Application of micro-seismic monitoring technology in mining engineering

Micro-seismic phenomena, occurring when rock masses are subjected to forces and failures, allow the determination of their unstable states and failure zones by analyzing micro-seismic signals. We first present the principles of micro-seismic monitoring and location, as well as an underground explosion-proof micro-seismic monitoring system. Given a practical engineering application, we describe the application of micro-seismic monitoring technology in determining the height of a "two-zone" overburden, i.e., a caving zone and a fracture zone, the width of a coal-pillar section and the depth of failure of a floor. The workfaces monitored accomplished safe and highly efficient mining based on our micro-seismic monitoring results and provide direct proof of the reliability and validity of micro-seismic monitoring technology.

Determining areas in an inclined coal seam floor prone to water-inrush by micro-seismic monitoring

当采矿在限制含水土层上面被执行时，煤缝接地板的失败深度是必须被记住的一重要考虑。决定地板失败深度是为预言地板的抵抗水的能力的必要前提。我们使用了一种高精确的微地震的监视技术克服从域大小可得到的数据的有限数量。一块煤缝接地板的失败深度，一块特别使倾向的煤缝接地板，可以被监视地板的连续、动态失败更精确地估计。监视结果在 workface 运输车道(更低的 crossheading ) 附近显示煤缝接地板的失败深度更深并且失败范围与回来航线(上面的 crossheading ) 附近的煤缝接地板相比在这里是更宽的。微地震的监视的结果证明为从煤缝接地板的水流入的危险区域可以被识别。这提供帮助在 Taoyuan 煤矿在限制含水土层上面保证使倾向的煤缝接的安全、高度有效的采矿的重要的地大小。

Seismogenic Structure around the Epicenter of the May 12,2008 Wenchuan Earthquake from Micro-seismic Tomography

A three-dimensional local-scale P-velocity model down to 25 km depth around the main shock epicenter region was constructed using 83821 event-to-receiver seismic rays from 5856 aftershocks recorded by a newly deployed temporary seismic network. Checkerboard tests show that our tomographic model has lateral and vertical resolution of -2 km. The high-resolution P-velocity model revealed interesting structures in the seismogenic layer： （1） The Guanxian-Anxian fault, Yingxiu-Beichuan fault and Wenchuan-Maoxian fault of the Longmen Shan fault zone are well delineated by sharp upper crustal velocity changes; （2） The Pengguan massif has generally higher velocity than its surrounding areas, and may extend down to at least -10 km from the surface; （3） A sharp lateral velocity variation beneath the Wenchuan-Maoxian fault may indicate that the Pengguan massif＇s western boundary and/or the Wenchuan-Maoxian fault is vertical, and the hypocenter of the Wenchuan earthquake possibly located at the conjunction point of the NW dipping Yingxiu-Beichuan and Guanxian-Anxian faults, and vertical Wenchuan-Maoxian fault; （4） Vicinity along the Yingxiu- Beichuan fault is characterized by very low velocity and low seismicity at shallow depths, possibly due to high content of porosity and fractures; （5） Two blocks of low-velocity anomaly are respectively imaged in the hanging wall and foot wall of the Guanxian-Anxian fault with a -7 km offset with -5 km vertical component.

Frequency spectrum analysis on micro-seismic signal of rock bursts induced by dynamic disturbance

Blasting and breaking of hard roof are main inducing causes of rock bursts in coal mines with danger of rock burst,and it is important to find out the frequency spectrum distribution laws of these dynamic stress waves and rock burst waves for researching the mechanism of rock burst.In this paper,Fourier transform as a micro-seismic signal conversion method of amplitude-time character to amplitude-frequency character is used to analyze the frequency spectrum characters of micro-seismic signal of blasting,hard roof breaking and rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance in order to find out the difference and relativity of different signals.The results indicate that blasting and breaking of hard roof are high frequency signals,and the peak values of dominant frequency of the signals are single.However,the results indicate that the rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance are low frequency signals,and there are two obvious peak values in the amplitude-frequency curve witch shows that the signals of rock bursts are superposition of low frequency signals and high frequency signals.The research conclusions prove that dynamic disturbance is necessary condition for rock bursts,and the conclusions provide a new way to research the mechanism of rock bursts.

