Deep brain implantable microelectrode arrays for detection and functional localization of the subthalamic nucleus in rats with Parkinson’s disease

The subthalamic nucleus(STN)is considered the best target for deep brain stimulation treatments of Parkinson’s disease(PD).It is difficult to localize the STN due to its small size and deep location.Multichannel microelectrode arrays(MEAs)can rapidly and precisely locate the STN,which is important for precise stimulation.In this paper,16-channel MEAs modified with multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(MWCNT/PEDOT:PSS)nanocomposites were designed and fabricated,and the accurate and rapid identification of the STN in PD rats was performed using detection sites distributed at different brain depths.These results showed that nuclei in 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide(6-OHDA)-lesioned brains discharged more intensely than those in unlesioned brains.In addition,the MEA simultaneously acquired neural signals from both the STN and the upper or lower boundary nuclei of the STN.Moreover,higher values of spike firing rate,spike amplitude,local field potential(LFP)power,and beta oscillations were detected in the STN of the 6-OHDA-lesioned brain,and may therefore be biomarkers of STN localization.Compared with the STNs of unlesioned brains,the power spectral density of spikes and LFPs synchronously decreased in the delta band and increased in the beta band of 6-OHDA-lesioned brains.This may be a cause of sleep and motor disorders associated with PD.Overall,this work describes a new cellular-level localization and detection method and provides a tool for future studies of deep brain nuclei.

A novel self-alignment method for high precision silicon diffraction microlens arrays preparation and its integration with infrared focal plane arrays

Silicon(Si)diffraction microlens arrays are usually used to integrating with infrared focal plane arrays(IRFPAs)to improve their performance.The errors of lithography are unavoidable in the process of the Si diffrac-tion microlens arrays preparation in the conventional engraving method.It has a serious impact on its performance and subsequent applications.In response to the problem of errors of Si diffraction microlens arrays in the conven-tional method,a novel self-alignment method for high precision Si diffraction microlens arrays preparation is pro-posed.The accuracy of the Si diffractive microlens arrays preparation is determined by the accuracy of the first li-thography mask in the novel self-alignment method.In the subsequent etching,the etched area will be protected by the mask layer and the sacrifice layer or the protective layer.The unprotection area is carved to effectively block the non-etching areas,accurately etch the etching area required,and solve the problem of errors.The high precision Si diffraction microlens arrays are obtained by the novel self-alignment method and the diffraction effi-ciency could reach 92.6%.After integrating with IRFPAs,the average blackbody responsity increased by 8.3%,and the average blackbody detectivity increased by 10.3%.It indicates that the Si diffraction microlens arrays can improve the filling factor and reduce crosstalk of IRFPAs through convergence,thereby improving the perfor-mance of the IRFPAs.The results are of great reference significance for improving their performance through opti-mizing the preparation level of micro nano devices.

Manipulating d-d orbital hybridization induced by Mo-doped Co_(9)S_(8) nanorod arrays for high-efficiency water electrolysis

Precisely refining the electronic structure of electrocatalysts represents a powerful approach to further optimize the electrocatalytic performance.Herein,we demonstrate an ingenious d-d orbital hybridization concept to construct Mo-doped Co_(9)S_(8) nanorod arrays aligned on carbon cloth(CC)substrate(abbreviated as Mo-Co_(9)S_(8)@CC hereafter)as a high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalyst toward water electrolysis.It has experimentally and theoretically validated that the 4d-3d orbital coupling between Mo dopant and Co site can effectively optimize the H_(2)O activation energy and lower H^(*)adsorption energy barrier,thereby leading to enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)activities.Thanks to the unique electronic and geometrical advantages,the optimized Mo-Co_(9)S_(8)@CC with appropriate Mo content exhibits outstanding bifunctional performance in alkaline solution,with the overpotentials of 75 and 234 mV for the delivery of a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),small Tafel slopes of 53.8 and 39.9 mV dec~(-1)and long-term stabilities for at least 32 and 30 h for HER and OER,respectively.More impressively,a water splitting electrolylzer assembled by the self-supported Mo-Co_(9)S_(8)@CC electrode requires a low cell voltage of 1.53 V at 10 mA cm^(-2)and shows excellent stability and splendid reversibility,demonstrating a huge potential for affordable and scalable electrochemical H_(2) production.The innovational orbital hybridization strategy for electronic regulation herein provides an inspirable avenue for developing progressive electrocatalysts toward new energy systems.

