Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer rese...Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer research. To date,the roles of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have been extensively studied in GC,suggesting that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs represent a vital component of tumor biology. Furthermore,circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are found to be dysregulated in patients with GC compared with healthy individuals. Circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs may function as promising biomarkers to improve the early detection of GC. Multiple possibilities for mi RNA secretion have been elucidated,including active secretion by microvesicles,exosomes,apoptotic bodies,highdensity lipoproteins and protein complexes as well as passive leakage from cells. However,the mechanism underlying lnc RNA secretion and the functions of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have not been fully illuminated. Concurrently,to standardize results of global investigations of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs biomarker studies,several recommendations for preanalytic considerations are put forward. In this review,we summarize the known circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs for GC diagnosis. The possible mechanism of mi RNA and lnc RNA secretion as well as methodologies for identification of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are also discussed. The topics covered here highlight new insights into GC diagnosis and screening.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide. Conventional biomarkers exhibit poor performance in the surveillance,diagnosis,and prognosis of...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide. Conventional biomarkers exhibit poor performance in the surveillance,diagnosis,and prognosis of HCC. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that are involved in the regulation of gene expression and protein translation,and they play critical roles in cell growth,differentiation,and the development of various types of cancers,including HCC. Recent evidence revealed the role of mi RNAs as potential novel and ideal biomarkers for HCC. mi RNAs are released to extracellular spaces,and they are extremely stable in bodily fluids,including serum or plasma,where they are packaged into various microparticles or associated with RNA-binding proteins. Numerous studies have demonstrated that circulating mi RNAs have potential applications as minimally invasive biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and prognosis. The present review highlights current understanding of mi RNA biogenesis and the origins and types of circulating mi RNAs. We summarize recent progress in the use of circulating mi RNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives of the clinical utility of circulating mi RNAs in HCC.展开更多
Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer and represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Current available therapeutic approaches are poorly effective,esp...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer and represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Current available therapeutic approaches are poorly effective,especially for the advanced forms of the disease. In the last year,short double stranded RNA molecules termed small interfering RNAs(si RNAs) and micro interfering RNAs(mi RNA),emerged as interesting molecules with potential therapeutic value for HCC. The practical use of these molecules is however limited by the identification of optimal molecular targets and especially by the lack of effective and targeted HCC delivery systems. Here we focus our discussion on the most recent advances in the identification of si RNAs/mi RNAs molecular targets and on the development of suitable si RNA/mi RNAs delivery systems.展开更多
Over the past decade, research has shown that aberrant expression of micro RNA(mi RNA) is involved in colorectal cancer development and progression. Micro RNAs are small sequences of non-coding RNA that regulate expre...Over the past decade, research has shown that aberrant expression of micro RNA(mi RNA) is involved in colorectal cancer development and progression. Micro RNAs are small sequences of non-coding RNA that regulate expression of genes involved in important cellular functions, such as cell differentiation, multiplication, and apoptosis. A specific mi RNA may display the effects of a tumor suppressor or oncogene. Altered mi RNA expression is found in colorectal cancer(CRC) and patterns of mi RNA expression correlate with CRC detection and outcome. Studies also have examined the use of circulating serum mi RNA and fecal mi RNA expression as non-invasive markers for early detection. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating the potential role of mi RNA in CRC and the implications of its use in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of CRC.展开更多
Liver fibrosis is a repair process in response to damage in the liver; however, severe and chronic injury promotes the accumulation of fibrous matrix, destroying the normal functions and architecture of liver. Hepatic...Liver fibrosis is a repair process in response to damage in the liver; however, severe and chronic injury promotes the accumulation of fibrous matrix, destroying the normal functions and architecture of liver. Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs) are quiescent in normal livers, but in damaged livers, they transdifferentiate into myofibroblastic HSCs, which produce extracellular matrix proteins. Hedgehog(Hh) signaling orchestrates tissue reconstruction in damaged livers and contributes to liver fibrogenesis by regulating HSC activation. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs), endogenous small non-coding RNAs interfering with RNA post-transcriptionally, regulate various cellular processes in healthy organisms. The dysregulation of mi RNAs is closely associated with diseases, including liver diseases. Thus, mi RNAs are good targets in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, including liver fibrosis; however, the regulatory mechanisms of mi RNAs that interact with Hh signaling in liver fibrosis remain unclear. We review growing evidence showing the association of mi RNAs with Hh signaling. Recent studies suggest that Hh-regulating mi RNAs induce inactivation of HSCs, leading to decreased hepatic fibrosis. Although mi RNAdelivery systems and further knowledge of interacting mi RNAs with Hh signaling need to be improved for the clinical usage of mi RNAs, recent findings indicate that the mi RNAs regulating Hh signaling are promising therapeutic agents for treating liver fibrosis.展开更多
micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are powerful regulators of posttranscriptional gene expression and play an important role in pathophysiological processes. Circulating mi RNAs can be quantified in body liquids and are promising bi...micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are powerful regulators of posttranscriptional gene expression and play an important role in pathophysiological processes. Circulating mi RNAs can be quantified in body liquids and are promising biomarkers in numerous diseases. In cardiovascular disease mi RNAs have been proven to be reliable diagnostic biomarkers for different disease entities. In cardiac fibrosis(CF) and heart failure(HF) dysregulated circulating mi RNAs have been identified,indicating their promising applicability as diagnostic biomarkers. Some mi RNAs were successfully tested in risk stratification of HF implementing their potential use as prognostic biomarkers. In this respect mi RNAs might soon be implemented in diagnostic clinical routine. In the young field of mi RNA based research advances have been made in identifying mi RNAs as potential targets for the treatment of experimental CF and HF. Promising study results suggest their potential future application as therapeutic agents in treatment of cardiovascular disease. This article summarizes the current state of the various aspects of mi RNA research in the field of CF and HF with reduced ejection fraction as well as preserved ejection fraction. The review provides an overview of the application of circulating mi RNAs as biomarkers in CF and HF and current approaches to therapeutically utilize mi RNAs in this field of cardiovascular disease.展开更多
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. Almost 90% of the patients diagnosed with CRC die due to metastases. MicroRNAs (mi...Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. Almost 90% of the patients diagnosed with CRC die due to metastases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved molecules that modulate the expression of their target genes post-transcriptionally, and they may participate in various physiological and pathological processes including CRC metastasis by influencing various factors in the human body. Recently, the role miRNAs play throughout the CRC metastatic cascade has gain attention. Many studies have been published to link them with CRC metastasis. In this review, we will briefly discuss metastatic steps in the light of miRNAs, along with their target genes. We will discuss how the aberration in the expression of miRNAs leads to the formation of CRC by effecting the regulation of their target genes. As miRNAs are being exploited for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer and other diseases, their high tissue specificity and critical role in oncogenesis make them new biomarkers for the diagnosis and classification of cancer as well as for predicting patients’ outcome. MiRNA signatures have been identified for many human tumors including CRC, and miRNA-based therapies to treat cancer have been emphasized lately. These will also be discussed in this review.展开更多
文摘Gastric cancer(GC) is the fourth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) and long non-coding RNAs(lnc RNAs) are the most popular non-coding RNAs in cancer research. To date,the roles of mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have been extensively studied in GC,suggesting that mi RNAs and lnc RNAs represent a vital component of tumor biology. Furthermore,circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are found to be dysregulated in patients with GC compared with healthy individuals. Circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs may function as promising biomarkers to improve the early detection of GC. Multiple possibilities for mi RNA secretion have been elucidated,including active secretion by microvesicles,exosomes,apoptotic bodies,highdensity lipoproteins and protein complexes as well as passive leakage from cells. However,the mechanism underlying lnc RNA secretion and the functions of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs have not been fully illuminated. Concurrently,to standardize results of global investigations of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs biomarker studies,several recommendations for preanalytic considerations are put forward. In this review,we summarize the known circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs for GC diagnosis. The possible mechanism of mi RNA and lnc RNA secretion as well as methodologies for identification of circulating mi RNAs and lnc RNAs are also discussed. The topics covered here highlight new insights into GC diagnosis and screening.
基金Supported by Department of Public Health of Jilin Province of China,No.2009Z080 and No.2014Q025Supporting Program of Bethune Medical Research of Jilin University,No.2013207058
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is an aggressive malignancy and the second leading cause of cancerrelated deaths worldwide. Conventional biomarkers exhibit poor performance in the surveillance,diagnosis,and prognosis of HCC. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are a class of evolutionarily conserved small non-coding RNAs that are involved in the regulation of gene expression and protein translation,and they play critical roles in cell growth,differentiation,and the development of various types of cancers,including HCC. Recent evidence revealed the role of mi RNAs as potential novel and ideal biomarkers for HCC. mi RNAs are released to extracellular spaces,and they are extremely stable in bodily fluids,including serum or plasma,where they are packaged into various microparticles or associated with RNA-binding proteins. Numerous studies have demonstrated that circulating mi RNAs have potential applications as minimally invasive biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and prognosis. The present review highlights current understanding of mi RNA biogenesis and the origins and types of circulating mi RNAs. We summarize recent progress in the use of circulating mi RNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for HCC. We also discuss the challenges and perspectives of the clinical utility of circulating mi RNAs in HCC.
