Wear resistance of Zr/WC composite coatings on Cr12MoV steel surface by electric spark deposition

Zr/WC composite coating was prepared on the surface of Cr12MoV steel by electric spark deposition technology to change its surface properties. The surface and worn surface morphology of the coating were observed using scanning electron microscope. Dry friction and wear tests of the coatings were carried out at room temperature. The results show that the coating is continuous and uniform, and the thickness was about 50-60 μm. The microhardness of the coating surface was highest at 1140 HV_(200g), which was significantly higher than that of the substrate. The ear tests results show that the wear weight loss, wear volume and wear rate follow the following rules: Cr12MoV>WC coating> Zr/WC composite coating.

Effects of silver powder particle size on the microstructure and properties of Ag-Yb_2O_3 electrical contact materials prepared by spark plasma sintering

mg-Yb203 electrical contact materials were fabricated by spark plasma sintefing （SPS）. The effects of silver powder particle size on the microstructure and properties of the samples were investigated. The surface morphologies of the sintered samples were examined by optical microscope （OM）, and the fracture morphologies were observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The physical and mechanical properties such as density, electrical resistivity, microhardness, and tensile strength were also tested. The results show that the silver powder particle size has evident effects on the sintered materials. Comparing with coarse silver powder （5 ktm）, homogeneous and fme microstmcture was obtained by fine silver powder （_〈0.5-1am）. At the same time, the electrical conductivity, microhardness, and tensile strength of the sin- tered samples with fine silver powder were higher than those of the samples with coarse silver powder. However, silver powder particle size has little influence on the relative densities, which of all samples （both by free and coarse silver powders） is more than 95%. The fracture characteristics are ductile.

Electric and mechanical performances of Bi_(0.5)Sb_(1.5)Te_(3) prepared by spark plasma sintering

Thermoelectric(TE)materials are a kind of functional materials which can be used to convert directly heat energy to electricity or reversely.The thermoelectric effects hold great potential for application in power generation and refrigeration.Bi_(2)Te_(3)and its alloys are well known as best TE materials currently available near room temperature.This paper studies respectively the effects of spark plasma sintering(SPS)on electric performance of Bi_(0.5)Sb_(1.5)Te_(3)thermoelectric materials that are prepared through vacuum melting and ball milling.Through X-ray Diffraction and cold field emission scanning electric microscope s4800,the phase constituent and microstructure of the TE materials samples were analyzed.Electric conductivity and power factor can be improved with the rise of Spark Plasma Sintering temperature(from 300 to 500℃)and pressure(from 30 to 60 MPa),and the density and mechanical strength of Bi_(0.5)Sb_(1.5)Te_(3)thermoelectric material increase,too.

Electrical Conductivity of Spark Plasma Sintered W-Cu and Mo-Cu Composites for Electrical Contact Applications

Tungsten copper and molybdenum copper composites, with weight percent copper in the range of 20% - 40%, have been produced using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. Other specimens having similar compositions were also developed using the conventional techniques of Liquid Phase Sintering (LPS) and Infiltration. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that the specimens produced by the SPS process had substantially higher levels of electrical conductivity than those produced by the other methods. Relative density measurements showed that the SPS specimens achieved very high densification, with relative densities in the range of 99.1% - 100%. On the other hand, the specimens produced by LPS and infiltration had relative densities in the range of 88% - 92% and 96% - 98% respectively. The superior conductivity of the SPS specimens has been attributed to the virtually full densification achieved by the process. The effect of porosity on electrical conductivity has been discussed and three standard models were assessed using results from porous sintered skeletons of pure tungsten and pure molybdenum.

Electric Spark Sensitivity of Polynitro Compounds. Part V. A Relationship between Electric Spark and Impact Sensitivities of Energetic Materials

The spark energy, E ES , required for 50 percent initiation probability of 41 polynitro compounds was determined. The relationships between the E ES values and impact sensitivity, expressed as drop energies E d of the "first reaction", were established and discussed. The conclusion is made that depending on intermolecular interaction factors in crystals of energetic materials, the mechanism of impact energy transition to the reaction centre of their molecule can be differ from that of transition of energy of electric spark.