Application of micro-seismic facies to coal bed methane exploration

A neural network is applied to high-quality 3-D seismic data during micro-seismic facies analysis to per- form the waveform analysis and training on single reflection events. Modeled seismic channels are estab- lished and the real seismic channels are classified. Thus, a distribution of micro-seismic facies having a high precision over a flat surface was acquired. This method applied to existing geological data allows the distribution of areas rich in coal bed methane to be clearly defined. A distribution map of the micro-seismic facies in the research area is shown. The data accord well with measured methane con- tents, indicating that the analysis using micro-seismic facies is reliable and effective. This method could be applied to coal bed methane exploration and is of great importance to future exploration work and to an increase in the drilling success rate.

An improved multidirectional velocity model for micro-seismic monitoring in rock engineering

An improved multidirectional velocity model was proposed for more accurately locating micro-seismic events in rock engineering. It was assumed that the stress wave propagation velocities from a micro-seismic source to three nearest monitoring sensors in a sensor's array arrangement were the same. Since the defined objective function does not require pre-measurement of the stress wave propagation velocity in the field, errors from the velocity measurement can be avoided in comparison to three traditional velocity models. By analyzing 24 different cases, the proposed multidirectional velocity model iterated by the Simplex method is found to be the best option no matter the source is within the region of the sensor's array or not. The proposed model and the adopted iterative algorithm are verified by field data and it is concluded that it can significantly reduce the error of the estimated source location.

Signal characteristics of coal and rock dynamics with micro-seismic monitoring technique

In this study,differences of signal characteristics between mine shocks and coal and gas outbursts in coal mines were examined with the micro-seismic monitoring technique and time–frequency analysis.The duration of the mine shock is short while the coal and gas outburst lasts longer.The outburst consists of three stages:the pre-shock,secondary shock and main shock stage,respectively.The velocity amplitude of the mine shock is between 10^(-)5and 10^(-3)m/s,which is higher than that of the outburst with the same energy level.In addition,in both cases,the correlation between the velocity amplitude and energy is positive while the correlation between the signal frequency band distribution and energy is negative.The signal frequency band of the high energy mine shock is distributed between 0 and 50 Hz,and the low energy mine shock is between 50 and 100 Hz.The fractal characteristics of mine shocks were studied based on a fractal theory.The box dimensions of high energy mine shocks are lower than the low energy ones,however,the box dimensions of outbursts are higher than that of mine shocks with the same energy level.The higher box dimensions indicate more dangerous dynamic events.

Micro-seismic wave's propagation law and its numerical simulation

Deduced the propagation rule of longitudinal and transverse wave.On the basis.of this,propagation rules in attenuated visco-eiastic media and Varied Lame coefficientwere put forward as well.The subsequent numerical analysis found that in a small scopelongitudinal and transverse wave could be considered as homogeneously propagatingwhen faultages and joints were not taken into account.The existence of lane hindered thewave's propagation,and it made the velocity gradient change in a locat vicinity area.Therefore velocity varied in different direction.

