Exploding foil initiator(EFI)is a kind of advanced device for initiating explosives,but its function is unstable when it comes to directly igniting pyrotechnics.To solve the problem,this research aims to reveal the ig...Exploding foil initiator(EFI)is a kind of advanced device for initiating explosives,but its function is unstable when it comes to directly igniting pyrotechnics.To solve the problem,this research aims to reveal the ignition mechanism of EFIs directly igniting pyrotechnics.An oscilloscope,a photon Doppler velocimetry,and a plasma spectrum measurement system were employed to obtain information of electric characteristics,impact pressure,and plasma temperature.The results of the electric characteristics and the impact pressure were inconsistent with ignition results.The only thing that the ignition success tests had in common was that their plasma all had a relatively long period of high-temperature duration(HTD).It eventually concludes that the ignition mechanism in this research is the microconvection heat transfer rather than the shock initiation,which differs from that of exploding foil initiators detonating explosives.Furthermore,the methods for evaluating the ignition success of semiconductor bridge initiators are not entirely applicable to the tests mentioned in this paper.The HTD is the critical parameter for judging the ignition success,and it is influenced by two factors:the late time discharge and the energy of the electric explosion.The longer time of the late time discharge and the more energy of the electric explosion,the easier it is to expand the HTD,which improves the probability of the ignition success.展开更多
Block piezoelectric ceramics(PZTs)are often used in impact igniters to provide activation energy for electric initiators.Under the action of strong impact stress,PZTs release electric energy accompanied by crack initi...Block piezoelectric ceramics(PZTs)are often used in impact igniters to provide activation energy for electric initiators.Under the action of strong impact stress,PZTs release electric energy accompanied by crack initiation,propagation and crushing.At present,the electrical output performance of PZTs in projectile is usually calculated by quasi-static piezoelectric equation without considering the dynamic effect caused by strong impact and the influence of crack propagation on material properties.So the ignition parameters are always not accurately predicted.To tackle this,a PZT dynamic damage constitutive model considering crack propagation is established based on the dynamic impact test and the crack propagation theory of brittle materials.The model is then embedded into the ABAQUS subroutine and used to simulate the electromechanical response of the impact igniter during the impact of a small caliber projectile on the target.Meanwhile,the experiments of projectile with impact igniter impact on the target are carried out.The comparison between experimental and numerical simulation results show that the established dynamic damage model can effectively predict the dynamic electromechanical response of PZTs in the missile service environment.展开更多
The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of...The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.However,charring polymers alone need a relatively high input voltage to achieve pyrolysis and ignition,which increases the burden and cost of the power system of micro/nano satellite in practical application.Adding conductive substance into charring polymers can effectively decrease the conducting voltage which can realize low voltage and low power consumption repeated ignition of arc ignition system.In this paper,a charring conductive polymer ignition grain with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber,which is composed of PLA and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)was proposed.The detailed ignition processes were analyzed and two different ignition mechanisms in the cavity of charring conductive polymers were revealed.The ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers were also investigated at different input voltages,ignition grain structures,ignition locations and injection schemes in a visual ignition combustor.The results demonstrated that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition were inversely correlated with the voltages applied to ignition grain.Moreover,the incremental depth of cavity shortened the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition while accelerated the propagation of flame.As the depth of cavity increased from 2 to 6 mm(at 50 V),the time of flame propagating out of ignition grain changed from 235.6 to 108 ms,and values of mean ignition delay time and mean external energy required for ignition decreased from 462.8 to 320 ms and 16.2 to 10.75 J,respectively.The rear side of the cavity was the ideal ignition position which had a shorter ignition delay and a faster flame propagation speed in comparison to other ignition positions.Compared to direct injection scheme,swirling injection provided a more favorable flow field environment in the cavity,which was beneficial to ignition and initial flame propagation,but the ignition position needed to be away from the outlet of swirling injector.At last,the repeated ignition characteristic of charring conductive polymers was also investigated.The ignition delay time and external energy required for ignition decreased with repeated ignition times but the variation was decreasing gradually.展开更多
