Biomedical rare-earth magnesium alloy:Current status and future prospects

Biomedical magnesium(Mg)alloys have garnered significant attention because of their unique biodegradability,favorable biocompatibility,and suitable mechanical properties.The incorporation of rare earth(RE)elements,with their distinct physical and chemical properties,has greatly contributed to enhancing the mechanical performance,degradation behavior,and biological performance of biomedical Mg alloys.Currently,a series of RE-Mg alloys are being designed and investigated for orthopedic implants and cardiovascular stents,achieving substantial and encouraging research progress.In this work,a comprehensive summary of the state-of-the-art in biomedical RE-Mg alloys is provided.The physiological effects and design standards of RE elements in biomedical Mg alloys are discussed.Particularly,the degradation behavior and mechanical properties,including their underlying action are studied in-depth.Furthermore,the preparation techniques and current application status of RE-Mg alloys are reviewed.Finally,we address the ongoing challenges and propose future prospects to guide the development of high-performance biomedical Mg-RE alloys.

Phase Behavior of Rare Earth Manganites

Among complex oxides containing rare earth and manganese BaLn_2Mn_2O_7 (Ln=rare earth) with the layered perovskite type and Ln_2(Mn, M)O_7 with pyrochlore-related structure were studied since these compounds show many kinds of phases and unique phase transitions. In BaLn_2Mn_2O_7 there appear many phases, depending on the synthetic conditions for each rare earth. The tetragonal phase of so-called Ruddlesden-Popper type is the fundamental structure and many kinds of deformed modification of this structure are obtained. For BaEu_2Mn_2O_7 at least five phases have been identified from the results of X-ray diffraction analysis with the space group P4_2/mnm, Fmmm, Immm and A2/m in addition to the fundamental tetragonal I4/mmm phase. In the pyrochlore-related type compounds, Ln_2Mn_(2-x)M_xO_7 (M=Ta, Nb, W etc), there also appear several phases with different crystal structures. With regard to every rare earth, Ln_2MnTaO_7 phase is stable only for excess Ta and can be obtained under high oxygen partial pressure process. This group has trigonal structure with zirkelite type (P3_121 space group). On the other hand Ln_2Mn_(2/3)Nb_(4/3)O_7 phase has monoclinic (C2/c space group) and zirconolite type structure. All of these structural models have the fundamental structure based on HTB (hexagonal tungsten bronze) layers formed by the arrangement of oxygen octahedra.

Creep behavior of SnAgCu solders with rare earth Ce doping

Extensive testing was carried out to study the effects of rare earth Ce doping on the properties of SnAgCu solder alloys.The addition of 0.03%(mass fraction) rare earth Ce into SnAgCu solder may improve its mechanical properties,but slightly lower its melting temperature.The tensile creep behavior of bulk SnAgCuCe solders was reported and compared with SnAgCu solders.It is found that SnAgCuCe solders show higher creep resistance than SnAgCu alloys.Moreover,Dorn model and Garofalo model are successfully used to describe the creep behavior of SnAgCu and SnAgCuCe alloys.The parameters of the two creep constitutive equations for SnAgCu and SnAgCuCe solders are determined from separated constitutive relations and experimental results.Nonlinear least-squares fitting is selected to determine the model constants.The experimental data of the stress-creep strain rate curves are in good agreement with the theoretical ones.

Leaching behaviors of calcium and magnesium in ion-adsorption rare earth tailings with magnesium sulfate

The leaching behaviors of calcium and magnesium in the rare earth tailings leached with magnesium sulfate using deionized water,CaCl2 solution and lime water were investigated.Experimental data indicated that magnesium in the tailings was easy to be leached out since most of the magnesium was in the form of water-soluble phase.Most of calcium in the lime water was electrostatically adsorbed on the clay mineral of the tailings,and the water-soluble magnesium was also gradually converted into exchangeable phase because of back-adsorption of Mg2+on the clay mineral with increasing the pH values.When the liquid-to-solid ratio was 0.80,the contents of readily-available magnesium and calcium were 104.4−207.6 and 201.7−1426.3 mg/kg,respectively,which could meet the requirements for plants.These results suggest a promising route for the environmental remediation of ion-adsorption rare earth ore after in-situ leaching.