特厚煤层底板断层破坏与顶板垮断联动效应的CFDEM模拟研究

特厚煤层采场空间大、覆岩扰动范围广,顶板垮断产生的强扰动加卸荷载易导致底板断层破坏加剧。通过数值模拟研究特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应机理规律是开展水害防治的基础,关键在于掌握加卸载下岩体渐进破坏与裂隙流耦合特征。构建加卸载下拉、剪损伤演化方程,结合有效偏/球应力为基本变量的屈服准则与塑性势函数,得到完整岩块的塑性损伤本构;建立拉/剪、混合型加卸载过程中塑性位移与强度劣化关系,以平方拉剪应力与B-K准则为初始、完全断裂准则,形成非贯通裂隙断裂本构;提出岩块分离、压缩、剪切判据,结合实验数据建立离散块体间挤压、剪切摩擦本构与剪胀方程。基于质量/动量守恒、状态方程,并结合流体体积与浸没边界方法,形成裂隙岩体气−水二相流模拟理论。由此形成CFDEM数值计算程序,并将加卸载下塑性损伤、断裂、挤压/摩擦、流体属性分别赋予实体单元(岩块)、黏聚力单元(非贯通裂隙)、接触对(贯通裂隙)、欧拉单元(水和气)。根据宁武煤田北部矿区工程地质条件,建立特厚煤层底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应数值计算模型。结果表明:①CFDEM耦合程序及相应的理论模型可数值实现特厚煤层覆岩及底板断层从(准)连续体到离散体转化,以及地下水在裂隙中运移;②模拟条件下特厚煤层含断层底板的采动裂隙包络线呈w形,最深处超过55 m位于断层及其上盘,最浅处23 m位于断层下盘,而无构造底板处的破坏深度为24~36 m,已导通奥灰含水层;③特厚煤层底板普遍出现二次破坏现象。表现为无构造底板在超前工作面处破坏深度为24.0~29.3 m,但在采空区内普遍增加至31.5~36.0 m;断层及其上盘在超前工作面处裂隙总开度为0.34~0.86 m,但在采空区内迅速增加至3.6 m,形成突水优势通道。④底板断层突水与顶板垮断联动效应的根源在于覆岩高位关键岩层垮断失稳、砌体梁下沉与二次断裂,并导致底板二次破坏,突水风险加剧。

王家岭煤矿综放工作面上覆岩层运动规律及卸压区瓦斯抽采试验研究

为实现低瓦斯高涌出矿井综放工作面安全高效开采,以王家岭煤矿为背景,结合物理相似模拟实验、UDEC数值模拟和微震监测,系统分析了王家岭煤矿综放工作面上覆岩层运动规律,在此基础上,开展了现场卸压区瓦斯抽采试验。研究结果表明:随工作面推进,煤层顶板上覆岩层垮落高度距煤层底板距离增大,离层裂隙距顶板距离增大,空洞高度减小;采空区两侧瓦斯运移通道的裂隙多于压实区的裂隙。初次来压前,采空区垂直应力随工作面的推进而降低;初次来压后,采空区垂直应力随工作面的推进而增大。在进、回风巷顶板,煤层、采空区顶底板共发生2 572个微震事件,工作面前方50 m范围内应力集中较大,应注意超前支护防范。12301工作面周期来压步距20~26 m,采动裂缝带高度90~110 m,周期来压4~6次。现场卸压区瓦斯抽采试验中,合理层位工作面瓦斯抽采量是其他层位工作面瓦斯抽采量的1.5倍,且工作面上隅角和回风流瓦斯浓度均小于0.8%,瓦斯治理效果显著。

Sedimentary Microfacies and Porosity Modeling of Deep-Water Sandy Debris Flows by Combining Sedimentary Patterns with Seismic Data： An Example from Unit I of Gas Field A, South China Sea

