Near-field properties of diffraction through a circular subwavelength-size aperture

Analytical nonparaxial vectorial electric field expressions for both Gaussian beams and plane waves diffracted through a circular aperture are derived by using the vector plane angular spectrum method for the first time, which is suitable for the subwavelength aperture and the near-field region. The transverse properties of intensity distributions and their evolutions with the propagating distance, and the power transmission functions for diffracted fields containing the whole field, the evanescent field and the propagating field are investigated in detail, which is helpful for understanding the relationship between evanescent and propagating components in the near-field region and can be applied to apertured near-field scanning optical microscopy.

Ocean wave diffraction in near-shore regions observed by Synthetic Aperture Radar

Observation and analysis of ocean wave diffraction in near-shore and near-island region was performed with Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） data, using an optimized retrieval method named parameterized first-guess spectrum retrieval method. The results retrieved from ERS-SAR and ENVISAT-ASAR images showed that, in the region sheltered by land jut, the energy of long waves is reduced by 10%-20% and that the propagation direction of long waves is changed due to the effect of topography. In the shadow zone behind the island, ocean wave can propagate along the seashore instead of perpendicular to the coastline, as shown by SAR images.

Study correlation vortices in the near-field of partially coherent vortex beams diffracted by an aperture

We have derived the analytical expression of the electric cross-spectral density in the near- field of partially coherent vortex beams diffracted by an aperture. Taking the Caussian Schell-model vortex beam as a typical example of partially coherent vortex beams, the spatial correlation properties and correlation vortices in the near-field of partially coherent vortex beams diffracted by a rectangle aperture are studied. It is shown that the off-axis displacement, spatial degree of coherence parameter, propagation distance, and the opening factor of the aperture affect the spectral degree of coherence and positions of correlation vortices. With the optimization algorithm, we obtain the symmetric distributing coherent vortex.

Large aperture phase-coded diffractive lens for achromatic and 16°field-of-view imaging with high efficiency

Diffractive lenses(DLs)can realize high-resolution imaging with light weight and compact size.Conventional DLs suffer large chromatic and off-axis aberrations,which significantly limits their practical applications.Although many achromatic methods have been proposed,most of them are used for designing small aperture DLs,which have low diffraction efficiencies.In the designing of diffractive achromatic lenses,increasing the aperture and improving the diffraction efficiency have become two of the most important design issues.Here,a novel phase-coded diffractive lens(PCDL)for achromatic imaging with a large aperture and high efficiency is proposed and demonstrated experimentally,and it also possesses wide field-of-view(FOV)imaging at the same time.The phase distribution of the conventional phase-type diffractive lens(DL)is coded with a cubic function to expand both the working bandwidth and the FOV of conventional DL.The proposed phase-type DL is fabricated by using the laser direct writing of grey-scale patterns for a PCDL of a diameter of 10 mm,a focal length of 100 mm,and a cubic phase coding parameter of 30π.Experimental results show that the working bandwidth and the FOV of the PCDL respectively reach 50 nm and 16°with over 8%focusing efficiency,which are in significant contrast to the counterparts of conventional DL and in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.This work provides a novel way for implementing the achromatic,wide FOV,and high-efficiency imaging with large aperture DL.

利用COMSOL软件验证Fraunhofer Diffraction及实验探究

对夫琅禾费衍射的一般形式进行了理论推导,并且利用直接计算法求解了单缝、圆孔、正三边形、正四边形及正六边形孔径的夫琅禾费衍射的光强分布。随后,通过COMSOL Multiphysics这一种广泛使用的用数学方法求解真实世界的物理现象的软件,进行仿真,最终得出了对应不同衍射孔径的夫琅禾费衍射图样和光强分布,并且进行了相应正多边形的衍射实验,得到实际的衍射图样,对比得出实验结果与仿真具有良好的对应性。使用基于COMSOL Multiphysics的“波形偏微分方程”接口对该问题进行数值求解,并描绘出相应的衍射图样和光强分布,该方法适用于正多边形孔径的夫琅禾费衍射,并有助于理解观察波动光学中夫琅禾费衍射的本质和现象。此外,仿真结果与实验共同表明衍射孔的边数和衍射尖峰数存在一定的关系。

