Nanomaterials-mediated lysosomal regulation:a robust protein-clearance approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer’s disease is a debilitating,progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive accumulation of abnormal proteins,including amyloid plaques and intracellular tau tangles,primarily within the brain.Lysosomes,crucial intracellular organelles responsible for protein degradation,play a key role in maintaining cellular homeostasis.Some studies have suggested a link between the dysregulation of the lysosomal system and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases,including Alzheimer’s disease.Restoring the normal physiological function of lysosomes hold the potential to reduce the pathological burden and improve the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease.Currently,the efficacy of drugs in treating Alzheimer’s disease is limited,with major challenges in drug delivery efficiency and targeting.Recently,nanomaterials have gained widespread use in Alzheimer’s disease drug research owing to their favorable physical and chemical properties.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in using nanomaterials(polymeric nanomaterials,nanoemulsions,and carbon-based nanomaterials)to enhance lysosomal function in treating Alzheimer’s disease.This review also explores new concepts and potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer’s disease through the integration of nanomaterials and modulation of lysosomal function.In conclusion,this review emphasizes the potential of nanomaterials in modulating lysosomal function to improve the pathological features of Alzheimer’s disease.The application of nanotechnology to the development of Alzheimer’s disease drugs brings new ideas and approaches for future treatment of this disease.

Nanomaterials for refining tumor microenvironment and enhancing therapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a review

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a prevalent and lethal solid tumor with a high mortality rate. Conventional cancertreatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, primarily target cancer cell eradication. However, uncontrolled proliferation and metabolic activities of these cells result in abnormalities in nutrient levels, hypoxia, and immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment (TME). These factors constrain the efficacy of traditional treatments by promoting drug resistance, recurrence, and metastasis. Nanomaterials (NMs), such as nanozymes, can exhibit enzymatic activity similar to that of natural enzymes and offer a promising avenuefor the direct modification of the TME through catalytic oxidation-reduction processes. Moreover, they can serve as sensitizers or drug deliverycarriers, enhancing the efficacy of traditional treatment methods. Recently, NMs have garnered significant attention from oncologists. Thisreview begins with an overview of the composition and unique characteristics of the TME. Subsequently, we comprehensively exploredthe application of NMs in the treatment of HNSCC. Finally, we discuss the potential prospects and challenges associated with usingNMs in biomedical research.

Laser spectroscopy imaging technique coupled withnanomaterials for cancer diagnosis: A review

Laser spectroscopic imaging techniques have received tremendous attention in the-eld of cancer diagnosis due to their high sensitivity,high temporal resolution,and short acquisition time.However,the limited tissue penetration of the laser is still a challenge for the in vivo diagnosis of deep-seated lesions.Nanomaterials have been universally integrated with spectroscopic imaging techniques for deeper cancer diagnosis in vivo.The components,morphology,and sizes of nanomaterials are delicately designed,which could realize cancer diagnosis in vivo or in situ.Considering the enhanced signal emitting from the nanomaterials,we emphasized their combination with spectroscopic imaging techniques for cancer diagnosis,like the surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS),photoacoustic,fluorescence,and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS).Applications ofthe above spectroscopic techniques offer new prospectsfor cancer diagnosis.

