Femtosecond laser fabrication of 3D vertically aligned micro-pore network on thick-film Li_(4)Ti_(5)O_(12)electrode for high-performance lithium storage

The development of energy storage devices with high energy density relies heavily on thick film electrodes,but it is challenging due to the limited ion transport kinetics inherent in thick electrodes.Here,we report on the preparation of a directional vertical array of micro-porous transport networks on LTO electrodes using a femtosecond laser processing strategy,enabling directional ion rapid transport and achieving good electrochemical performance in thick film electrodes.Various three-dimensional(3D)vertically aligned micro-pore networks are innovatively designed,and the structure,kinetics characteristics,and electrochemical performance of the prepared ion transport channels are analyzed and discussed by multiple characterization and testing methods.Furthermore,the rational mechanisms of electrode performance improvement are studied experimentally and simulated from two aspects of structural mechanics and transmission kinetics.The ion diffusion coefficient,rate performance at 60 C,and electrode interface area of the laser-optimized 60-15%micro-porous transport network electrodes increase by 25.2 times,2.2 times,and 2.15 times,respectively than those of untreated electrodes.Therefore,the preparation of 3D micro-porous transport networks by femtosecond laser on ultra-thick electrodes is a feasible way to develop high-energy batteries.In addition,the unique micro-porous transport network structure can be widely extended to design and explore other high-performance energy materials.

Evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics relationships for Salvianolic Acid B micro-porous osmotic pump pellets in angina pectoris rabbit

The work aims to investigate the in vitro release,pharmacokinetics(PK),pharmacodynamics(PD)and PK-PD relationships of Salvianolic Acid B micro-porous osmotic pump pellets(SalB-MPOPs)in angina pectoris New Zealand White(NZW)rabbits,compared with those of SalB immediate-release pellets(SalB-IRPs).The SalB plasma concentrations and Superoxide dismutase levels(PD index)were recorded continuously at predetermined time interval after administration,and the related parameters were calculated by using Win-Nonlin software.The release profile of MPOPs was more sustained than that of IRPs.PK results indicated that the mean C_(max) was significantly lower,the SalB plasma concentrations were steadier,both area under concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h(AUC_(0-24 h))and from 0 to infinity(AUC_(0-∞))were presented larger,and both the peak concentration time(T_(max))and mean residence time(MRT)were prolonged for MPOPs,as compared with those of IRPs.PD results suggested that peak drug effect(E_(max))was lower and the equilibration rate constant(k_(e0))between the central compartment and the effect compartment was higher of MPOPs vs.those of IRPs.PKePD relationships demonstrated that the effectconcentration-time(ECT)course of MPOPs was clockwise hysteresis loop,and that of IRPs was counter-clockwise hysteresis loop.Collectively,those results demonstrated that MPOPs were potential formulations in treating angina pectoris induced by atherosclerosis.

Effects of Film Thickness and Anodizing Potential on the Characteristics of Micro-porous Structure on 316L Stainless Steel Surface

A novel process for fabricating an in-situ micro-porous on 316 L stainless steel was described.Aluminum films about 0.7-1.4 m in thickness were deposited on 316 L stainless steel surface by magnetron sputtering.The films were then anodized in 0.3 M oxalic acid.Through appropriate chemical dissolution,the alumina film was removed and the underlying micro-porous 316 L with diameters ranging from 500 nm to 2.4m was obtained.The morphology of the porous 316 L surface was examined by scanning electron microscope.The results indicate that the thickness of aluminum films and the anodizing potential have a combined action on the formation of porous structure on 316 L surface.Then anodic current density could be affected evidently by the film thickness.The pores size increases obviously with the increasing of the anodizing potential,when the thickness of aluminum film was about 1.4m.