Sandy debris flow deposits are present in Unit I during Miocene of Gas Field A in the Baiyun Depression of the South China Sea. The paucity of well data and the great variability of the sedimentary microfacies make it difficult to identify and predict the distribution patterns of the main gas reservoir, and have seriously hindered further exploration and development of the gas field. Therefore, making full use of the available seismic data is extremely important for predicting the spatial distribution of sedimentary microfacies when constructing three-dimensional reservoir models. A suitable reservoir modeling strategy or workflow controlled by sedimentary microfacies and seismic data has been developed. Five types of seismic attributes were selected to correlate with the sand percentage, and the root mean square （RMS） amplitude performed the best. The relation between the RMS amplitude and the sand percentage was used to construct a reservoir sand distribution map. Three types of main sedimentary microfacies were identified： debris channels, fan lobes, and natural levees. Using constraints from the sedimentary microfacies boundaries, a sedimentary microfacies model was constructed using the sequential indicator and assigned value simulation methods. Finally, reservoir models of physical properties for sandy debris flow deposits controlled by sedimentary microfacies and seismic inversion data were established. Property cutoff values were adopted because the sedimentary microfacies and the reservoir properties from well-logging interpretation are intrinsically different. Selection of appropriate reservoir property cutoffs is a key step in reservoir modeling when using simulation methods based on sedimentary microfacies control. When the abnormal data are truncated and the reservoir properties probability distribution fits a normal distribution, microfacies-controlled reservoir property models are more reliable than those obtained from the sequence Gauss simulation method. The cutoffs for effective porosity of the debris channel, fan lobe, and natural levee facies were 0.2, 0.09, and 0.12, respectively; the corresponding average effective porosities were 0.24, 0.13, and 0.15. The proposed modeling method makes full use of seismic attributes and seismic inversion data, and also makes the property data of single-well depositional microfacies more conformable to a normal distribution with geological significance. Thus, the method allows use of more reliable input data when we construct a model of a sandy debris flow.

某钨矿露地联采关键地压灾害监测预警研究

某钨矿形成了露地联采的开采局面,面临着井下群采空区与隔离间柱稳定性、露采边坡稳定性、露地相互影响等关键地压灾害问题。设计建设了最先进的66通道微震监测系统、测量机器人与边坡雷达等地压监测预警系统。文章详细介绍了一次典型的岩体失稳垮塌的成功预警案例。上述综合性的地压监测手段将为矿山安全生产提供重要的技术支撑。

龙门山双复杂区表层结构调查方法研究

龙门山山前带地表地质条件复杂,浅表层速度及厚度差异大,给激发、接收和静校正等工作带来较大困难。表层调查工作直接影响到地下介质成像效果。为使该地区进行的地震勘探攻关能够获取准确的静校正量数据,给井深设计提供依据,研究适合该区域的表层调查方法,结合地质剖面、浅震、小层析、地面微测井、钻井取心、高密度电法、三分量共振表层调查方法的工作原理,分别应用不同方法做比对,分析了不同调查方法的应用效果。通过不同表层调查的比对,分析了不同方法的适用范围,为该区选择合适的表层调查方法及方法参数选取提供依据,同时为其他地表复杂区域进行表层调查提供参考。

榆神矿区多层厚硬顶板强矿压显现及覆岩破断运动规律研究

针对榆神矿区多层厚硬顶板条件下工作面强矿压和邻空侧巷道变形严重问题,综合采用理论分析、数值计算和微震监测方法,分析了多关键层结构下顶板覆岩破断和邻空侧巷道围岩应力特征。研究结果表明:多层厚硬岩层条件下,顶板破断垂向位移和能量均呈现明显的“低、中、高”分区特征,中高位岩层破断明显滞后于低位岩层,这构成了工作面“大、小周期”的重要结构基础;本工作面开采时,相邻采空区破碎顶板大能量微震事件增多、破断强度较高,并可对邻空回风巷围岩形成强二次采动影响,这是邻空侧回风巷高应力、强变形的主要诱因。同时,高低位多关键层组合破断可导致“大周期”来压发生强度和风险上升,对关键层顶板破断运动规律进行控制是降低“大周期”强度和频率的有效途径之一。

基于微震监测技术的煤矿突水灾害预警方法研究

为了减少煤矿突水灾害带来的安全风险,使用微震监测技术设计出1种煤矿突水灾害预警系统,并选用地震检波器作为系统中的传感器。使用该系统对顺勋煤矿进行监测,结果显示,该煤矿在监测期间共发生了193次微震,其中微震释放能量大于1000 J的次数为6次,单次微震释放的最大能量为2455 J,远小于工作面附近出现过的最大微震释放能量,且绝大多数的微震出现在底板下方12 m内的区域。测试结果表明,微震监测技术能有效监测煤矿因突水引发的微震,并提供相应的预警信息。