Incorporating aluminum metal-organic frameworks(Al-MOFs)as energetic additives for solid fuels presents a promising avenue for enhancing combustion performance.This study explores the potential benefits of Al-MOF(MIL-...Incorporating aluminum metal-organic frameworks(Al-MOFs)as energetic additives for solid fuels presents a promising avenue for enhancing combustion performance.This study explores the potential benefits of Al-MOF(MIL-53(Al))energetic additive on the combustion performance of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)fuel.The HTPB-MOF fuel samples were manufactured using the vacuum-casting technique,followed by a comprehensive evaluation of their ignition and combustion properties using an opposed flow burner(OFB)setup utilizing gaseous oxygen as an oxidizer.To gauge the effectiveness of Al-MOFs as fuel additives,their impact is compared with that of nano-aluminum(nAl),another traditional additive in HTPB fuel.The results indicate that the addition of 15%(mass fraction)nAl into HTPB resulted in the shortest ignition delay time(136 ms),demonstrating improved ignition performance compared to pure HTPB(273 ms).The incorporation of Al-MOF in HTPB also reduced ignition delay times to 227 ms and 189 ms,respectively.Moreover,under high oxidizer mass flux conditions(79—81 kg/(m^(2)s)),HTPB fuel with 15%nAl exhibited a substantial 83.2%increase in regression rate compared to the baseline HTPB fuel,highlighting the positive influence of nAl on combustion behavior.In contrast,HTPB-MOF with a 15%Al-MOF additive showed a 32.7%increase in regression rate compared to pure HTPB.These results suggest that HTPB-nAl outperforms HTPB-MOF in terms of regression rates,indicating a more vigorous and rapid burning behavior.展开更多
Energetic Semiconductor bridge(ESCB)based on reactive multilayered films(RMFs)has a promising application in the miniature and intelligence of initiator and pyrotechnics device.Understanding the ignition enhancement m...Energetic Semiconductor bridge(ESCB)based on reactive multilayered films(RMFs)has a promising application in the miniature and intelligence of initiator and pyrotechnics device.Understanding the ignition enhancement mechanism of RMFs on semiconductor bridge(SCB)during the ignition process is crucial for the engineering and practical application of advanced initiator and pyrotechnics devices.In this study,a one-dimensional(1D)gas-solid two-phase flow ignition model was established to study the ignition process of ESCB to charge particles based on the reactivity of Al/MoO_(3) RMFs.In order to fully consider the coupled exothermic between the RMFs and the SCB plasma during the ignition process,the heat release of chemical reaction in RMFs was used as an internal heat source in this model.It is found that the exothermal reaction in RMFs improved the ignition performance of SCB.In the process of plasma rapid condensation with heat release,the product of RMFs enhanced the heat transfer process between the gas phase and the solid charge particle,which accelerated the expansion of hot plasma,and heated the solid charge particle as well as gas phase region with low temperature.In addition,it made up for pressure loss in the gas phase.During the plasma dissipation process,the exothermal chemical reaction in RMFs acted as the main heating source to heat the charge particle,making the surface temperature of the charge particle,gas pressure,and gas temperature rise continuously.This result may yield significant advantages in providing a universal ignition model for miniaturized ignition devices.展开更多
In the double-cone ignition schemes(DCIS), the deuterium–tritium target shell is ablated and compressed by a highpower nanosecond laser in Au-cones to generate plasmas. Under the actions of spherically symmetric comp...In the double-cone ignition schemes(DCIS), the deuterium–tritium target shell is ablated and compressed by a highpower nanosecond laser in Au-cones to generate plasmas. Under the actions of spherically symmetric compression and acceleration along the Au cone, they will be ejected out of the cone mouth and collide with each other. The plasmas experience conversion from kinetic energy to internal energy at the vertex of the geometric center of two Au cones that are symmetric to each other, because of which high-density fusion plasmas are preheated. This key physical process has undergone experimental verification on the Shenguang-II upgraded facility in China. Apparently, the improvement and optimization of the velocity of plasmas in hypersonic jet flow at the cone mouth are crucial for the success of the DCIS. In the DCIR7 experiment of the Shenguang-II upgraded facility, a velocity yield of approximately 130–260 km/s was achieved for the plasmas at the cone mouth, with a result of nearly 300 km/s based on numerical simulation. In this paper, theoretical analysis is performed as regards the process, in which target shells are ablated and compressed by laser to generate highvelocity plasmas ejected through jet flow. Based on this analysis, the formula for the velocity of plasmas in supersonic jet flow at the cone mouth is proposed. This study also provides measures that are more effective for improving the kinetic energy of plasmas and optimizing energy conversion efficiency, which can serve as theoretical references for the adjustment and optimization of processes in subsequent experiments.展开更多