Centrifuge modeling of dynamic behavior of pile-reinforced slopes during earthquakes

A series of centrifuge model tests of sandy slopes were conducted to study the dynamic behavior of pile-reinforced slopes subjected to various motions.Time histories of accelerations,bending moments and pile earth pressures were obtained during excitation of the adjusted El Centro earthquake and a cyclic motion.Under a realistic earthquake,the overall response of the pile-reinforced slope is lower than that of the non-reinforced slope.The histories of bending moments and dynamic earth pressures reach their maximums soon after shaking started and then remain roughly stable until the end of shaking.Maximum moments occur at the height of 3.5 m,which is the deeper section of the pile,indicating the interface between the active loading and passive resistance regions.The dynamic earth pressures above the slope base steadily increase with the increase of height of pile.For the model under cyclic input motion,response amplitudes at different locations in the slope are almost the same,indicating no significant response amplification.Both the bending moment and earth pressure increase gradually over a long period.

Dissolution behaviors of rare earth elements in phosphoric acid solutions

In order to provide practical fundamental data for rare-earth elements （REEs） recovery from phosphoric acid and to betterunderstand REEs behavior during the phosphoric acid evaporation process, the solubilities of REEs in phosphoric acid with variousconcentrations of phosphorus at different temperatures were measured. A simple linear model between REEs solubility andphosphoric acid concentration is built and the experimental data are found to fit it very well （R2〉0.94）. Hydrogen-ion concentration isfound to be the predominant factor controlling the solubility of REEs in phosphoric acid. In addition, the solubility of REEs inphosphoric acid is found to sharply decrease with increasing temperature, which can be attributed to the increase of the Gibbs energyof the REEPO4 dissolution reaction or the restraint of the disassociation of phosphoric acid molecules owing to the elevatedtemperature.

Effects of rare earth oxide additives on the thermal behaviors of aluminum nitride ceramics

The effects of Y2O3 and Er2O3 on the sintering behaviors, thermal properties and microstructure of A1N ceramics were investigated. The experimental results show that the sintering temperature can be decreased; the relative density and thermal behavior can be improved by adding rare earth oxide in A1N ceramics. For A1N ceramics with 3 wt.% Er2O3 additive, the relative density is 98.8%, and the thermal conductivity reaches 106 W.m^-1.K^-1. The microstructure research found that no obvious aluminum erbium oxide was found in A1N ceramics doped with 3 wt.% Er203, which favored the improvement of the thermal conductivity of A1N ceramics.

Corrosion Behavior of the Rare Earth Sealing Anodized Coating on Aluminum Alloy LY12

Technological process of rare earth sealing anodized LY12 (2024) alloy is introduced. Corrosion behavior of the film was studied by polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the coating remained passivity at the potential range from the open circuit potential (-780 mV) to -250 mV in NaCl solution. When the potential exceeded -200 mV, corrosion reaction happened on the coating, the results of EIS analysis was consistent with the results of polarization curves.

Effect of Rare Earths on Tensile Behavior of Hot Roller Steel 60CrMnMo and Estimation of Roll′s Fatigue Life

The effect of rare earth(RE) on tensile behavior of hot roller steel 60CrMnMo was investigated at the temperature when roll served The roll′s fatigue at 500 ℃ was estimated The results show that elongation δ of hot roller steel 60CrMnMo can be increased by adding RE It is possible to estimate the fatigue life with tensile behavior of hot roller steel 60CrMnMo

Effect of the in situ leaching solution of ion-absorbed rare earth on the mechanical behavior of basement rock