Resolution Enhancement in Ultrasonic TOFD Imaging by Combining Sparse Deconvolution and Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique(Sparse-SAFT)

The shallow subsurface defects are difficult to be identified and quantified by ultrasonic time-of-flight diffraction(TOFD)due to the low resolution induced by pulse width and beam spreading.In this paper,Sparse-SAFT is proposed to improve the time resolution and lateral resolution in TOFD imaging by combining sparse deconvolution and synthetic aperture focusing technique(SAFT).The mathematical model in the frequency domain is established based on the l1 and l2 norm constraints,and the optimization problem is solved for enhancing time resolution.On this basis,SAFT is employed to improve lateral resolution by delay-and-sum beamforming.The simulated and experimental results indicate that the lateral wave and tip-diffracted waves can be decoupled with Sparse-SAFT.The shallow subsurface defects with a height of 3.0 mm at the depth of 3.0 mm were detected quantitatively,and the relative measurement errors of flaw heights and depths were no more than 10.3%.Compared to conventional SAFT,the time resolution and lateral resolution are enhanced by 72.5 and 56%with Sparse-SAFT,respectively.Finally,the proposed method is also suitable for improving resolution to detect the defects beyond dead zone.

Propagation Characteristics of Airy-Gaussian Beams Passing through a Misaligned Optical System with Finite Aperture

Propagation characteristics of finite Airy-Gaussian beams through an apertured misaligned first-order ABCD optical system are studied. In this work, the generalized Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral and the expansion of the hard aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions are used. The propagation of Airy-Gaussian beam passing through: an unapertured misaligned optical system, an apertured aligned ABCD optical system and an unapertured aligned ABCD optical system are derived here as particular cases of the main finding. Some numerical simulations are performed in the paper.

Intensity Distribution of the Finite Olver Beams through a Paraxial ABCD Optical System with an Aperture of Basis Annular Aperture

Based on the Collins diffraction formula and by means of the expansion of a hard aperture function into a finite sum of complex Gaussian functions, two analytical approaches of the Finite Olver beams (FOBs) passing through a paraxial ABCD optical system with a circular annular aperture or a rectangular one are developed in this paper. The propagation properties of the FOBs through an unapertured ABCD optical system or through this last with a circular (or rectangular) aperture or a circular (or rectangular) black screen are deduced, from the main results, as particular cases. Also, the characteristics of Finite ordinary Airy beam passing through the all considered optical systems are derived here that correspond to zeroth-order of the FOBs. According to the predicted formulas, computer simulation examples are given to deepen the understanding of the characteristics of the FOBs passing through some optical systems of annular aperture basis.

太阳辐照度测量中孔径光阑衍射效应

针对当前在辐照度测量中对孔径光阑衍射效应的评估仍停留在理论计算层面,无法评估衍射修正结果不确定度的现状,研究了光阑衍射效应实验检测方法,以校正孔径光阑的衍射效应并提升太阳总辐照度的测量精度。基于暗场成像技术和夫琅和费远场衍射理论,设计孔径光阑的衍射效应检测方法,开展检测实验,通过研究探测器线性度标定、背景信号校正、衍射图像数据分析等,建立数据修正处理流程,获取孔径光阑在前结构的太阳绝对辐射计衍射效应值,并对实验结果进行不确定度分析。测试结果显示:衍射效应测量值为8.81×10^(-4),合成不确定度为6.49%。研究成果将为我国下一代风云气象卫星太阳辐射监测仪衍射效应的精确校正及实现高精度太阳总辐照度的测量奠定关键技术基础。