Investigating the ignition response of nitrate ester plasticized polyether(NEPE) propellant under dynamic extrusion loading is of great significant at least for two cases. Firstly, it helps to understand the mechanism...Investigating the ignition response of nitrate ester plasticized polyether(NEPE) propellant under dynamic extrusion loading is of great significant at least for two cases. Firstly, it helps to understand the mechanism and conditions of unwanted ignition inside charged propellant under accident stimulus.Secondly, evaluates the risk of a shell crevice in a solid rocket motor(SRM) under a falling or overturning scene. In the present study, an innovative visual crevice extrusion experiment is designed using a dropweight apparatus. The dynamic responses of NEPE propellant during extrusion loading, including compaction and compression, rapid shear flow into the crevice, stress concentration, and ignition reaction, have been firstly observed using a high-performance high-speed camera. The ignition reaction is observed in the triangular region of the NEPE propellant sample above the crevice when the drop weight velocity was 1.90 m/s. Based on the user material subroutine interface UMAT provided by finite element software LS-DYNA, a viscoelastic-plastic model and dual ignition criterion related to plastic shear dissipation are developed and applied to the local ignition response analysis under crevice extrusion conditions. The stress concentration occurs in the crevice location of the propellant sample, the shear stress is relatively large, the effective plastic work is relatively large, and the ignition reaction is easy to occur. When the sample thickness decreases from 5 mm to 2.5 mm, the shear stress increases from 22.3 MPa to 28.6 MPa, the critical value of effective plastic work required for ignition is shortened from 1280 μs to 730 μs, and the triangular area is easily triggering an ignition reaction. The propellant sample with a small thickness is more likely to stress concentration, resulting in large shear stress and effective work, triggering an ignition reaction.展开更多
We developed a monochromatic crystal backlight imaging system for the double-cone ignition(DCI) scheme, employing a spherically bent quartz crystal. This system was used to measure the spatial distribution and tempora...We developed a monochromatic crystal backlight imaging system for the double-cone ignition(DCI) scheme, employing a spherically bent quartz crystal. This system was used to measure the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the head-on colliding plasma from the two compressing cones in the DCI experiments. The influence of laser parameters on the x-ray backlighter intensity and spatial resolution of the imaging system was investigated. The imaging system had a spatial resolution of 10 μm when employing a CCD detector. Experiments demonstrated that the system can obtain time-resolved radiographic images with high quality, enabling the precise measurement of the shape, size, and density distribution of the plasma.展开更多
A cylinder combustion simulation model was established for a two-stroke aviation piston engine used in a small unmanned aerial vehicle. The influence of different ignition system parameters on the combustion process o...A cylinder combustion simulation model was established for a two-stroke aviation piston engine used in a small unmanned aerial vehicle. The influence of different ignition system parameters on the combustion process of aviation kerosene was studied using this model. The research results showed that under the working conditions of 5500 r/min and 50% throttle opening, as the ignition energy increased, the peak values of average cylinder pressure and average temperature increased, and the combustion duration shortened, The advance of the combustion center of gravity increases the tendency of the engine to knock. Under the same operating conditions, as the ignition timing advances, the peak values of average pressure and average temperature in the cylinder increase, gradually approaching the top dead center, and the tendency of engine detonation increases more significantly.展开更多
At present, aero-engines face a major need to widen the ignition envelope. In order to provide a technical support to expand the high altitude ignition envelope of aero-engines, in this article we propose a novel igni...At present, aero-engines face a major need to widen the ignition envelope. In order to provide a technical support to expand the high altitude ignition envelope of aero-engines, in this article we propose a novel ignition technology, i.e., "precombustion plasma jet ignition technology". In this paper, we also design a pre-combustion plasma jet igniter. Its discharge characteristics, jet characteristics, and ignition effects are studied. The results show that increasing the equivalent ratio of jet gas can enhance the discharge stability and increase the duty cycle. At the same time, it can reduce working power and energy consumption. The increase of equivalent ratio in jet gas can enhance the length and ignition area of plasma jet.In the process of ignition, the pre-combustion plasma jet igniter has obvious advantages, suchn as shortening the ignition delay time and enlarging the ignition boundary. When the airflow velocity is 39.11 m/s and the inlet air temperature is80℃, compared with the spark igniter and the air plasma jet igniter, the pre-combustion plasma jet igniter has an ignition boundary that is expanded by 319.8% and 55.7% respectively.展开更多