A clear understanding of the evolution characteristics of leaching solution’s damage to the basement rock of ion-adsorbed rare earth deposits is essential in the in situ leaching mining.In this study,some laboratory tests were carried out to investigate the deterioration behavior and failure mechanism of rock under the erosion of leaching solution.For this purpose,granite specimens were soaked in the leaching solution for different periods and then some physical and mechanical parameters were measured.The experimental results show that the strength of the rock without any soaking is the maximum.After 60 d,the rock strength,mass(dry)and P-wave velocity(dry)decrease to the minimum,while the porosity of the specimens reaches the maximum.Moreover,the failure pattern of the specimens in the uniaxial compression tests is affected as the soaking time increases.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)image results indicate that the erosion of quartz crystals inside the rock specimens gets more intense with the increase of soaking time.Also,the internal crystal failure mode gradually changes from the trans-granular to the inter-granular.The insights gained from this study are helpful for better understanding the evolution characteristics of leaching solution’s damage to the basement rock of ionadsorbed rare earth deposits.

THE EFFECT OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS ON THE SOLIDIFICATION BEHAVIOR OF Al-Mg ALLOYS

The effect of rare earth element on the solidification behavior of Al-Mg alloy was investigated in a directional solidification apparatus.It was found that during the solidification process.the rare earth element segregated in the liquid at sold-liquid interface,changed the solidification morphology and reduced the secondary arm spacing markedly.

Effect of Rare Earth on the Crystallization Behavior of Li_2O-Al_2O_3-SiO_2 Glass-ceramic

X-ray powder diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied for characterization of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic powders doped with Eu2O3,Gd2O3 and Er2O3,respectively,in the conditions of different heat-treatment temperatures and with various amounts.The powders were derived from the polyacrylamide gel method.The results show that,the wet gels prepared by polyacrylamide perform a unique crystallization behavior in the process of drying,comparing with some customary preparation such as melt processing.The main crystal phase and crystallization sequence of Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 micro-powders have no distinct with addition of Eu2O3,Gd2O3 or Er2O3,while the crystallization temperature of the β-spodumene decreased and the amount of the β-spodumene increased.

Numerical analysis on seismic behavior of railway earth embankment: A case study

A numerical case study on the seismic behavior of embankment was carried out based on a prototype of earth embankment in Yun-Gui Railway （from Kunming City to Nanning City） in southwest of China. A full-scale model of earth embankment was established by means of numerical simulation with FLAC3D code. The numerical results were verified by shaking table test. The seismic behaviors of earth embankment were studied, including the horizontal acceleration response, the vertical acceleration response, the dynamic displacement response, and the block state of earth embankment. Results show that the acceleration magnification near the embankment slope is larger than that in internal earth embankment body. With the increase of input peak acceleration, the horizontal acceleration magnification presents a decreasing trend. The horizontal acceleration response at the top of embankment is more sensitive to the intensity of ground motion than that at the bottom of cmbankment. The embankment presents an obvious nonlinear-plastic characteristic when the input horizontal peak acceleration is larger than 0.3 g. The maximum residual deformation occurs in the middle of embankment slope surface instead of at the top of embankment. The upper part of embankment experiences tension failure without shear failure, and area at mainly presents shear failure under the earthquake loading. surface of earth embankment. the bottom of embankment around the symmetry-axis of embankment The tension failure and shear failure repeatedly occur along the slope

Geochemical Behavior of Trace- and Rare-Earth Elements in the Hydrothermal Alteration Facies of the Cijulang Area, West Java, Indonesia