基金Supported by"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio of Trieste"the"Fondazione Benefica Kathleen Foreman Casali of Trieste"+2 种基金the"Beneficentia Stiftung"of Vaduz Liechtensteinthe Italian Minister of Instruction,UniversityResearch(MIUR),PRIN 2010-11,No.20109PLMH2(in part)
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is the predominant form of primary liver cancer and represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Current available therapeutic approaches are poorly effective,especially for the advanced forms of the disease. In the last year,short double stranded RNA molecules termed small interfering RNAs(si RNAs) and micro interfering RNAs(mi RNA),emerged as interesting molecules with potential therapeutic value for HCC. The practical use of these molecules is however limited by the identification of optimal molecular targets and especially by the lack of effective and targeted HCC delivery systems. Here we focus our discussion on the most recent advances in the identification of si RNAs/mi RNAs molecular targets and on the development of suitable si RNA/mi RNAs delivery systems.
文摘Over the past decade, research has shown that aberrant expression of micro RNA(mi RNA) is involved in colorectal cancer development and progression. Micro RNAs are small sequences of non-coding RNA that regulate expression of genes involved in important cellular functions, such as cell differentiation, multiplication, and apoptosis. A specific mi RNA may display the effects of a tumor suppressor or oncogene. Altered mi RNA expression is found in colorectal cancer(CRC) and patterns of mi RNA expression correlate with CRC detection and outcome. Studies also have examined the use of circulating serum mi RNA and fecal mi RNA expression as non-invasive markers for early detection. Here, we review recent evidence demonstrating the potential role of mi RNA in CRC and the implications of its use in the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of CRC.
基金Supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Korean Government(MEST)to Jung YNo.2013R1A2A2A01068268
文摘Liver fibrosis is a repair process in response to damage in the liver; however, severe and chronic injury promotes the accumulation of fibrous matrix, destroying the normal functions and architecture of liver. Hepatic stellate cells(HSCs) are quiescent in normal livers, but in damaged livers, they transdifferentiate into myofibroblastic HSCs, which produce extracellular matrix proteins. Hedgehog(Hh) signaling orchestrates tissue reconstruction in damaged livers and contributes to liver fibrogenesis by regulating HSC activation. Micro RNAs(mi RNAs), endogenous small non-coding RNAs interfering with RNA post-transcriptionally, regulate various cellular processes in healthy organisms. The dysregulation of mi RNAs is closely associated with diseases, including liver diseases. Thus, mi RNAs are good targets in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases, including liver fibrosis; however, the regulatory mechanisms of mi RNAs that interact with Hh signaling in liver fibrosis remain unclear. We review growing evidence showing the association of mi RNAs with Hh signaling. Recent studies suggest that Hh-regulating mi RNAs induce inactivation of HSCs, leading to decreased hepatic fibrosis. Although mi RNAdelivery systems and further knowledge of interacting mi RNAs with Hh signaling need to be improved for the clinical usage of mi RNAs, recent findings indicate that the mi RNAs regulating Hh signaling are promising therapeutic agents for treating liver fibrosis.
基金Supported by The European Union,Biomar Ca RE,No.HEALTH-2011-278913
文摘micro RNAs(mi RNAs) are powerful regulators of posttranscriptional gene expression and play an important role in pathophysiological processes. Circulating mi RNAs can be quantified in body liquids and are promising biomarkers in numerous diseases. In cardiovascular disease mi RNAs have been proven to be reliable diagnostic biomarkers for different disease entities. In cardiac fibrosis(CF) and heart failure(HF) dysregulated circulating mi RNAs have been identified,indicating their promising applicability as diagnostic biomarkers. Some mi RNAs were successfully tested in risk stratification of HF implementing their potential use as prognostic biomarkers. In this respect mi RNAs might soon be implemented in diagnostic clinical routine. In the young field of mi RNA based research advances have been made in identifying mi RNAs as potential targets for the treatment of experimental CF and HF. Promising study results suggest their potential future application as therapeutic agents in treatment of cardiovascular disease. This article summarizes the current state of the various aspects of mi RNA research in the field of CF and HF with reduced ejection fraction as well as preserved ejection fraction. The review provides an overview of the application of circulating mi RNAs as biomarkers in CF and HF and current approaches to therapeutically utilize mi RNAs in this field of cardiovascular disease.
文摘Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States. Almost 90% of the patients diagnosed with CRC die due to metastases. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved molecules that modulate the expression of their target genes post-transcriptionally, and they may participate in various physiological and pathological processes including CRC metastasis by influencing various factors in the human body. Recently, the role miRNAs play throughout the CRC metastatic cascade has gain attention. Many studies have been published to link them with CRC metastasis. In this review, we will briefly discuss metastatic steps in the light of miRNAs, along with their target genes. We will discuss how the aberration in the expression of miRNAs leads to the formation of CRC by effecting the regulation of their target genes. As miRNAs are being exploited for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer and other diseases, their high tissue specificity and critical role in oncogenesis make them new biomarkers for the diagnosis and classification of cancer as well as for predicting patients’ outcome. MiRNA signatures have been identified for many human tumors including CRC, and miRNA-based therapies to treat cancer have been emphasized lately. These will also be discussed in this review.