High-temperature ignition is essential for the ignition and combustion of energetic metal fuels, including aluminum and magnesium particles which are protected by their high- melting-temperature oxides. A plasma torch...High-temperature ignition is essential for the ignition and combustion of energetic metal fuels, including aluminum and magnesium particles which are protected by their high- melting-temperature oxides. A plasma torch characterized by an ultrahigh-temperature plasma plume fulfills such high-temperature ignition conditions. A new steam plasma igniter is designed and successfully validated by aluminum power ignition and combustion tests. The steam plasma rapidly stabilizes in both plasma and steam jet modes. Parametric investigation of the steam plasma jet is conducted in terms of arc strength. A high-speed camera and an oscilloscope method visualize the discharge characteristics, and optical emission spectroscopy measures the thermochemical properties of the plasma jet. The diatomic molecule OH fitting method, the Boltzmann plot method, and short exposure capturing with an intensified charge coupled device record the axial distributions of the rotational gas temperature, excitation temperature, and OH radical distribution, respectively. The excitation temperature at the nozzle tip is near 5500 K, and the gas temperature is 5400 K.展开更多
Relighting of jet engines at high altitudes is very difficult because of the high velocity, low pressure, and low tempera- ture of the inlet airflow. Successful ignition needs sufficient ignition energy to generate a ...Relighting of jet engines at high altitudes is very difficult because of the high velocity, low pressure, and low tempera- ture of the inlet airflow. Successful ignition needs sufficient ignition energy to generate a spark kernel to induce a so-called critical flame initiation radius. However, at high altitudes with high-speed inlet airflow, the critical flame initiation radius becomes larger; therefore, traditional ignition technologies such as a semiconductor igniter (SI) become infeasible for use in high-altitude relighting of jet engines. In this study, to generate a large spark kernel to achieve successful ignition with high-speed inlet airflow, a new type of multichannel plasma igniter (MCPI) is proposed. Experiments on the electrical char- acteristics of the MCPI and SI were conducted under normal and sub-atmospheric pressures (P = 10-100 kPa). Ignition experiments for the MCPI and SI with a kerosene/air mixture in a triple-swirler combustor under different velocities of inlet airflow (60-110 m/s), with a temperature of 473 K at standard atmospheric pressure, were investigated. Results show that the MCPI generates much more arc discharge energy than the SI under a constant pressure; for example, the MCPI generated 6.93% and 16.05 % more arc discharge energy than that of the SI at 30 kPa and 50 kPa, respectively. Compared to the SI, the MCPI generates a larger area and height of plasma heating zone, and induces a much larger initial spark kernel. Furthermore, the lean ignition limit of the MCPI and SI decreases with an increase in the velocity of the inlet airflow, and the maximum velocity of inlet airflow where the SI and MCPI can achieve successful and reliable ignition is 88.7 m/s and 102.2 m/s, respectively. Therefore, the MCPI has the advantage of achieving successful ignition with high-speed inlet airflow and extends the average ignition speed boundary of the kerosene/air mixture by 15.2%.展开更多
In the extreme conditions of high altitude,low temperature,low pressure,and high speed,the aircraft engine is prone to flameout and difficult to start secondary ignition,which makes reliable ignition of combustion cha...In the extreme conditions of high altitude,low temperature,low pressure,and high speed,the aircraft engine is prone to flameout and difficult to start secondary ignition,which makes reliable ignition of combustion chamber at high altitude become a worldwide problem.To solve this problem,a kind of multichannel plasma igniter with round cavity is proposed in this paper,the three-channel and five-channel igniters are compared with the traditional ones.The discharge energy of the three igniters was compared based on the electric energy test and the thermal energy test,and ignition experiments was conducted in the simulated high-altitude environment of the component combustion chamber.The results show that the recessed multichannel plasma igniter has higher discharge energy than the conventional spark igniter,which can increase the conversion efficiency of electric energy from 26%to 43%,and the conversion efficiency of thermal energy from 25%to 73%.The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can achieve greater spark penetration depth and excitation area,which both increase with the increase of height.At the same height,the inlet flow helps to increase the penetration depth of the spark.The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can widen the lean ignition boundary,and the maximum enrichment percentage of lean ignition boundary can reach 31%.展开更多