This study examines the behavior of trace- and rare-earth elements (REE) in different hydrothermal alteration facies (silicic, advanced argillic and argillic) of Cijulang high-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, West Java, Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that remarkable differences in the behavior of trace elements and REE are observed in the studied alteration facies. All REE in the silicic facies are strongly depleted. In advanced argillic facies, Heavy rare-earth elements (HREE) are strongly depleted whereas light rare earth elements (LREE) are quite enriched. REE concentrations in the argillic facies show little or no variation with respect to fresh rock counterparts. A strong depletion of REE in the silicic facies is likely to be favored by the highly acidic nature of the hydrothermal fluids, the abundance of complexing ions such as Cl ˉ, F ˉ, and in the hydrothermal solutions and the absence of the secondary minerals that can fix the REE in their crystal structures. An apparent immobility of LREE in advanced argillic facies is possibly due to the presence of alunite. The immobility of REE in the argillic facies suggests the higher pH of the fluids, the lower water/rock ratios and the presence of the phyllosilicates minerals. -

曲面滑坡条件下h型抗滑桩受力性状模型试验研究

依托公路大型滑坡治理工程,设计物理模型试验装置,设置同一滑面和桩体锚固深度,进行6组h型抗滑桩室内模型试验,分析不同连梁长度及后排桩悬臂段高度(连梁高度)时桩顶位移变化规律、桩身弯矩和桩后土压力分布特征,研究曲面滑坡条件下h型抗滑桩受力性状及其内在机制,并给出桩后滑坡推力抛物线型分布的一般函数表达式。试验结果表明:h型抗滑桩受力过程桩顶水平位移变化表现出较为明显的三阶段特征,桩身弯矩分布呈现正、负交变现象,后排桩桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩明显大于前排桩;降低后排桩悬臂段高度不影响桩身弯矩分布特征,但对于桩顶水平位移及桩身弯矩量值,后排桩明显减小,前排桩有所增大;增减连梁长度对前、后排桩之间荷载传递与协同受力特性影响显著,使得前、后排桩水平变形及桩身弯矩随之产生变化;连梁正、负弯矩极值均处于连梁端部,相比于连梁长度,连梁弯矩的大小及分布形态受后排桩悬臂段长度的影响更为明显;随着连梁长度的减小或后排桩悬臂段长度的增加,后排桩桩后土压力表现出抛物线型、重心偏下的抛物线型及近似梯形的分布形态。此外,给出的滑坡推力函数表达式能较好的表征其抛物线型分布特征,通过调整合力作用点参数,亦可对滑坡推力近似梯形的分布类型进行描述。

Mg-Gd-Zn高稀土镁基复合材料的变形行为

通过半固态搅拌铸造和热挤压工艺制备了TC4(Ti-6Al-4V)颗粒增强Mg-13Gd-5Y-2Zn-1Mn镁基复合材料,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、单轴压缩试验和三点弯曲试验分析了其显微组织及变形行为。结果表明,在挤压过程中,TC4颗粒阻碍了其周边晶粒的动态再结晶过程和长周期堆垛有序(LPSO)相的变形,晶粒的织构方向发生改变,在基体内形成了LPSO相、TC4颗粒、再结晶晶粒和变形晶粒组成的不同区域。复合材料的压缩性能相较于基体材料得到了较大提升,其压缩屈服强度和极限抗压强度可达到450和637 MPa,压缩应变为10.1%。在压应力作用下,复合材料内出现以<1120>86°孪晶为主的大量变形孪晶,产生了较强的孪晶强化。

离子吸附型稀土矿区硫酸铵原位浸矿与淋洗过程的室内模拟

离子吸附型稀土尾矿中残留的大量硫酸铵浸矿剂随雨水淋滤进入周边环境,可造成矿区及周边土壤和水体严重污染。本研究通过实地采集稀土矿区土壤,开展室内一维土柱实验分别模拟浸矿过程和淋洗过程,并建立Hydrus-1D模型,评价该模型对稀土矿浸矿和淋洗过程的模拟性能。Hydrus-1D模型的弥散度的率定值为0.5 cm,浸矿与淋洗过程的K d的率定值分别为0.07 cm^(3)/g和1.2 cm^(3)/g;在浸矿过程模拟中,4个观测孔模型的R^(2)为0.95~0.99,E_(RMS)为1.3~6.8 mmol/L;淋洗过程的R^(2)为0.93~0.98,E_(RMS)为0.2~1.6 mmol/L;Hydrus-1D能够较好模拟浸矿和淋洗过程中NH_(4)^(+)的迁移行为。示踪实验中Cl^(-)穿透耗时为30~90 min;浸矿实验中,4个观测孔达到吸附饱和耗时为60~150 min;淋洗实验中,4个观测孔的NH_(4)^(+)浓度低于检测限的耗时为360~540 min;土壤吸附作用对浸矿与淋洗过程中NH+4运移过程的影响显著。