Synthesis of Nano-Meter Micro-Porous Ni_xZn_((1-x))Fe_2O_4 by Hydrothermal Method

Nano-meter micro-porous Ni_xZn_((1-x))Fe_2O_4 (x=0,0.5) ferrites were obtained by hydrothermal method. Triethylamine was used as template by differential thermal analysis (DTA). The results of adsorption experiment show that the powder has micro-porous structure. The crystal structure of the powder was studied by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and the results show that the powder is of spinel structure. The morphology of Ni_xZn_((1-x))Fe_2O_4 (x=0, 0.5) ferrite was studied by TEM, and the results show that Ni_(0.5)Zn_(0.5)Fe_2O_4 and ZnFe_2O_4 ferrite is well-crystal, well-degree of dispersion with little conglomeration because of weak magnetism. The size of the powder is below 50 nm.

Finite element analysis of the effect of micro-pore defect on linear friction welding of medium carbon steel

Micro-pore is a very common material defect. In the present paper, the temperature fields of medium carbon steel joints with and without micro-pore defect during linear friction welding （LFW） were investigated by using finite element method. The effect of micro-pore defect on the axial shortening of joints during LFW was examined. The x- and y-direction displacements of micro-pore during the LFW process were also studied. In addition, the shape of micro-pore after LFW was observed. The heat conducted from the weld inteace to the specimen interior. The fluctuation range of the temperature curves for the joint with micro-pore is larger than that without micro-pore. Position of micro-pore changes with the change of the friction time. The circular shape of micro-pore becomes oval after welding.

Hydrogen etching induced hierarchical meso/micro-pore structure with increased active density to boost ORR performance of Fe-N-C catalyst

Rational regulation on pore structure and active site density plays critical roles in enhancing the performance of Fe-N-C catalysts. As the microporous structure of the carbon substrate is generally regarded as the active site hosts, its hostility to electron/mass transfer could lead to the incomplete fulfillment of the catalytic activity. Besides, the formation of inactive metallic Fe particles during the conventional catalyst synthesis could also decrease the active site density and complicate the identification of real active site. Herein, we developed a facial hydrogen etching methodology to yield single site Fe-N-C catalysts featured with micro/mesoporous hierarchical structure. The hydrogen concentration in pyrolysis process was designated to effectively regulate the pore structure and active site density of the resulted catalysts.The optimized sample achieves excellent ORR catalytic performance with an ultralow H2O2 yield(1%)and superb stability over 10,000 cycles. Our finding provides new thoughts for the rational design of hierarchically porous carbon-based materials and highly promising non-precious metal ORR catalysts.

Model construction of micro-pores in shale: A case study of Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale in Dianqianbei area, SW China

Based on scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption experiment at low temperature, the pore types and structures of the Longmaxi Formation shale in the Dianqianbei area, SW China were analyzed, and a molecular model was built. According to mathematical statistics, the validation of the model was solved by converting it into a mathematical formula. It is found by SEM that the pores in clay mineral layers and organic pores occupy most of the pores in shale; the nitrogen adsorption experiment at low temperature reveals that groove pores formed by flaky particles and micro-pores are the main types of pores, and the results of the two are in good agreement. A molecular model was established by illite and graphene molecular structures. Moreover, based on the fractal theory and the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill formula, a modified Frenkel-Halsey-Hill formula was proposed. The reliability of the molecular model was verified to some extent by obtaining parameters such as the fractal dimension, replacement rate and fractal coefficients of correction, and mathematical calculation. This study provides the theoretical basis for quantitative study of shale reservoirs.

Effect of nitrogen on micro-pores in DD33 single crystal superalloy during solidification and homogenization

The DD33 superalloy with ultra-low nitrogen (N) content was prepared by vacuum induced melting, and the effect of N on micro-pores in the DD33 single crystal nickel-base superalloy during solidification and homogenization was investigated by in-situ X-ray computed tomography (XCT). Results indicate that the volume fraction of micro-pores, including shrinkage pores and gas pores, increases from 0.08% to 0.11% with increasing N content from 5 ppm to 45 ppm during solidification. Correspondingly, the level of micro-pores in the sample with high N content is higher than that in the sample with low N content during homogenization at 1,330 °C for different time periods. However, the evolution behaviors of gas pores is different from that of shrinkage pores during solidification and homogenization. The number of gas pores is obviously larger in the high N sample during solidification, while the number of shrinkage pores and gas pores is almost the same in both samples after 1 h homogenization. Quantitative results show that the annihilation of micro-pores is associated with bubble diffusion, while the growth behavior of micro-pores during further exposure is dominated by Kirkendall-Frenkel effect.