A core-shell copper oxides-cobalt oxides heterostructure nanowire arrays for nitrate reduction to ammonia with high yield rate

Electrochemical nitrate reduction to ammonia(NRA) can realize the green synthesis of ammonia(NH3) at ambient conditions, and also remove nitrate contamination in water. However, the current catalysts for NRA still face relatively low NH3yield rate and poor stability. We present here a core-shell heterostructure comprising cobalt oxide anchored on copper oxide nanowire arrays(CuO NWAs@Co_(3)O_(4)) for efficient NRA. The CuO NWAs@Co_(3)O_(4)demonstrates significantly enhanced NRA performance in alkaline media in comparison with plain CuO NWAs and Co_(3)O_(4)flocs. Especially, at-0.23 V vs. RHE, NH_(3) yield rate of the CuO NWAs@Co_(3)O_(4)reaches 1.915 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2),much higher than those of CuO NWAs(1.472 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)), Co_(3)O_(4)flocs(1.222 mmol h^(-1)cm^(-2)) and recent reported Cu-based catalysts.It is proposed that the synergetic effects of the heterostructure combing atom hydrogen adsorption and nitrate reduction lead to the enhanced NRA performance.

Bidirectional visible light absorber based on nanodisk arrays

A perfect bidirectional broadband visible light absorber composed of titanium nitride and tungsten nanodisk arrays is proposed.The average absorption of the absorber exceeds 89%at 400 nm–800 nm when light is normally incident on the front-side.Illumination from the opposite direction(back-side)results in absorption of more than 75%.Through the theoretical analysis of the electric and magnetic fields,the physical mechanism of the broadband perfect absorption is attributed to the synergy of localized surface plasmons,propagating surface plasmons,and plasmonic resonant cavity modes.Furthermore,the absorber also exhibits excellent polarization-independence performance and a high angular tolerance of~30°for both front-and back-side incidence.The designed bidirectional broadband visible light absorber here has wide application prospects in the fields of solar cells and ink-free printing.

Controllable and large-area growth of ZnO nanosheet arrays under ambient condition as superior anodes for scalable aqueous batteries

Two-dimensional(2D)oxides have been the focus of substantial research interest recently,owing to their fascinating physico-chemical properties.However,fabrication of large-area 2D oxide materials in a controlled manner under mild conditions still remains a formidable challenge.Herein,we develop a facile and universal strategy based on the sonochemistry approach for controllable and large-area growth of quasi-aligned single-crystalline ZnO nanosheets on a Zn substrate(Zn@SC-ZnO)under ambient conditions.The obtained ZnO nanosheets possess the desired exclusively exposed(001)facets,which have been confirmed to play a critical role in significantly reducing the activation energy and facilitating the stripping/plating processes of Zn.Accordingly,the constructed Zn@SC-ZnO||Zn@SC-ZnO symmetric cell has very low polarization overpotential down to~20 mV,with limited dendrite growth and side reactions for Zn anodes.The developed Zn@SC-ZnO//MnO_(2)aqueous Zn-ion batteries(ZIBs)show a voltage efficiency of 88.2%under 500 mA g^(-1)at the stage of 50%depth of discharge,which is state of the art for ZIBs reported to date.Furthermore,the as-assembled large-size cell(5 cm×5 cm)delivers an open circuit potential of 1.648 V,and can be robustly operated under a high current of 20 mA,showing excellent potential for future scalable applications.

Homogenous metallic deposition regulated by abundant lithiophilic sites in nickel/cobalt oxides nanoneedle arrays for lithium metal batteries

Although lithium(Li)metal delivers the highest theoretical capacity as a battery anode,its high reactivity can generate Li dendrites and"dead"Li during cycling,resulting in poor reversibility and low Li utilization.Inducing uniform Li plating/stripping is the core of solving these problems.Herein,we design a highly lithiophilic carbon film with an outer sheath of the nanoneedle arrays to induce homogeneous Li plating/stripping.The excellent conductivity and 3D framework of the carbon film not only offer fast charge transport across the entire electrode but also mitigate the volume change of Li metal during cycling.The abundant lithiophilic sites ensure stable Li plating/stripping,thereby inhibiting the Li dendritic growth and"dead"Li formation.The resulting composite anode allows for stable Li stripping/plating under 0.5 mA cm^(-2) with a capacity of 0.5 mA h cm^(-2) for 4000 h and 3 mA cm^(-2) with a capacity of3 mA h cm^(-2) for 1000 h.The Ex-SEM analysis reveals that lithiophilic property is different at the bottom,top,or channel in the structu re,which can regulate a bottom-up uniform Li deposition behavior.Full cells paired with LFP show a stable capacity of 155 mA h g^(-1) under a current density of 0.5C.The pouch cell can keep powering light-emitting diode even under 180°bending,suggesting its good flexibility and great practical applications.