Recent progress on Sn_(3)O_(4)nanomaterials for photocatalytic applications

Tin(IV)oxide(Sn_(3)O_(4))is layered tin and exhibits mixed valence states.It has emerged as a highly promising visible-light pho-tocatalyst,attracting considerable attention.This comprehensive review is aimed at providing a detailed overview of the latest advance-ments in research,applications,advantages,and challenges associated with Sn_(3)O_(4)photocatalytic nanomaterials.The fundamental con-cepts and principles of Sn_(3)O_(4)are introduced.Sn_(3)O_(4)possesses a unique crystal structure and optoelectronic properties that allow it to ab-sorb visible light efficiently and generate photoexcited charge carriers that drive photocatalytic reactions.Subsequently,strategies for the control and improved performance of Sn_(3)O_(4)photocatalytic nanomaterials are discussed.Morphology control,ion doping,and hetero-structure construction are widely employed in the optimization of the photocatalytic performance of Sn_(3)O_(4)materials.The effective imple-mentation of these strategies improves the photocatalytic activity and stability of Sn_(3)O_(4)nanomaterials.Furthermore,the review explores the diverse applications of Sn_(3)O_(4)photocatalytic nanomaterials in various fields,such as photocatalytic degradation,photocatalytic hydro-gen production,photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide,solar cells,photocatalytic sterilization,and optoelectronic sensors.The discus-sion focuses on the potential of Sn_(3)O_(4)-based nanomaterials in these applications,highlighting their unique attributes and functionalities.Finally,the review provides an outlook on the future development directions in the field and offers guidance for the exploration and de-velopment of novel and efficient Sn_(3)O_(4)-based nanomaterials.Through the identification of emerging research areas and potential avenues for improvement,this review aims to stimulate further advancements in Sn_(3)O_(4)-based photocatalysis and facilitate the translation of this promising technology into practical applications.

In situ investigation of the mechanical properties of nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy

With the progress of modern transmission elec- tron microscopy （TEM） and development of dedicated func- tional TEM specimen holders, people can now manipulate a nano-object with nanometer-range precision and simulta- neously acquire mechanical data together with atomic-scale structural information. This advanced methodology is play- ing an increasingly important role in nanomechanics. The present review summarizes relevant studies on the in situ in- vestigation of mechanical properties of various nanomateri- als over the past decades. These works enrich our knowledge not only on nanomaterials （such as carbon nanotubes, car- bon onions, boron nitride nanotubes, silicon nanowires and graphene, etc.） but also on mechanics at the nanoscate.

Advanced electron microscopy characterization of nanomaterials for catalysis

Transmission electron microscopy(TEM) has become one of the most powerful techniques in the fields of material science, inorganic chemistry and nanotechnology. In terms of resolutions, advanced TEM may reach a high spatial resolution of 0.05 nm, a high energy-resolution of 7 meV. In addition, in situ TEM can help researchers to image the process happened within 1 ms. This paper reviews the recent technical progresses of applying advanced TEM characterization on nanomaterials for catalysis. The text is organized based on the perspective of application: for example, size, composition, phase, strain, and morphology. The electron beam induced effect and in situ TEM are also introduced. I hope this review can help the scientists in related fields to take advantage of advanced TEM to their own researches.

Solution-processing approach of nanomaterials toward an artificial sensory system

Artificial sensory systems have emerged as pivotal technologies to bridge the gap between the virtual and real-world,replicating human senses to interact intelligently with external stimuli.To practically apply artificial sensory systems in the real-world,it is essential to mass-produce nanomaterials with ensured sensitivity and selectivity,purify them for desired functions,and integrate them into large-area sensory devices through assembly techniques.A comprehensive understanding of each process parameter from material processing to device assembly is crucial for achieving a high-performing artificial sensory system.This review provides a technological framework for fabricating high-performance artificial sensory systems,covering material processing to device integrations.We introduce recent approaches for dispersing and purifying various nanomaterials including 0D,1D,and 2D nanomaterials.We then highlight advanced coating and printing techniques of the solution-processed nanomaterials based on representative three methods including(i)evaporation-based assembly,(ii)assisted assembly,and(iii)direct patterning.We explore the application and performances of these solution-processed materials and printing methods in fabricating sensory devices mimicking five human senses including vision,olfaction,gustation,hearing,and tactile perception.Finally,we suggest an outlook for possible future research directions to solve the remaining challenges of the artificial sensory systems such as ambient stability,device consistency,and integration with AI-based software.