Hydrogen and ammonia have attracted increasing attention as carbon-free fuels.Ammonia is considered to be an effective energy storage and hydrogen storage medium.However,a small amount of unremoved NH3 is still presen...Hydrogen and ammonia have attracted increasing attention as carbon-free fuels.Ammonia is considered to be an effective energy storage and hydrogen storage medium.However,a small amount of unremoved NH3 is still present in the product during the decomposition of ammonia to produce hydrogen.Therefore,it is very essential to investigate the self-ignition of hydrogen-ammonia mixtures in order to accommodate the various scenarios of hydrogen energy applications.In this paper,the effect of NH3 addition on the self-ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release is numerically investigated.The RNG k-εturbulence model,EDC combustion model,and 213-step detailed NH_(3)/H_(2) combustion mechanism are used.CHEMKIN-Pro programs for zero-dimensional homogeneous and constant volume adiabatic reactor models are used for sensitivity analysis and ignition delay time of the chemical reaction mechanism.The results showed that the minimum burst pressure required for self-ignition increased significantly after the addition of ammonia.The maximum temperature and shock wave intensity inside the tube decreases with increasing ammonia concentration.The ignition delay time and H,HO2,and OH radicals reduce with increasing ammonia concentration.H and HO2 radicals are suggested as indicators for tracking the second and third flame branches,respectively.展开更多
HNS-IV(Hexanitrostilbene-IV) is the main charge of the exploding foil initiators(EFI), and the microstructure of the HNS will directly affect its density, flowability, sensitivity, and stability. HNS microspheres were...HNS-IV(Hexanitrostilbene-IV) is the main charge of the exploding foil initiators(EFI), and the microstructure of the HNS will directly affect its density, flowability, sensitivity, and stability. HNS microspheres were prepared using droplet microfluidics, and the particle size, morphology, specific surface area, thermal performance, and ignition threshold of the HNS microspheres were characterized and tested. The results shown that the prepared HNS microspheres have high sphericity, with an average particle size of 20.52 μm(coefficient of variation less than 0.2), and a specific surface area of 21.62 m^(2)/g(6.87 m^(2)/g higher than the raw material). Without changing the crystal structure and thermal stability of HNS-IV, this method significantly enhances the sensitivity of HNS-IV to short pulses and reduces the ignition threshold of the slapper detonator to below 1000 V. This will contribute to the miniaturization and low cost of EFI.展开更多
The electrical characteristics of an alternating current (AC) plasma igniter were investigated for a working gas of air at atmospheric pressure. The discharge voltage and current were measured in air in both breakdo...The electrical characteristics of an alternating current (AC) plasma igniter were investigated for a working gas of air at atmospheric pressure. The discharge voltage and current were measured in air in both breakdown and stable combustion processes, respectively, and the current-zero phenomena, voltage-current (V-I) characteristics were studied for different working gas flow rates. The results indicated that the working gas between anode and cathode could be ionized to generate gas discharge when the voltage reached 8 kV, and the maximum current was 33.36 A. When the current came to zero, current-zero phenomena appeared with duration of 2 #s. At the current-zero moment, dynamic resistance between electrodes became extremely high, and the maximum value could reach 445 kf~, which was the main factor to restrain the current. With increasing working gas flow rates, the gradient of V-I characteristic curves was increased, as was the dynamic resistance. At a constant driven power, the discharge voltage increased.展开更多
Stable combustion in an afterburner can help increase the thrust of the engine in a short time,thereby improving the maneuverability of a fighter.To improve the ignition performance of an afterburner,a twin-duct ignit...Stable combustion in an afterburner can help increase the thrust of the engine in a short time,thereby improving the maneuverability of a fighter.To improve the ignition performance of an afterburner,a twin-duct ignition platform was designed to study the performance of a gliding arc plasma igniter in close-to-real afterburner conditions.The research was carried out by a combination of experiments and simulations.The working environment of the igniter was explored through a numerical simulation.The results showed that the airflow ejected from the radiating holes formed a swirling sheath,which increased the anti-interference ability of the airflow jet.The influence of the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the igniter(Δp),the flow rate outside the igniter outlet(W_(2)),and the installation angle(α)on the singlecycle discharge energy(E)as well as the maximum arc length(L)were studied through experiments.Three stages were identified:the airflow breakdown stage,the arc evolution stage,and the arc fracture stage.E and L increased by 107.3%and 366.2%,respectively,withΔp increasing from 10 to 70 Torr.The relationship between L andΔp obtained by data fitting is L=3-2.47/(1+(Δp/25)^(4)).The relationship of L at differentαis L_(α=0°)>(L_(α=45°)and L_(α=135°))>L_(α=180°)>L_(α=90°).E and L decrease by 18.2%and 37.3%,respectively,whenΔp=45 Torr and W_(2) is increased from 0 to 250 l min^(-1).展开更多