基于微震监测技术的煤矿底板突水预警研究

煤矿底板突水是矿山生产中的主要灾害之一,其破坏性极大,因此,研究有效的突水预警技术具有重要意义。以董家河煤矿22517工作面为例,构建了微震监测系统,并对底板进行突水预警。监测数据显示,该煤矿的底板微震事件总共有191个,其中能量超过1000 J的微震事件仅为18个,占全部微震事件的9.63%,同时,该系统检测到的底板破坏深度约为11.01 m,与底板钻孔声波仪测试计算的数据仅相差0.22 m。这些数据可以说明研究所提出的微震监测技术能够有效预测煤矿底板的突水事故,起到了良好的预警作用,为煤矿开采作业的水害风险防范提供了可靠的技术支持。

微动探测技术在广州地铁基岩起伏勘察中的应用

常规的地质钻探能直观揭示地层情况,被广泛应用于城市轨道交通勘察领域。但是,钻孔只是一孔之见,钻孔之间的地质情况无法判别和揭示,往往需要物探手段进行辅助补充。本文以广州地铁勘察项目为例,针对复杂的外部环境,经比选优先采用抗干扰能力强、场地适应性强、探测精度高的微动探测技术,详细查明了地铁车站基岩面起伏和风化凹槽分布情况,经钻孔对比验证探测效果良好,为车站方案设计提供了翔实的地质依据。

页岩气多段压裂水平井不等长裂缝定量评价方法研究

页岩气井的压裂改造效果受储层地质、岩石力学性质和地应力等多重因素综合影响,微地震监测和产液剖面测试均显示单井各段改造效果差异较大。为精细评价气井产能,需快速、准确地评价单段的改造效果,本文基于注入压降试井理论对单段压后停泵压降数据进行分析,建立页岩气压裂井不稳定渗流数学模型,获取停泵后压力和压力导数的双对数曲线,从曲线形态和解释参数对单段压裂的改造效果进行定量评价。实例应用结果表明:该方法的解释结果与微地震监测以及G函数分析结果基本吻合,验证了该方法的准确性。该方法可有效实现单段缝长的定量评价,为准确开展数值模拟提供基础,同时也为井距的优化调整提供技术支撑。

基于微震监测的地下采场稳定性分析

微震监测技术已经成为深部地压研究和管理的一个基本手段。基于IMS微震监测系统,对中色白音诺尔铅锌矿地下采区采掘过程引起的岩体微破裂进行监测,可有效反映目标区域内采空区及生产作业采场的稳定性。数据分析表明:1)通过微震事件时空分布分析、b值法和能量指数EI、施密特数Scs与累计视体积CAV关系法,结合现场施工情况可更加准确地分析微震数据,有效评价地下采场的整体稳定性,得出合理结论;2)在EI降低的前提下,CAV曲线在拐点处斜率降低对应微震事件发生的概率或事件数较近前值降低,反之亦然;在Scs降低的前提下,无论CAV曲线在拐点处斜率增减,微震事件发生的概率或事件数较近前值均减小;3)该有色金属矿山地下采区大爆破余震事件发生频率显著降低,该生产采场稳定性较好。该系统的应用对中色白矿地下矿床开采中的防震减灾和安全生产将起到积极的作用。

微地震监测数据与三维地震数据综合应用研究——以辽河探区L区块水力压裂监测为例

水平井水力压裂储层改造能够有效提高油气产量,应用井中微地震监测即时评价压裂效果的技术完善而成熟。将微地震数据与三维地震数据结合进行综合分析,能够有效提高压裂监测解释精度。辽河探区在微地震数据结合地震数据综合解释应用成功地指导了油气田开发井位部署、井网优化。以辽河探区L区块的水力压裂监测为例,将压裂区域地震数据提取的相干体属性与微地震叠合显示,研究其相关性,分析微地震事件的空间分布特征,揭示天然裂缝及微断层对压裂缝网形成的作用机理,对比微地震事件点位与地震属性的关系,为后期压裂施工和井位部署提供了可靠的理论基础。