Carbon-based nanomaterials cause toxicity by oxidative stress to the liver and brain in Sprague-Dawley rats

Carbon-based nanomaterials have important research significance in various disciplines,such as composite materials,nanoelectronic devices,biosensors,biological imaging,and drug delivery.Recently,the human and ecological risks associated with carbon-based nanomaterials have received increasing attention.However,the biological safety of carbon based nanomaterials has not been systematically studied.In this study,we used different types of carbon materials,namely,graphene oxide(GO),single-walled carbon nanotubes(SWCNTs),and multiwalled carbon nanotubes(MWCNTs),as models to observe their distribution and oxidative damage in vivo.The results of Histopathological and ultrastructural examinations indicated that the liver and lungs were the main accumulation targets of these nanomaterials.SR-μ-XRF analysis revealed that SWCNTs and MWCNTs might be present in the brain.This shows that the three types of carbon-based nanomaterials could cross the gas-blood barrier and eventually reach the liver tissue.In addition,SWCNTs and MWCNTs could cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate in the cerebral cortex.The increase in ROS and MDA levels and the decrease in GSH,SOD,and CAT levels indicated that the three types of nanomaterials might cause oxidative stress in the liver.This suggests that direct instillation of these carbon-based nanomaterials into rats could induce ROS generation.In addition,iron(Fe)contaminants in these nanomaterials were a definite source of free radicals.However,these nanomaterials did not cause obvious damage to the rat brain tissue.The deposition of selenoprotein in the rat brain was found to be related to oxidative stress and Fe deficiency.This information may support the development of secure and reasonable applications of the studied carbon-based nanomaterials.

Mapping the intellectual structure and emerging trends for the application of nanomaterials in gastric cancer:A bibliometric study

BACKGROUND Recent reviews have outlined the main nanomaterials used in relation to gastrointestinal tumors and described the basic properties of these materials.However,the research hotspots and trends in the application of nanomaterials in gastric cancer(GC)remain obscure.AIM To demonstrate the knowledge structure and evolutionary trends of research into the application of nanomaterials in GC.METHODS Publications related to the application of nanomaterials in GC were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection for this systematic review and bibliometric study.VOSviewer and CiteSpace were used for bibliometric and visualization analyses.RESULTS From 2000 to 2022,the application of nanomaterials in GC developed rapidly.The keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that the related research topics were divided into three clusters:(1)The application of nanomaterials in GC treatment;(2)The application and toxicity of nanomaterials in GC diagnosis;and(3)The effects of nanomaterials on the biological behavior of GC cells.Complexes,silver nanoparticles,and green synthesis are the latest high-frequency keywords that represent promising future research directions.CONCLUSION The application of nanomaterials in GC diagnosis and treatment and the mechanisms of their effects on GC cells have been major themes in this field over the past 23 years.

Recent advances in living cell nucleic acid probes based on nanomaterials for early cancer diagnosis

The early diagnosis of cancer is vital for effective treatment and improved prognosis. Tumor biomarkers, which can be used for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation of cancer, have emerged as a topic of intense research interest in recent years. Nucleic acid, as a type of tumor biomarker, contains vital genetic information, which is of great significance for the occurrence and development of cancer. Currently, living cell nucleic acid probes, which enable the in situ imaging and dynamic monitoring of nucleic acids, have become a rapidly developing field. This review focuses on living cell nucleic acid probes that can be used for the early diagnosis of tumors. We describe the fundamental design of the probe in terms of three units and focus on the roles of different nanomaterials in probe delivery.

Research Analysis on the Microscopic Properties and Damping Performance of Carbon Nanomaterial-Modified Cement Mortar

The application of carbon nanomaterials, particularly graphene and carbon nanotubes, in cement-based composites is highly significant. These materials demonstrate the multifunctionality of carbon and offer extensive possibilities for technological advancements. This research analyzes how the integration of graphene into cement-based composites enhances damping and mechanical properties, thereby contributing to the safety and durability of structures. Research on carbon nanomaterials is ongoing and is expected to continue driving innovation across various industrial sectors, promoting the sustainable development of building materials.

Preparation of Corncob-Like WO3 Nanomaterials and Their Photocatalytic Treatment of Toluene

Corn rod-like WO3 nanomaterials were successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The morphology, structure and optical absorption properties of the prepared samples were characterized by SEM, XRD, FTIR and UV-Vis-DRS. The WO3 materials were corn rod-like morphology with about 800 nm for length and 150 nm for diameter, especially there were plenty of corn particles (about 20 nm) on the surface of corn rods. The X-ray diffraction peaks of the products corresponded with WO3 standard card, and the characteristic peak of W-O bond was found in the infrared spectrum. The absorption band edge of the products was about 480 nm, indicating their potential visible-light-induced photocatalytic activity. In situ FTIR technology research showed that the prepared WO3 nanomaterials had visible photocatalytic activity to gas-phase toluene. After a photocatalytic reaction for 8 hours toluene was effectively degraded, and carboxylic acid and aldehyde could be regarded as the intermediate products, and CO2 was produced as the final product during the reaction process.