Compressive property and energy absorption characteristic of interconnected porous Mg-Zn-Y alloys with adjusting Y addition

In this study,interconnected porous Mg-2Zn-xY alloys with different phase compositions were prepared by various Y additions(x=0.4,3,and 6 wt.%)to adjust the compressive properties and energy absorption characteristics.Several characterization methods were then applied to identify the microstructure of the porous Mg-Zn-Y and describe the details of the second phase.Compressive tests were performed at room temperature(RT),200℃,and 300℃to study the impact of the Y addition and testing temperature on the compressive properties of the porous Mg-Zn-Y.The experimental results showed that a high Y content promotes a microstructure refinement and increases the volume fraction of the second phase.When the Y content increases,different Mg-Zn-Y ternary phases appear:I-phase(Mg_(3)Zn_(6)Y),W-phase(Mg_(3)Zn_(3)Y_(2)),and LPSO phase(Mg_(12)ZnY).When the Y content ranges between 0.4%and 6%,the compressive strength increases from 6.30MPa to 9.23 MPa,and the energy absorption capacity increases from 7.33 MJ/m^(3)to 10.97 MJ/m^(3)at RT,which is mainly attributed to the phase composition and volume fraction of the second phase.However,the average energy absorption efficiency is independent of the Y content.In addition,the compressive deformation behaviors of the porous Mg-Zn-Y are altered by the testing temperature.The compressive strength and energy absorption capacity of the porous Mg-Zn-Y decrease due to the softening effect of the high temperature on the struts.The deformation behaviors at different temperatures are finally observed to reflect the failure mechanisms of the struts.

煤及燃煤产物中稀土元素的分布赋存特征研究进展

稀土元素因其特殊的性质被广泛用于永磁、冶金、储氢材料等领域,消费量逐年递增。我国是稀土元素储量大国,至2020年我国稀土元素矿产量在世界占比逐年下降,近几年有所回升,但仍需要寻找和开发其他可作为稀土元素供应源的材料。煤作为一种有机矿产,形成过程中可富集稀土元素。深入认识煤中稀土元素含量及赋存状态对后续研究其燃烧产物中稀土元素赋存和提取回收具有重要意义。国内外学者分时代、地区、煤级研究煤中稀土元素含量,对煤及其燃烧产物中的稀土元素赋存状态研究进行总结,并初步认识到我国煤及其燃烧产物中的稀土元素分布赋存特征。目前研究表明,中国煤中的平均稀土元素含量是世界煤中的平均稀土元素含量的两倍;晚二叠世时期煤中稀土元素相对富集;煤中稀土元素主要以硅酸盐态存在。稀土元素性质稳定,经过燃烧后可在燃煤产物中明显富集,主要富集在非磁性的细飞灰颗粒中。对于煤中稀土元素含量的统计应综合考虑样品来源矿区的覆盖率、样品处理方式、微量元素测试方式等因素,以提高统计数据的代表性和准确性。综合直接观测、表征测试方法、逐级化学提取法及数理统计方法以推测得到较为可靠的赋存状态。我国煤炭消费量可观,能源供应以火力发电为主,燃煤产物产量巨大,煤中稀土元素至燃煤产物中可得到几十倍的富集,探明电厂燃煤产物中稀土元素富集分布规律,结合其提取的难易程度提出对应的回收工艺,以实现对燃煤产物资源化利用。

CHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF CERIUM ELEMENT IN ROCK WEATHERING SYSTEM

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