Thermal-electrical Coupled Analysis and Experimental Investigation on Spark Plasma Sintering of SiC Ceramics

Finite element simulations were conducted to study the mechanism of spark plasma sintering. The spark plasma sintering of SiC ceramics was simulated by the Marc software based on the load current curve and temperature-time curve deserved by SPS experiment. The concept of equivalent radiation coefficient was presented and applied during the simulation. The temperature distribution regularity of SiC ceramics sintered by SPS technology was got by thermal-electrical coupled finite element simulation. The experimental results show that by thermal-electrical coupled finite element analysis, the temperature rising and distribution regularity of nonconductive material can be preferable forecasted in the sintering process of SPS. In the initial stage of the heat preservation, the temperature of the central part of the sample has achieved sintering temperature, but now, the temperature of the sample is not uniform. The temperature for each part of the die is also quite different and the sample temperature in the center is higher than that in the edge. In the end of heat preservation, the central temperature of the sample is 50 ℃higher than the required sintering temperature, and the temperature gap for each part of the die decreases gradually.

Reactive synthesis Ti （CN） -based metal ceramic coating by electric-spark deposition

Electric-spark deposition （ESD） was adopted for depositing a Ti（ CN） -based ceramic coating on the TC4 titanium alloy substrate using a laboratory-developed electric-spark deposition system, a nitrogen-sealed atmosphere and graphite electrode. The surface morphology, microstructure, interfacial behavior between the coatings and substrate, phase and element composition of the coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscope （ SEM ） , X-ray diffraction （ XRD ） , X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （ XPS ） and Auger electron spectroscopy （ AES ） . Microhardness profile was measured with a Vickers microhardness tester. The results show that metallurgical bond between the coating and substrate is realized and the phase of coatings are made up of Ti（ CN ） spherocrystal and dendritic crystal, TiV and C. Ti（ CN） ceramic particles, which is in-situ synthesized by the reaction among titanium from the substrate, carbon from the graphite electrode and nitrogen from the shielding nitrogen gas, is about 600 mn and distributes dispersively among the coatings. Microharduess profile falls off with the coatings thickness increasing and the highest microhardness values of the superficial coating could be up to 1 496HV, which is six times more than that of the substrate.

Relationship between Electric Spark Sensitivity of Cyclic Nitramines and Their Molecular Electronic Properties

On the basis of the structural and electronic properties of 14 different cyclic nitramine molecules, two types of formulas are employed to predict their electric spark sensitivity. One contains the minimum Mulliken charges of nitro group, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, and the ratio of carbon to oxygen; the other contains the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy, the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, and the ratio of carbon to oxygen. Using these two types of formulas, we calculate the electric spark sensitivity of these 14 cyclic nitramine molecules, and compare them with the experimental data and previous theoretical values. And our investigations show that the former type of formula is better than the latter on predicting the electric spark sensitivity for cyclic nitramine molecules.

A new look on the electric spark sensitivity of nitramines

Electric spark energy,E_(ES),for a 50%probability of initiation of the 14 nitramines was determined using a measuring instrument in which the electrodes are in direct contact with the sample.Indirectly proportional relationships were established between the logarithm of the E_(ES)values and the length of the longest N-N bond in the nitramine molecule.This finding is compatible with the mechanism of the first step in the electro-reduction of the nitramine grouping.Directly proportional relationships were found to exist between the E_(ES)values and the crystal lattice free volumes,ΔV(i.e.an increase in theΔV values increases the nitramine's resistance to electric sparks)but there were several nitramines with the opposite course of this relationship.Also a semilogarithic relationships between the E_(ES)values and a ratio of intrinsic volumes of molecule,V_(int),to theΔV values were described as well as ambiguous linear dependence between these energies and a sum of the positive and negative extremes of the molecular surface electrostatic potentials,V_(S,∑).Several nitramines studied(always the same ones)display roughly the same distribution in the coordinate systems of relationships with lengths of the longest N-N bonds,the Vint/ΔV ratio and the sum V_(S,∑)as the independent variables.It was found that,typically,such relationships start from a single identical point,in effect a point corresponding to data for a structural unit from which tho studied nitramines can be hypothetically generated,and/or are converging on another point,often the one corresponding to the data for HNIW.All the findings point to a fundamental influence of the intermolecular forces on reactivity of nitramines exposed to electric sparks.