Gasoline compression ignition(GCI)has been considered as a promising combustion concept to yield ultralow NOX and soot emissions while maintaining high thermal efficiency.However,how to improve the low-load performanc...Gasoline compression ignition(GCI)has been considered as a promising combustion concept to yield ultralow NOX and soot emissions while maintaining high thermal efficiency.However,how to improve the low-load performance becomes an urgent issue to be solved.In this paper,a GCI engine model was built to investigate the effects of internal EGR(i-EGR)and pre-injection on in-cylinder temperature,spatial concentration of mixture and OH radical,combustion and emission characteristics,and the control strategy for improving the combustion performance was further explored.The results showed an obvious expansion of the zone with an equivalence ratio between 0.8∼1.2 is realized by higher pre-injection ratios,and the s decreases with the increase of pre-injection ratio,but increases with the increase of i-EGR ratio.The high overlap among the equivalentmixture zone,the hightemperature zone,and the OH radical-rich zone can be achieved by higher i-EGR ratio coupled with higher preinjection ratio.By increasing the pre-injection ratio,the combustion efficiency increases first and then decreases,also achieves the peak value with a pre-injection ratio of 60%and is unaffected by i-EGR.The emissions of CO,HC,NOX,and soot can also be reduced to low levels by the combination of higher i-EGR ratios and a pre-injection ratio of 60%.展开更多
文摘Exploding foil initiator(EFI)is a kind of advanced device for initiating explosives,but its function is unstable when it comes to directly igniting pyrotechnics.To solve the problem,this research aims to reveal the ignition mechanism of EFIs directly igniting pyrotechnics.An oscilloscope,a photon Doppler velocimetry,and a plasma spectrum measurement system were employed to obtain information of electric characteristics,impact pressure,and plasma temperature.The results of the electric characteristics and the impact pressure were inconsistent with ignition results.The only thing that the ignition success tests had in common was that their plasma all had a relatively long period of high-temperature duration(HTD).It eventually concludes that the ignition mechanism in this research is the microconvection heat transfer rather than the shock initiation,which differs from that of exploding foil initiators detonating explosives.Furthermore,the methods for evaluating the ignition success of semiconductor bridge initiators are not entirely applicable to the tests mentioned in this paper.The HTD is the critical parameter for judging the ignition success,and it is influenced by two factors:the late time discharge and the energy of the electric explosion.The longer time of the late time discharge and the more energy of the electric explosion,the easier it is to expand the HTD,which improves the probability of the ignition success.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12172232)the project of Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering(Ningbo University,China)+1 种基金Ministry of Education(CJ202206)supported by the scientific research support plan of introducing high-level talents from Shenyang Ligong University。
文摘Block piezoelectric ceramics(PZTs)are often used in impact igniters to provide activation energy for electric initiators.Under the action of strong impact stress,PZTs release electric energy accompanied by crack initiation,propagation and crushing.At present,the electrical output performance of PZTs in projectile is usually calculated by quasi-static piezoelectric equation without considering the dynamic effect caused by strong impact and the influence of crack propagation on material properties.So the ignition parameters are always not accurately predicted.To tackle this,a PZT dynamic damage constitutive model considering crack propagation is established based on the dynamic impact test and the crack propagation theory of brittle materials.The model is then embedded into the ABAQUS subroutine and used to simulate the electromechanical response of the impact igniter during the impact of a small caliber projectile on the target.Meanwhile,the experiments of projectile with impact igniter impact on the target are carried out.The comparison between experimental and numerical simulation results show that the established dynamic damage model can effectively predict the dynamic electromechanical response of PZTs in the missile service environment.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30920041102)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11802134).