Influence of Pore Forming Agent on Properties of Micro-pored CA_6-MA Material

Micro-pored CA6 -MA lightweight material with CAM： MA mass ratio of 7：3 was prepared using Al（OH） 3, MgCO3 and CaCO3 as starting materials, and anthracite. sweet potato starch and anthracite ＋ sweet potato starch as pore forming agent （PFA） with an addition of 10 mass%, 20 mass% and 30 mass%, respectively. The starting materials were dry mixed, wet co-milled in a ball mill for 1 h. slip cast into cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 60 ram. and then calcined at 1 450 ℃ for 3 h. With the increase of PFA addition,, apparent porosity increases, and bulk density decreases. The influence of different PFAs on properties of the micro-pored LW CAM -MA aggregate was investigated. The achieved CAM - MA, by adding 30% sweet potato starch, has a porosity of 76. 8%, bulk density of 0. 78 g · cm^ - 3 and median pore size of 1.90 μm.

微生物固定化技术在水体修复中的研究进展

微生物固定化技术目前已被广泛应用于环境生态修复等领域,对此,文章围绕微生物固定化技术,基于前人的研究成果和目前微生物固定化技术的相关研究进展,及其在水体修复方面的应用展开了探讨,并提出了发展展望,期望能够为微生物固定化技术的发展应用提供有益参考。

污水处理IFAS工艺中生物载体对N_(2)O的减排作用

为满足污水处理厂传统工艺升级改造的需求,添加生物载体构建生物膜-活性污泥复合(IFAS)工艺是强化污染物去除效果、提高微生物多样性和系统稳定性的高效处理方式。由于IFAS工艺可促进同步硝化反硝化,有益于低N_(2)O排放的特殊氨氧化微生物的成长繁殖,因而相较于单一工艺表现出降低N_(2)O排放的潜力。总结了过去关于IFAS工艺在污水处理工艺提质增效、降低N_(2)O排放等领域的重要论述,重点分析了IFAS工艺中N_(2)O的产生机制及生物载体缓解N_(2)O产生的作用机理,最后为IFAS工艺未来在协同降碳减污方面的研究方向提出展望。

水质净化过程中生物载体的应用现状与发展

从生物膜技术的优点入手,分析了广义的生物载体的定义,概述了水质净化生物法中生物载体的应用现状及各类生物载体的不足之处,在此基础上提出了几种新型的生物载体,并指出了生物载体的开发方向。

新型沸石填料间歇硝化反应器的研究

介绍一种新型沸石填料 ,用于提高生物脱氮系统中硝化反应器的硝化性能。试验结果表明 ,应用了沸石填料的硝化反应器的硝化性能得到了显著提高 ,在脱氮效率和速率上 ,与普通生物载体硝化反应器相比具有明显的优势。硝化反应器连续运行 17d ,出水氨氮基本在 1mg/L以下 ,氨氮去除率在 97%以上。该系统停止运行 5 0d后再次启动 。

活性炭纤维载体生物膜法处理洗车废水研究

为了实现洗车废水的循环使用，进行了以聚丙烯腈基活性炭纤维（PAN—ACF）为生物膜载体处理洗车废水的实验研究。以LAS、COD和NH3-N等指标考察了活性炭纤维生物膜反应器对洗车废水的处理效果。结果表明：在常温下、pH=6．5～7，当进水流量在30mL／min时，反应器达到最佳运行参数，活性炭纤维载体生物膜法对LAS、COD和NH3-N等的去除率分别达到了97％、80％和60％。出水水质完全达到《生活杂用水水质标准》（CJ／T48-99）中洗车用水主要水质指标的规定。此外，实验表明PAN—ACF作为生物膜载体具有很好的生物亲和性和再生性。