DK7732-1 Electric Spark CNC Wire-Cuffing Machine

The machine tool is one of the new products developed and produced by the Shanghai No.8 Machine Tool Plant. It adopts a lift adjustable wiretrame and molybdenum filament tensioning mechanism with large cutting thickness and high machining precision. It is equipped with an advanced IBM-PC 386 microcomputer-controlled system, with strong performance and CRT display. Man/

DK7763A Digitalcontrolled Electric Spark Wire Cutter

The DK7763A digital-controlled electric spark wire cutter, developed by the Tianjin Tianyi Digital-controlled Machinery Holdings Co. Ltd, is used in processing large modules and large precision parts. In 1995 it was awarded the title of state-level new product. It has a T-type body,rational Structure and

Formation of Diffuse and Spark Discharges in Nonuniform Electric Field in Elevated Pressure Gases

Diffuse and spark discharges are formed and studied during breakdowns with nonuniform electric field in nitrogen,air,and argon at elevated pressures and pulse repetition frequency of 400 Hz.Negative-polarity voltage pulses of the amplitude 20 kV,width at the base of 15 ns and rise time of 2 ns are applied to the electrode with a small radius of curvature.In the conditions of generation of runaway electron beams and X-rays,a CCD camera records the time of the diffuse discharge formation and its duration prior to its transition to a spark one.In all three gases,the diffuse discharge is formed during the time not exceeding 1 ns,when the bright spots appear on cathode in argon and air resulting in the beginning of the spark channel propagation.

Electric ignition energy evaluation and the energy distribution structure of energy released in electrostatic discharge process

Ignition energy is one of tbe important parameters of flammable materials, and evaluating ignition energy precisely is essential to the safety of process industry and combustion science and technology. By using electric spark discharge test system, a series of electric spark discharge experiments were conducted with the capacitor-stored energy in the range of 10 J, 100 J, and 1000 J, respectively. The evaluation method for energy consumed by electric spark, wire, and switch during capacitor discharge process has been studied respectively. The resistance of wire, switch, and plasma between electrodes has been evaluated by different methods and an optimized evaluation method has been obtained. The electric energy consumed by wire, electric switch, and electric spark-induced plasma between electrodes were obtained and the energy structure of capacitor-released energy was analyzed. The dynamic process and the characteristic parameters （the maximum power, duration of discharge process） of electric spark discharge process have been analyzed. Experimental results showed that, electric spark-consumed energy only accounts for 8%-14% of the capacitor-released energy. With the increase of capacitor-released energy, the duration of discharge process becomes longer, and the energy of plasma accounts for more in the capacitor-released energy. The power of electric spark varies with time as a damped sinusoids function and the period and the maximum value increase with the capacitor-released energy.

Determination of the Trigger-Electrode Position for the Field-Distortion Spark Gap

The optimal axial position of the trigger-electrode of the field-distortion spark gap is investigated through electric field calculation. The electric fields of the gap are calculated when locating trigger-electrode at different positions. It is shown that if the distance d between the trigger electrode and the low electric potential electrode is greater than 1.3 mm, the maximum field intensity occurs at the edge of the trigger-electrode, which will facilitate the generation of multi-channel discharge. According to calculated results, the working characteristics of the gap is investigated and it shows that when d=1.4 mm the field distortion gap can be triggered reliably.

基于Spark的电力设备在线监测数据可视化方法

大数据可视化可以实现海量电力设备在线监测数据中各种属性、运行状态等电力特征信息的图形、图像化直观呈现,为设备运行状态的及时有效监控分析提供有力保障。因此,本文提出一种基于Spark的电力设备在线监测数据可视化方法,为实现大数据环境下的电力设备在线监测数据的状态信息快速提取,在Spark大数据计算平台上,建立了基于设备状态评估指标体系与模糊C均值聚类(FCM)的电力设备状态信息提取算法。针对数据的多维、时序特性,构建三维平行散点图的数据可视化展现形式,实现电力设备在线监测数据信息全貌的可视化展现。将该方法运用于吉林省某风电场的风电机组在线监测数据集,实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。