Utilization of Nanomaterials as Anode Modifiers for Improving Microbial Fuel Cells Performance

Microbial fuel cells(MFCs)are an attractive innovation at the nexus of energy and water security for the future.MFC utilizes electrochemically active microorganisms to oxidize biodegradable substrates and generate bioelectricity in a single step.The material of the anode plays a vital role in increasing the MFC’s power output.The anode in MFC can be upgraded using nanomaterials providing benefits of exceptional physicochemical properties.The nanomaterials in anode gives a high surface area,improved electron transfer promotes electroactive biofilm.Enhanced power output in terms of Direct current(DC)can be obtained as the consequence of improved microbe-electrode interaction.However,several limitations like complex synthesis and degeneration of property do exist in the development of nanomaterial-based anode.The present review discusses different renewable nanomaterial applied in the anode to recover bioelectricity in MFC.Carbon nanomaterials have emerged in the past decade as promising materials for anode construction.Composite materials have also demonstrated the capacity to become potential anode materials of choice.Application of a few transition metal oxides have been explored for efficient extracellular electron transport(EET)from microbes to the anode.

SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF NANOMATERIALS IN MICROELECTRONICS

The technology boom in microelectronics and telecommunication industry has presented a unique opportunity for nanomaterials. Nanomaterials enable the creation of unique devices, components and systems through the control of matter on a near molecular level. These new devices, components and systems will exhibit novel physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, optical and biological properties. The synthesis processes of nanomaterials are reviewed and the applications of nanomatorials in microelectronics are discussed in this paper.

Application of Nanomaterials in the Rapid Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms

Pathogenic microorganisms can cause infectious diseases in the human body and cause harm to humans.Under the continuous changes of human life style,sudden infectious diseases and sudden pathogenic microbial contamination in food have brought great challenges to human health.Traditional pathogenic microorganism detection is mainly carried out in laboratories with low speed,and requires experienced operators,which greatly affects the detection efficiency,and real-time monitoring cannot be achieved in the face of epidemics or food contamination.In response to these new situations,new on-site rapid detection methods have become a must,but to achieve the purpose of on-site rapid and immediate detection,higher requirements have been put forward to sensitivity and specificity.Due to their special photoelectric properties and adsorption properties,nanomaterials have gradually been applied in on-site rapid detection methods such as biosensors,and some substantial progress has been made.In this study,we introduced the actual application of nanomaterials in testing and their applications in on-site rapid testing,and made some prospects for the development of on-site rapid testing methods.

不同方法对根管内氢氧化钙去除效果的micro-CT评价

目的:应用显微CT(micro-computed tomography,micro-CT)建立磨牙根管模型,评价不同方法对氢氧化钙的清除效率。方法:收集2023年10月—2024年2月口腔综合科门诊拔除的11颗磨牙(24个根管),按照标准根管治疗流程,镍钛器械预备完成后,在根管内置入氢氧化钙,1周后,根据不同冲洗方法将样本随机分为侧方开口注射器组、超声荡洗组(EMS组)和声波震荡组(EDDY组)等3组(n=8)。冲洗前后使用micro-CT重建根管系统并使用不同颜色标记独立根管,计算各个根管氢氧化钙体积,比较各组氢氧化钙清除率。采用SPSS 19.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:3种方法均无法完全去净根管内氢氧化钙。使用次氯酸钠作为冲洗液时,超声荡洗和声波震荡清除效果优于侧方开口冲洗器(P<0.05);超声荡洗和声波震荡去除氢氧化钙效率相当,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);氢氧化钙残留部位集中于根尖区。结论:Micro-CT能较为高效地重建磨牙根管模型,可用于评价氢氧化钙去除效果。超声荡洗组和声波震荡组清除氢氧化钙效率相当,优于侧方开口注射器组。