文摘The arc ignition system based on charring polymers has advantages of simple structure,low ignition power consumption and multiple ignitions,which bringing it broadly application prospect in hybrid propulsion system of micro/nano satellite.However,charring polymers alone need a relatively high input voltage to achieve pyrolysis and ignition,which increases the burden and cost of the power system of micro/nano satellite in practical application.Adding conductive substance into charring polymers can effectively decrease the conducting voltage which can realize low voltage and low power consumption repeated ignition of arc ignition system.In this paper,a charring conductive polymer ignition grain with a cavity geometry in precombustion chamber,which is composed of PLA and multiwall carbon nanotubes(MWCNT)was proposed.The detailed ignition processes were analyzed and two different ignition mechanisms in the cavity of charring conductive polymers were revealed.The ignition characteristics of charring conductive polymers were also investigated at different input voltages,ignition grain structures,ignition locations and injection schemes in a visual ignition combustor.The results demonstrated that the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition were inversely correlated with the voltages applied to ignition grain.Moreover,the incremental depth of cavity shortened the ignition delay and external energy required for ignition while accelerated the propagation of flame.As the depth of cavity increased from 2 to 6 mm(at 50 V),the time of flame propagating out of ignition grain changed from 235.6 to 108 ms,and values of mean ignition delay time and mean external energy required for ignition decreased from 462.8 to 320 ms and 16.2 to 10.75 J,respectively.The rear side of the cavity was the ideal ignition position which had a shorter ignition delay and a faster flame propagation speed in comparison to other ignition positions.Compared to direct injection scheme,swirling injection provided a more favorable flow field environment in the cavity,which was beneficial to ignition and initial flame propagation,but the ignition position needed to be away from the outlet of swirling injector.At last,the repeated ignition characteristic of charring conductive polymers was also investigated.The ignition delay time and external energy required for ignition decreased with repeated ignition times but the variation was decreasing gradually.
文摘Incorporating aluminum metal-organic frameworks(Al-MOFs)as energetic additives for solid fuels presents a promising avenue for enhancing combustion performance.This study explores the potential benefits of Al-MOF(MIL-53(Al))energetic additive on the combustion performance of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(HTPB)fuel.The HTPB-MOF fuel samples were manufactured using the vacuum-casting technique,followed by a comprehensive evaluation of their ignition and combustion properties using an opposed flow burner(OFB)setup utilizing gaseous oxygen as an oxidizer.To gauge the effectiveness of Al-MOFs as fuel additives,their impact is compared with that of nano-aluminum(nAl),another traditional additive in HTPB fuel.The results indicate that the addition of 15%(mass fraction)nAl into HTPB resulted in the shortest ignition delay time(136 ms),demonstrating improved ignition performance compared to pure HTPB(273 ms).The incorporation of Al-MOF in HTPB also reduced ignition delay times to 227 ms and 189 ms,respectively.Moreover,under high oxidizer mass flux conditions(79—81 kg/(m^(2)s)),HTPB fuel with 15%nAl exhibited a substantial 83.2%increase in regression rate compared to the baseline HTPB fuel,highlighting the positive influence of nAl on combustion behavior.In contrast,HTPB-MOF with a 15%Al-MOF additive showed a 32.7%increase in regression rate compared to pure HTPB.These results suggest that HTPB-nAl outperforms HTPB-MOF in terms of regression rates,indicating a more vigorous and rapid burning behavior.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.22275092,52102107 and 52372084)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30923010920)。
文摘Energetic Semiconductor bridge(ESCB)based on reactive multilayered films(RMFs)has a promising application in the miniature and intelligence of initiator and pyrotechnics device.Understanding the ignition enhancement mechanism of RMFs on semiconductor bridge(SCB)during the ignition process is crucial for the engineering and practical application of advanced initiator and pyrotechnics devices.In this study,a one-dimensional(1D)gas-solid two-phase flow ignition model was established to study the ignition process of ESCB to charge particles based on the reactivity of Al/MoO_(3) RMFs.In order to fully consider the coupled exothermic between the RMFs and the SCB plasma during the ignition process,the heat release of chemical reaction in RMFs was used as an internal heat source in this model.It is found that the exothermal reaction in RMFs improved the ignition performance of SCB.In the process of plasma rapid condensation with heat release,the product of RMFs enhanced the heat transfer process between the gas phase and the solid charge particle,which accelerated the expansion of hot plasma,and heated the solid charge particle as well as gas phase region with low temperature.In addition,it made up for pressure loss in the gas phase.During the plasma dissipation process,the exothermal chemical reaction in RMFs acted as the main heating source to heat the charge particle,making the surface temperature of the charge particle,gas pressure,and gas temperature rise continuously.This result may yield significant advantages in providing a universal ignition model for miniaturized ignition devices.