复合式膜生物反应器处理城市污水特性研究

在传统膜生物反应器(CMBR)的生物反应区内投加一定量的悬浮填料作为生物载体,组成复合式膜生物反应器(HMBR)系统用于处理城市污水.经过连续实验,结果表明:HMBR较CMBR能更有效地去除有机物、氨氮、TN和TP;随着载体上生物膜的形成及增多,TN和TP去除率显著提高,当生物膜量达到1400mg/L时,TN和TP的去除率分别由挂膜前的28.7%和71.2%提高到60.3%和82.3%;HMBR生物脱氮除磷的效果受生物膜量和厚度的影响.

以纤维素物质为反硝化碳源和载体去除水中硝酸盐

利用纤维素物质作为反硝化碳源和载体是目前去除水中硝酸盐常用的方法 ,该方法具有成本低廉、取材广、无二次污染等优点。对基于纤维素物质的固相反硝化技术使用的可行性、影响因素以及技术难题等进行了论述,并提出了纤维素物质固相反硝化技术的发展方向和亟需解决的技术难题以及该方法的弊端,为纤维素物质固相反硝化技术的发展和研究提供有益参考。

采用微电极测定溶解氧有效扩散系数的研究

生物载体内部溶解氧的传质是影响载体同步硝化反硝化性能的重要因素.介绍了一种以溶解氧微电极为测试工具,获得球形生物载体内部溶解氧扩散系数的方法.采用自制的溶解氧微电极检测沿载体半径方向上的溶解氧分布,结合扩散-反应方程拟合获得载体内部的溶解氧有效扩散系数.结果表明,在载体填充率为25%的情况下,连续流球形载体反应器可实现同步硝化反硝化,对有机物的去除负荷达到5.6kg/(m3.d).沿载体半径方向里层1/2区域范围内溶解氧消耗为零,载体内能够形成明显的缺氧/厌氧区.溶解氧分布曲线的拟合结果表明,载体内部溶解氧有效扩散系数为0.0172m2/d,传质过程以紊动传质为主.

珍珠岩生物载体开发研究

以珍珠岩为原料开发出了一种生物载体,该载体密度约为1g/cm3,表面粗糙多孔,强度远大于其他行业用膨胀珍珠岩。生物实验表明,该载体适合于微生物附着,可应用于污水处理工程。

竹丝生物膜反应器修复景观水体的研究

利用竹丝生物膜反应器处理低污染景观水体，研究了反应器对原水浊度、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数的去除效果以及生物相的变化情况等．试验结果表明：竹丝生物膜反应器对景观水体中的浊度、氨氮和高锰酸盐指数的去除率分别为19．99％～100％、15．9％～59％和10．60％-74．34％．同时系统内出现了丰富的生物相如钟虫（Vorticella）、草履虫（Paramoecium）、轮虫（Rotifer）、喇叭虫（Stentor）、豆形虫（Colpidium）等，且活性良好，说明竹丝生物膜反应器很适合低污染景观水体的修复．

Electrodeposition of Ir on platinum in NaCl-KCl molten salt

The reduction mechanism of Ir in the NaCl-KCl-IrCl3 molten salt was investigated by cyclic voltammetry and chronopotentiometry, and Ir film was deposited effectively on platinum in potentiostatic mode. The morphology and constitution of Ir film were examined by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, energy dispersive spectroscopy （EDS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. It is found that the reduction mechanism of Ir（III） is a three-electron step and electro reaction is a reversible diffusion controlled process; the diffusion coefficients of Ir（III） at 1083, 1113, 1143 and 1183 K are 1.56×10-4, 2.23×10-4, 2.77×10-4 and 4.40×10-4 cm2/s, respectively, while the activation energy of the electrode reaction is 102.95 kJ/mol. The compacted Ir film reveals that the applied potential greatly affects the deposition of Ir, the thickness of Ir film deposited at the potential of reduction peak is the highest, the temperature of the molten salt also exerts an influence on deposition, the film formed at a lower temperature is thinner, but more micropores would occur on film when the temperature went too high.