Developing Three-Dimensional Beamshaping Techniques on Volumetric Random Arrays to Suppress Array Sidelobes

This paper proposes a three-dimensional (3-D) amplitude tapering technique on volumetric random arrays to minimize array sidelobes and emulate phased array operations on mobile platforms. Our ultimate goal is to realize wireless phased array applications carried out by mobile platforms;in this paper, we focus on the development of collaborative beamforming algorithms. This beamshaping technique mitigates the discontinuity of the current distribution along the array aperture and lower array sidelobe level (SLL) by specially paying attention to the array element’s depth deviation. In this work, step by step amplitude tapering procedures are clearly illustrated. Further, a reconfigurable phased array with sixteen patch antennas is tested to verify the fidelity of the 3-D beamshaping algorithm. Measured and simulated radiation patterns are benchmarked to evaluate the sidelobe suppression results, and the best sidelobe suppressed region is around the array’s main beam.

Shear wave splitting analysis of local earthquakes from dense arrays in Shimian,Sichuan

The Shimian area of Sichuan sits at the junction of the Bayan Har block.Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block,and Yangtze block,where several faults intersect.This region features intense tectonic activity and frequent earthquakes.In this study,we used local seismic waveform data recorded using dense arrays deployed in the Shimian area to obtain the shear wave splitting parameters at 55 seismic stations and thereby determine the crustal anisotropic characteristics of the region.We then analyzed the crustal stress pattern and tectonic setting and explored their relationship in the study area.Although some stations returned a polarization direction of NNW-SSE.a dominant polarization direction of NW-SE was obtained for the fast shear wave at most seismic stations in the study area.The polarization directions of the fast shear wave were highly consistent throughout the study-area.This orientation was in accordance with the direction of the regional principal compressive stress and parallel to the trend of the Xianshuihe and Daliangshan faults.The distribution of crustal anisotropy in this area was affected by the regional tectonic stress field and the fault structures.The mean delay time between fast and slow shear waves was 3.83 ms/km.slightly greater than the values obtained in other regions of Sichuan.This indicates that the crustal media in our study area had a high anisotropic strength and also reveals the influence of tectonic complexity resulting from the intersection of multiple faults on the strength of seismic anisotropy.

Influence of MnO_(x)deposition on TiO_(2)nanotube arrays for electrooxidation

TiO_(2)has demonstrated outstanding performance in electrochemical advanced oxidation processes(EAOPs)due to its structural stability and high oxygen overpotential.However,there is still much room for improving its electrochemical activity.Herein,narrow bandgap manganese oxide(MnO_(x))was composited with TiO_(2)nanotube arrays(TiO_(2)NTAs)that in-situ oxidized on porous Ti sponge,forming the MnO_(x)-TiO_(2)NTAs anode.XANES and XPS analysis further proved that the composition of MnO_(x)is Mn2O3.Electrochemical characterizations revealed that increasing the composited concentration of MnO_(x)can improve the conductivity and reduce oxygen evolution potential so as to improve the electrochemical activity of the composited MnO_(x)-TiO_(2)NTAs anode.Meanwhile,the optimal degradation rate of benzoic acid(BA)was achieved using MnO_(x)-TiO_(2)NTAs with a MnO_(x)concentration of 0.1 mmol L^(-1),and the role of MnO_(x)was proposed based on DFT calculation.Additionally,the required electrical energy(EE/O)to destroy BA was optimized by varying the composited concentration of MnO_(x)and the degradation voltage.These quantitative results are of great significance for the design and application of high-performance materials for EAOPs.

Atomic Dispersion of Rh on Interconnected Mo_(2)C Nanosheet Network Intimately Embedded in 3D Ni_(x)MoO_(y) Nanorod Arrays for pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution

Herein,a simple synthetic approach is employed for the atomic dispersion of Rh atoms(Rh SAs)over the surface of interconnected Mo_(2)C nanosheets intimately embedded in a three-dimensional Ni_(x)MoO_(y)nanorod arrays(Ni_(x)MoO_(y)NRs)framework;we found that the introduction of both isolated Rh SAs and Ni_(x)MoO_(y)NRs adjusts the electrocatalytic function of the host Mo_(2)C toward the direction of being an advanced and highly stable electrocatalyst for efficient hydrogen evolution at pH-universal conditions.As a result,the proposed catalyst outperforms most recently reported transition metal-based catalysts,and its performance even rivals that of commercial Pt/C,as demonstrated by its ultralow overpotentials of 31.7,109.7,and 95.4 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),along with its small Tafel slopes of 42.4,51.2,and 46.8 mV dec^(-1)in acidic,neutral,and alkaline conditions,respectively.In addition,the catalyst shows remarkable long-term stability over all pH values with good maintenance of its catalytic activity and structural characteristics after continuous operation.