折/衍混合光学系统在纳型星敏感器中的应用

微纳卫星是一种新兴的微小卫星,与之适配的纳型星敏感器的光学系统应在小型化的同时实现大相对孔径、高成像质量。针对这一需求,由星敏感器的系统设计精度和探测星等分配了光学系统设计参数及指标,设计了一种全视场17°、焦距25 mm、相对孔径1∶1.086、光学系统总长36.4 mm的七片式折衍混合结构的星敏感器光学系统。根据衍射元件的负色散特性,用折衍混合透镜代替常规材料正负透镜组合的方式减少了镜片数量,缩短了光学系统长度,并提高了光学系统的成像质量,使点扩散函数趋于正态分布,有利于质心提取精度的提高。所设计的光学系统在3×3像元内的能量集中度超过90%;最大畸变仅0.013%;全视场垂轴色差小于0.6μm。通过标量衍射理论计算衍射元件在520~780 nm内衍射效率可以达80%以上,通过杂散光分析软件ASAP对系统进行了视场内鬼像分析,系统在多级衍射时探测目标成像光斑路径下的光通量与最亮鬼像光斑路径下的光通量之比大于3.17×10^(4),验证了在极限星等为6.5时满足信噪比大于8.1的结论。最后对所设计的系统进行了公差分析,结果表明加工后该光学系统可满足微纳卫星对星敏感器的使用要求。

数字化演示实验助力光学慕课西行——以圆孔衍射实验为例

为了提升光学慕课西行线上同步课堂的教学效果,中山大学光学教学团队运用数字化技术手段,在课堂上通过多镜头线上实时呈现光学演示实验结果,实现了理论与实验相结合,为专业课教学提供数字化教学以及定量分析的功能.以圆孔衍射演示实验为例,从标量衍射理论出发推导圆孔夫琅禾费衍射以及菲涅耳衍射公式,同时测量圆孔衍射的光斑图样随衍射距离的变化.通过对比理论分析与实验结果,将专业课理论数字化呈现,并通过云端实现同步效果,有助于学生理解相关知识点,提升课程的教学效果.

高斯激光束在Fraunhofer圆孔衍射成像中的球差

基于标量衍射理论,利用Zernike多项式法构建像差函数,并将其应用到ZEMAX中,研究高斯型激光束在透镜与圆孔距离较大时的Fraunhofer圆孔衍射成像中的球差.实验和理论模拟结果表明,透镜及圆孔和透镜距离对产生球差的影响较大,当选择优化的非球面透镜、较高折射率的透镜材料和小视场时,可有效降低由圆孔和透镜距离较大而产生的球差,从而有效提升衍射成像质量.

基于小孔天线设计的衍射研究

以小孔天线的衍射为背景,对夫琅禾费一般衍射积分公式进行了推导并给出了夫琅禾费积分的单次快速傅里叶变换的计算方法,对基本图形的衍射场进行计算,并推理出多边形多角星的计算思路。通过实验和Matlab模拟得到了实验结果和衍射现象的规律,衍射规律可以应用于小孔天线设计中的孔径研究。

职教本科院校公共基础课程教学创新与思政融合研究——以大学物理“夫琅禾费圆孔衍射”为例

以职教本科院校公共基础大学物理课程波动光学篇章的“夫琅禾费圆孔衍射”教学实施为例,讨论了职业院校公共基础课程教学创新以及课程思政有效融合的研究和实践.在教学过程中,教师创新教学方法、优化教学内容,将大学物理课程与思政元素有机融合,赋予大学物理课程创新教学模式,激发并保持学生的学习兴趣,通过探索物理现象,揭示隐藏其中的物理规律,培养学生良好的思维习惯和科学的实践探索能力.

SAW diffraction field generated by source with finite aperture piezoelectric crystal surfaces

So far, the diffracted SAW field generated by an IDT with finite aperture on piezoelectric crystal surfaces is usually analyzed phenomenologically with the angular spectrum theory. A major approximation of this theory is to ignore the vector nature of the field by assuming that the wave field can be represented by a scalar as in optics. In this paper, a rigorous vector field theory of the surface excitation of elastic wave field in piezoelectric crystal developed by the authors is used to evaluate the SAW diffraction field adepately and precisely. As an example, numerical results for YZ-LiNbO3 are presented and compared with those obtained form the angular spectrum theory.