基于Spark和IPPSO_LSSVM的短期分布式电力负荷预测算法

为了提高电力负荷预测的精度,应对单机运算资源不足的挑战,提出一种改进并行化粒子群算法优化的最小二乘支持向量机短期负荷预测模型。通过引入Spark on YARN内存计算平台,将改进并行粒子群优化(IPPSO)算法部署在平台上,对最小二乘支持向量机(LSSVM)的不确定参数进行算法优化,利用优化后的参数进行负荷预测。通过引入并行化和分布式的思想,提高算法预测准确率和处理海量高维数据的能力。采用EUNITE提供的真实负荷数据,在8节点的云计算集群上进行实验和分析,结果表明所提分布式电力负荷预测算法精度优于传统的泛化神经网络算法,在执行效率上优于基于Map Reduce的分布式在线序列优化学习机算法,且提出的算法具有较好的并行能力。

高静压下两间隙气体开关结构及电场优化设计

为解决可控冲击波设备的两间隙气体火花开关在非常规页岩油开发中结构强度不够的问题,提出了一种适用于高静压、有限空间中的气体火花开关结构强度与电场分布同步优化的设计方法。基于有限元模拟与理论分析,评估了50 MPa外部高静压对气体火花开关结构强度的影响,针对结构强度足够的气体火花开关模型,通过高斯定理对开关内部的电场分布进行了优化分析,给出了两电极气体火花开关结构强度与电场分布同步优化的设计方案。研究结果表明:开关结构强度主要与腔室壁厚正相关,而壁厚的增加会提高开关异常放电概率,在特定的壁厚参数下,电极半径存在最佳值使得绝缘子表面电场强度最低。在保证结构强度的前提下,对现有开关电场分布进行了优化分析,优化后的开关间隙电场的不均匀度有轻微提高,而高压绝缘子内、外表面电场强度分别衰减了59.6%与31.0%。通过先增加结构强度、后优化电场分布的方法,实现了对冲击波设备的两电极气体火花开关结构强度与电场分布的同步优化。

一种基于Spark的大数据匿名化系统实现

分组匿名化框架是一类经典的数据匿名化技术,它通过构造匿名记录的组,使得同一组内的不同数据无法被识别区分,从而达到隐私防护的效果。电力行业大数据分析涉及电力企业核心数据、用户隐私数据,其数据敏感度更强,传统的数据匿名化系统已经无法满足电力行业大数据业务应用和安全防护的需要。基于此,设计并实现了一种基于Spark的新型大数据匿名化系统,提供对Hadoop平台上多种数据格式的支持,并有效提高对大数据的匿名化处理效率。

交直流输电线路混合电场的人体感受试验及设计控制值研究

交直流输电线路同走廊和同塔架设是随着我国电网技术发展而出现的新输电方式,国内外尚无相应的交直流混合电场设计控制值标准。因此,设计同走廊和同塔架设的交直流输电线路时,导线对地高度和走廊宽度的选取面临无据可依的难题。该文提出确定交直流混合电场设计控制值的原则;开展不同交流(工频)电场和直流电场组合下的人体直接感受和暂态电击感受试验;通过对试验结果的统计分析,获得不同概率下人体不出现明显感受时的交流(工频)电场和直流电场关系曲线;在此基础上,得出确定交直流输电线路混合电场设计控制值的公式。该研究可为同走廊和同塔架设交直流输电线路设计中交直流混合电场的控制提供一定技术支撑。

海洋电火花震源地震数据子波处理技术及应用

与海洋地震勘探中传统的气枪震源相比,海洋电火花震源由于其声学特性,在激发过程中会产生多个压力脉冲,同时由于海洋地震勘探中鬼波的干扰,使得电火花震源子波中具有更多的旁瓣,限制了地震子波的带宽,降低了地震数据的分辨率。电火花震源子波处理一般使用反褶积,但是反褶积技术单一,不能有效解决电火花震源子波复杂的问题。基于此,介绍了电火花震源子波复杂的原因,使用鬼波压制技术、tau-p域预测反褶积技术、零相位化技术对电火花震源子波进行处理,解决电火花数据子波形态不规则的问题,对鬼波进行了有效压制,恢复了电火花震源的子波频带,获得了宽频地震数据,提高了地震数据的分辨率,丰富了低频信息,提高了同相轴的识别能力。