肉芽肿性乳腺炎病灶组织差异表达蛋白质筛选及关键分子验证

目的分析肉芽肿性小叶性乳腺炎(GLM)病灶组织中的差异表达蛋白质,筛选GLM的生物标志物,再根据结果对关键分子进行验证。方法采用TMT标记定量蛋白质组学方法,对GLM患者(3例)病灶与正常乳腺组织中蛋白质组进行鉴定和定量,筛选出发生显著变化的差异表达蛋白质,导入Proteome Discoverer软件中,搜索Uniprot数据库,完成生物信息学分析。采用细胞因子抗体芯片技术对筛选出的关键分子进行定量和验证。结果GLM病灶组织与正常乳腺组织筛选出差异表达蛋白质1405个,其中1106个表达上调,299个表达下调。GO富集分析显示,这些差异表达蛋白质主要参与细胞过程、代谢过程、蛋白质代谢、生物学调节等。KEGG通路分析发现,差异表达蛋白质参与补体活化、免疫调节、炎症反应等。细胞因子定量分析验证了GLM病灶组织中IL-1β、MCP2、IL-6表达升高。结论GLM病灶和正常乳腺组织中存在差异表达的蛋白质参与炎症、免疫等多种信号通路,可能是GLM发生发展的关键分子。特定蛋白质是值得进一步研究的生物标志物。

最大SNR准则的共形阵列波束合成方法

相控阵波束合成的最终目的是提高接收信号的信噪比(Signal-to-Noise Ratio,SNR),但是由于共形阵阵面是弯曲的,各个阵元具有不同的接收SNR,把所有阵元移相后直接进行波束合成并不能保证获得最大SNR。在考虑单元方向图影响情况下,通过对共形相控阵天线接收SNR解析表示,采用迭代方式对阵元是否接入波束合成进行判断,确保了天线具有最大SNR输出。计算机仿真证实了阵元选择方法的正确性。

基于改进YOLOv8的地铁列车焊缝缺陷轻量化检测方法

针对现有的地铁列车车体焊接质量检测技术存在检测模型较大、检测精度和效率较低的问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv8的焊缝缺陷轻量化检测方法。首先,利用相控阵超声波检测仪采集对接焊缝内部缺陷图像,通过图像预处理制作成焊缝缺陷数据集。然后,在YOLOv8模型基础上,利用Inner-SIoU优化原有损失函数、采用C2f-PConv替换C2f模块、引入大型可分离核注意力(LSKA)模块和挤压激励(SE)注意力机制,建立了基于改进YOLOv8的地铁列车车体焊缝缺陷质量检测模型,以提高焊缝缺陷特征提取和多尺度特征融合的能力。最后,利用改进的YOLOv8模型对焊缝缺陷数据集进行训练和测试。结果表明,改进的YOLOv8模型大小为7.91 M,对于焊缝缺陷的检测精度达到98.30%,检测速度达到138.9帧/s,与YOLOv8原始模型相比,模型更小,检测精度更高。

基于环形阵列的空间滤波器结构损伤扫描监测方法研究

本文提出了一种基于环形阵列的空间滤波器结构损伤扫描监测方法,在结构中央布置环形压电传感器阵列实现对结构的全方位扫描监测,消除了主动Lamb波空间滤波器监测方法中盲区及远场对监测效果的影响。环形阵列由直径方向不同角度的4个线阵组成,每个线阵采用主动Lamb波空间滤波监测方法对结构损伤进行监测、成像,各阵列成像结果通过PCA-小波变换进行融合对损伤位置进行判别,从而实现结构全方位损伤扫描监测,消除单个阵列损伤监测的盲区、远场及虚假成像等影响,进而获得更加准确的损伤监测结果。通过实验研究,验证了该方法的有效性和实用性。