Recent developments in nanofiltration membranes based on nanomaterials

Nanofiltration membranes are the core elements for nanofiltration process. The chemical structures and physical properties of nanofiltration membranes determine water permeability, solute selectivity, mechanical/thermal stability, and antifouling properties, which greatly influence the separation efficiency and operation cost in nanofiltration applications. In recent years, a great progress has been made in the development of high performance nanofiltration membranes based on nanomaterials. Considering the increasing interest in this field, this paper reviews the recent studies on the nanofiltration membranes comprising various nanomaterials, including the metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanomaterials, metal–organic frameworks(MOFs), water channel proteins, and organic micro/nanoparticles. Finally, a perspective is given on the further exploitation of advanced nanomaterials and novel strategy for fabricating nano-based nanofiltration membranes. Moreover,the development of precision instruments and simulation techniques is necessary for the characterization of membrane microstructure and investigation of the separation and antifouling mechanism of nanofiltration membranes prepared with nanomaterials.

Controlled Growth of One-Dimensional Oxide Nanomaterials

This article reviews the recent developments in the controlled growth of one-dimensional （1D） oxide nanomaterials, including ZnO, SnO2, In203, Ga203, SiOx, MgO, and Al203. The growth of 2D oxide nanomaterials was carried out in a simple chemical vapor transport and condensation system. This article will begin with a survey of nanotechnology and 1D nanomaterials achieved by many researchers, and then mainly discuss on the controlled growth of ID oxide nanomaterials with their morphologies, sizes, compositions, and microstructures controlled by altering experimental parameters, such as the temperature at the source material and the substrate, temperature gradient in the tube furnace, the total reaction time, the heating rate of the furnace, the gas flow rate, and the starting material. Their roles in the formation of various morphologies are analyzed and discussed. Finally, this review will be concluded with personal perspectives on the future research directions of this area.

A Review on Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Biomedical Applications and Risks in Environment and Health

Graphene-based nanomaterials(GBNs) have attracted increasing interests of the scientific community due to their unique physicochemical properties and their applications in biotechnology, biomedicine, bioengineering, disease diagnosis and therapy. Although a large amount of researches have been conducted on these novel nanomaterials, limited comprehensive reviews are published on their biomedical applications and potential environmental and human health effects. The present research aimed at addressing this knowledge gap by examining and discussing:(1) the history, synthesis,structural properties and recent developments of GBNs for biomedical applications;(2) GBNs uses as therapeutics,drug/gene delivery and antibacterial materials;(3) GBNs applications in tissue engineering and in research as biosensors and bioimaging materials; and(4) GBNs potential environmental effects and human health risks. It also discussed the perspectives and challenges associated with the biomedical applications of GBNs.

High-Performance Li-ion Batteries and Super-capacitors Based on Prospective 1-D Nanomaterials

One-dimensional（1-D） nanomaterials with superior specific capacity, higher rate capability, better cycling peroperties have demonstrated significant advantages for high-performance Li-ion batteries and supercapacitors. This review describes some recent developments on the rechargeable electrodes by using 1-D nanomaterials（such as Li Mn2O4 nanowires, carbon nanofibers, Ni Mo O4 · n H2O nanorods, V2O5 nanoribbons,carbon nanotubes, etc.）. New preparation methods and superior electrochemical properties of the 1-D nanomaterials including carbon nanotube（CNT）, some oxides, transition metal compounds and polymers, and their composites are emphatically introduced. The VGCF/Li Fe PO4/C triaxial nanowire cathodes for Li-ion battery present a positive cycling performance without any degradation in almost theoretical capacity（160 m Ah/g）.The Si nanowire anodes for Li-ion battery show the highest known theoretical charge capacity（4277 m Ah/g）,that is about 11 times lager than that of the commercial graphite（372 m Ah/g）. The SWCNT/Ni foam electrodes for supercapacitor display small equivalent series resistance（ESR, 52 m?） and impressive high power density（20 k W/kg）. The advantages and challenges associated with the application of these materials for energy conversion and storage devices are highlighted.