Fraunhofer diffraction of irregular apertures by Heisenberg uncertainty Monte Carlo model

Geometrical optics and the Monte Carlo method are very flexible in dealing with the interaction of light with non-spherical particles, but usually diffraction is not considered. To cover this gap, the Heisenberg Uncertainty Monte Carlo （HUMC） model is applied to calculate separately the diffraction of a ray or a photon. In this paper, we report an improvement of the HUMC model by specifying the phase of the photon subject to the Fraunhofer diffraction condition. After validating the model by comparing its results with analytical results for apertures of simple shapes, the HUMC model is then applied in simulations of Fraunhofer diffraction by apertures of complex shapes, such as those composed of one or two elliptical openings. We have shown that the diffracted intensity distributions of simple apertures obtained by the HUMC model are in good agreement with the results calculated from analytical expressions. The simulations of diffraction by apertures composed of two square or elliptical openings prove that the HUMC model is a powerful and flexible too] for predicting the Fraunhofer diffraction by a complex optical system.

Numerical solutions of Green's integral equation for the diffraction of femtosecond laser pulses through a subwavelength aperture

In this letter, we propose a method for the numerical calculations of the femtosecond laser pulse passed through a subwavelength aperture. The time-dependent laser pulse is decomposed into a series of monochromatic simple harmonic waves. For the light field of the harmonic wave with a single frequency, the numerical calculation is made based on the solution of the Green's integral equation set of the electromagnetic waves. Such numerical solution is iterated for all the waves with different frequencies, and all the numerical solutions are transformed into the light fields in the time domain by inverse Fourier transform. The light intensity distributions transmitted the subwavelength aperture are calculated and the results show the propagation of the light field is along the direction of the medium interface.

红外合成孔径衍射光学系统成像特性建模与分析

基于衍射成像机理,建立红外合成孔径衍射光学系统调制传递函数(MTF)和信噪比(SNR)模型。随后,基于三维时域有限差分(FDTD)方法计算成像系统衍射效率,进而结合调制传递函数与信噪比表征系统成像特性。最后,分析了不同工作波长、视场和填充因子对主镜成像特性的影响。分析结果表明,红外合成孔径衍射光学系统的衍射效率、MTF和信噪比均具有空变、谱变特性,且随主镜填充因子的减小而降低。当填充因子为0.6时,与理想的全孔径系统相比,MTF积分面积降低45.42%,信噪比减小4.92 dB。该模型可用于分析红外合成孔径衍射光学系统成像质量,为成像系统的设计提供参考。

衍射极限储存环束流注入物理方案的设计及模拟

衍射极限储存环(DLSR)作为第四代同步辐射光源,正得到世界各国的大力发展和建设。如何在尽量减小对存储束流扰动情况下,高效率地将束流注入到储存环中,是衍射极限储存环设计与运行中的重要课题之一。传统的局部凸轨注入法有着很长的历史,应用广泛且技术成熟,但是传统凸轨注入法会对存储束流造成扰动,且衍射极限储存环的动力学孔径较小,这给传统凸轨注入法的应用带来了困难。为了解决这些问题,改进了一些传统的离轴注入法,提出并发展了一些在轴的注入方法。合肥先进光源(HALF)是规划建设中的衍射极限储存环光源,基于HALF储存环的物理设计方案,设计并应用了几种离轴或在轴的注入方案,通过粒子跟踪和模拟的方法验证了它们的可行性并研究了注入效率等物理问题,并对模拟结果进行了讨论和总结。

基于GTD模型的多视角多频带ISAR融合成像

多视角多频带逆合成孔径雷达(inverse synthetic aperture radar,ISAR)融合成像技术克服了单雷达成像分辨率受发射带宽和观测视角的限制,是提高ISAR成像的二维分辨率的新手段。在宽带小角度观测条件下,针对目标散射系数随频率变化的情况,提出一种基于几何绕射理论(geometrical theory of diffraction,GTD)模型的多视角多频带ISAR融合成像方法。首先,以GTD模型为基础建立ISAR成像回波模型;然后,将多视角多频带ISAR融合成像问题转化为信号稀疏重构问题,并采用正交匹配追踪算法求解,在保证融合成像质量的同时提高了的成像效率;最后,利用仿真实验验证了所提方法的有效性。