基于遗传算法的不等间距阵优化方法

阵元数一定情况下,针对不等间距拖线阵高频信号处理存在的空间增益和无栅瓣兼容问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的不等间距拖线阵阵型优化方法。该方法以频带交互下最大旁瓣级最小作为约束因子,通过模拟生物自然进化过程搜索全局最优解,得到优化后的阵元位置。优化后阵型在保证低频信号处理空间增益不变情况下,实现对高频信号高空间增益、无栅瓣处理。计算机仿真结果表明:相比未优化阵型,在高频信号处理方面,优化后阵型在无栅瓣情况下,空间增益提升值近似理论值提升值;在低频信号处理方面,优化后阵型具有相同的空间增益。为实际不等间距拖线阵阵型优化和应用提供了一种思路。

基于微处理器和多通信方式的大坝变形智能监测仪器的设计与实现

变形监测作为大坝安全状态感知的重要手段,具有测值直观、能全面反映大坝安全状态等特点,对保障大坝长期安全稳定运行具有重要的意义。目前大坝水平位移自动化监测主要使用引张线法、真空激光准直法及垂线法。尽管CCD垂线坐标仪已在大坝工程实践中广泛应用,可该仪器存在不支持现场配置、现场实时数据读取等不足,且无直接远程交互功能,需要接入其他采集装置或转接设备才能进行远程通信。本文设计的智能式CCD垂线坐标仪运用微处理器及以太网接口,不需要接入其他采集设备,可直接接入软件系统,解决了仪器集成复杂、传统通信方式不稳定等问题;并运用蓝牙通信和智能手机APP,解决了现场参数配置、实时采集显示的问题;提出了一种反馈式自适应调光技术,提高了仪器的自适应性和稳定性。

水利测雨雷达的应用优势与挑战

监测近地面2 km以下“云中雨”的测雨雷达,是水利行业以流域为单元建设雨水情监测预报“第一道防线”的重要内容,也是实现洪水防御关口前移、防线外推的重要举措。总结了水利测雨雷达的发展历程和技术特点,评估了河北大清河流域和湖南捞刀河、浏阳河流域试点应用中测雨雷达对强降水监测的精度,阐述了水利测雨雷达在雨水情监测预警方面的技术优势,并对进一步发展水利测雨雷达监测系统提出了建议。

基于2.5D有限元的高密度电法不同装置勘探效果研究

高密度电法是一种适用性广泛的电阻率勘探方法,拥有多种电极排列装置选择。不同装置由于电极分布方式的差异,在针对不同地质目标和测区环境时往往表现出明显不同的探测能力。为探究各排列装置的特点及其适用情况,推导了2.5D电位的变分问题,采用Delaunay三角化算法实现了非结构化网格剖分,进而实现了有限元正演模拟。结合实践,对常见地质情况进行建模,分别使用温纳α、温纳β、施伦贝谢尔、偶极-偶极4种装置开展正反演对比研究。研究发现:(1)在探测未知区域单个异常体时,温纳β、施伦贝谢尔2种排列的效果更好;(2)在探测相邻较近的多个异常体时,应优先采用具有更高水平分辨率的施伦贝谢尔和偶极-偶极排列;(3)对于低阻破碎带的勘探,温纳β和偶极-偶极排列更为适用;(4)当地层具有较好分层界限时,4种排列均可体现良好的分层效果。因此,高密度电法勘探实践中应综合考虑不同排列装置的特点,根据具体情况选用合适的多种排列方式进行测量,并对采集数据进行综合对比分析,以获得更为准确的解释结果。

考虑光强分布的光通信光栅列阵光束整形方法

光栅单元阵列由大量的单元组成,每个单元的大小和形状都需要精确控制,以确保光束的整形效果。然而,在光通信过程中,光强分布的变化会导致光栅列阵中每个单元的响应度不一致,从而引起每个单元接收到的光信号出现差异,进而影响光束的整形效果。因此,提出一种考虑光强分布的光通信光栅列阵光束整形方法。以光通信光栅列阵中的最常用的列阵波导光栅为例,通过阵列波导结构中的阵列波导的芯区宽度、芯区折射率、包层折射率、波导周期宽度等参数,结合波导中的传播常数受到光束波长和折射率影响,得到阵列波导的归一化本征方程,将其结果结合匀化洛伦兹函数得到入射光和出射光的光强分布,通过计算得到光通信光栅列阵光束入射光及出射光的映射函数,利用函数调整光学参数,实现光通信光栅列阵光束整形。实验结果表明:该方法对光通信光栅列阵光束的整形效果好,整形光束的能量利用率高,光束不均匀性小。