特征数据存在差别,可为短路熔痕定性和定量分析判据研究提供新的理论依据。

Discharge Characteristic of Micro-Arc Oxidation on Aluminum Alloy under the Changing Electrolyte Temperature

The electrolyte temperature has a great influence on the performance of the coating prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The behavior of MAO discharge in the changing electrolyte temperature has been investigated. Compared to constant electrolyte temperature in conventional MAO process, the process has different discharge characteristics under the changing electrolyte temperature. The amplitude of pulse voltage was detected to study the change of discharge characteristic under the constant-current control of MAO power supply. Three successive discharge stages were differentiated by the variable the pulse voltage versus process time. Since there were significant changes in the sound, the sound signals were acquired and the audio analysis was used to describe the changing of the MAO discharge at different stages. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was employed in situ to unveil how the micro-discharge changed with the temperature increasing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology of the coatings on 6N01 aluminum alloy prepared by normal process with the constant-temperature control of the MAO electrolyte and by the process under the changing electrolyte temperature. A mode of film growth and micro-discharge was given to describe the effects of the changing electrolyte temperature in the whole MAO process.

基于Micro-CT扫描技术的低渗砂岩储层微观孔喉特征研究

以Micro-CT扫描技术为基础的储层微观孔隙特征研究是油藏精细描述的首要内容,也是孔隙尺度提高采收率的必然选择。以Micro-CT扫描获取的全尺寸岩心三维数字图像为基础,通过高级图像处理算法,得出岩心切面孔隙率随切片位置的变化规律,整体考察了低渗砂岩储层天然岩心的宏观非均质性。为了详细描述岩心内部微观孔喉特征,对钻取的2 mm岩样精细扫描,利用最大球算法提取真实孔隙结构相等价的球棍模型,定量考察了孔喉半径、表面积、拓扑结构、有效孔隙度等的分布规律,形象展示了孤立孔隙、连通孔隙的空间分布。该研究可为数字岩石物理实验的应用提供思路。

Experimental Investigation of the Operating Characteristics of a Pulsating Heat Pipe with Ultra-Pure Water and Micro Encapsulated Phase Change Material Suspension

The specific heat capacity of working fluid is an important influence factor on heat transfer characteristic of the pulsating heat pipe(PHP).Due to the relatively large specific heat capacity of micro encapsulated phase change material(MEPCM) suspension,a heat transfer performance experimental facility of the PHP was established.The heat transfer characteristic with MEPCM suspension of different mass concentrations(0.5% and 1.0%) and ultra-pure water were compared experimentally.It was found that when the PHP uses MEPCM suspension as its working fluid,operating stability is impoverished under lower heating power and the operating stability is better under higher heating power.At the inclination angle of 90°,the temperature at heating side decreases compared to ultra-pure water and the temperature at heating side decreases with the raising of MEPCM suspension mass concentration.The heat transfer characteristic of the PHP is positively correlated with the inclination angle and the 90° is optimum.The unfavorable effect of the inclination angle decreases with heating power increasing.When the inclination angle is 90°,the PHP with MEPCM suspension at 1.0% of mass concentration has the lowest thermal transfer resistance and followed by ultra-pure water and MEPCM suspension at 0.5% of mass concentration has the highest thermal transfer resistance.When the inclination angles are 60° and30°,the effect of gravity on the flow direction is reduced to 86.6% and 50% of that on the inclination angle of 90°,respectively,and the promoting effect of gravity on the working fluid is further weakened as the inclination angle further decreases.Due to the high viscosity of MEPCM suspension,the PHP with ultra-pure water has the lowest heat transfer resistance.When the inclination angles is 60°,the thermal resistance with MEPCM suspension at0.5% of the mass concentration is lower than that at 1.0% at the heating power below 230 W.The thermal resistance of MEPCM suspension tends to be similar for heating power of 230-250 W.At the heating power above 270 W,the thermal resistance with MEPCM suspension at 1.0% of the mass concentration is lower than that at 0.5%.

无电学接触型氮化镓基Micro-LED器件光电性能

针对传统Micro-LED芯片巨量转移与键合、发光芯片与驱动电极高质量接触等技术难题,本文采用金属有机化合物化学气相沉积和原子层沉积工艺制备无电学接触型氮化镓基Micro-LED器件,研究了器件的伏安特性、亮度-频率特性、发光延迟特性及阻抗-频率特性等光电特性,并分析了器件工作机理。实验结果表明,交流驱动的无电学接触型Micro-LED器件的电流随着频率的增大而增大,且I-V特性呈线性关系。在20V_(pp)的驱动信号下,器件亮度随频率的增大先上升后下降,在频率为25 MHz时,器件亮度达到最大,且发光峰值滞后于电流峰值,说明器件的发光存在延迟。器件的等效阻抗随着频率的增大呈现先减小后趋于稳定的趋势,且器件在频率53 MHz附近出现负电容现象。

低温热转化过程中煤中典型壳质组的荧光和Micro-FTIR特征

煤中壳质组的种类及含量对热解焦油、煤气产率有重要的影响。综合利用显微镜热台、荧光显微分析和显微傅里叶红外光谱(Micro-FTIR)研究煤中典型壳质组的低温热转化(≤450℃)特性。结果表明,随着温度升高,煤中壳质组分的相对荧光强度降低,最大荧光波长增大;树脂体和木栓质体的荧光特性在240℃开始变化,280-320℃变化显著;孢粉体、角质体和沥青质体A的荧光特性在280℃开始变化,320-360℃变化显著;藻类体的荧光特性从280℃开始变化,并持续到400℃;沥青质体B的荧光变化出现在320-360℃。藻类体的脂肪化合物的吸收峰最强,其次为沥青质体、树脂体、角质体和孢粉体;随着温度升高,壳质组的脂肪族和含氧基团逐渐减少,芳香烃含量相对增加。煤中壳质组分芳构化程度低,在低温热转化过程中基本保持不变;壳质组的富氢程度及脂肪化合物变化特征与荧光特性的变化基本一致。