基金Project supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant Nos. XDA25051000 and XDA 25010100)。
文摘In the double-cone ignition schemes(DCIS), the deuterium–tritium target shell is ablated and compressed by a highpower nanosecond laser in Au-cones to generate plasmas. Under the actions of spherically symmetric compression and acceleration along the Au cone, they will be ejected out of the cone mouth and collide with each other. The plasmas experience conversion from kinetic energy to internal energy at the vertex of the geometric center of two Au cones that are symmetric to each other, because of which high-density fusion plasmas are preheated. This key physical process has undergone experimental verification on the Shenguang-II upgraded facility in China. Apparently, the improvement and optimization of the velocity of plasmas in hypersonic jet flow at the cone mouth are crucial for the success of the DCIS. In the DCIR7 experiment of the Shenguang-II upgraded facility, a velocity yield of approximately 130–260 km/s was achieved for the plasmas at the cone mouth, with a result of nearly 300 km/s based on numerical simulation. In this paper, theoretical analysis is performed as regards the process, in which target shells are ablated and compressed by laser to generate highvelocity plasmas ejected through jet flow. Based on this analysis, the formula for the velocity of plasmas in supersonic jet flow at the cone mouth is proposed. This study also provides measures that are more effective for improving the kinetic energy of plasmas and optimizing energy conversion efficiency, which can serve as theoretical references for the adjustment and optimization of processes in subsequent experiments.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22B20131)State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology(QNKT23-10)for supporting this project.
文摘Investigating the ignition response of nitrate ester plasticized polyether(NEPE) propellant under dynamic extrusion loading is of great significant at least for two cases. Firstly, it helps to understand the mechanism and conditions of unwanted ignition inside charged propellant under accident stimulus.Secondly, evaluates the risk of a shell crevice in a solid rocket motor(SRM) under a falling or overturning scene. In the present study, an innovative visual crevice extrusion experiment is designed using a dropweight apparatus. The dynamic responses of NEPE propellant during extrusion loading, including compaction and compression, rapid shear flow into the crevice, stress concentration, and ignition reaction, have been firstly observed using a high-performance high-speed camera. The ignition reaction is observed in the triangular region of the NEPE propellant sample above the crevice when the drop weight velocity was 1.90 m/s. Based on the user material subroutine interface UMAT provided by finite element software LS-DYNA, a viscoelastic-plastic model and dual ignition criterion related to plastic shear dissipation are developed and applied to the local ignition response analysis under crevice extrusion conditions. The stress concentration occurs in the crevice location of the propellant sample, the shear stress is relatively large, the effective plastic work is relatively large, and the ignition reaction is easy to occur. When the sample thickness decreases from 5 mm to 2.5 mm, the shear stress increases from 22.3 MPa to 28.6 MPa, the critical value of effective plastic work required for ignition is shortened from 1280 μs to 730 μs, and the triangular area is easily triggering an ignition reaction. The propellant sample with a small thickness is more likely to stress concentration, resulting in large shear stress and effective work, triggering an ignition reaction.
基金Project supported by the staff of the Shenguang-Ⅱ upgrade Laser facilityThis study was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant Nos.XDA25010100,XDA25010300,XDA25030100,XDA25030200,and XDA25051000)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11827807 and 12105359)the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of High Power Laser and Physics of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.SGKF202105)the Chinese Academy of Sciences Youth Interdisciplinary Team(Grant No.JCTD-2022-05).
文摘We developed a monochromatic crystal backlight imaging system for the double-cone ignition(DCI) scheme, employing a spherically bent quartz crystal. This system was used to measure the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of the head-on colliding plasma from the two compressing cones in the DCI experiments. The influence of laser parameters on the x-ray backlighter intensity and spatial resolution of the imaging system was investigated. The imaging system had a spatial resolution of 10 μm when employing a CCD detector. Experiments demonstrated that the system can obtain time-resolved radiographic images with high quality, enabling the precise measurement of the shape, size, and density distribution of the plasma.
文摘A cylinder combustion simulation model was established for a two-stroke aviation piston engine used in a small unmanned aerial vehicle. The influence of different ignition system parameters on the combustion process of aviation kerosene was studied using this model. The research results showed that under the working conditions of 5500 r/min and 50% throttle opening, as the ignition energy increased, the peak values of average cylinder pressure and average temperature increased, and the combustion duration shortened, The advance of the combustion center of gravity increases the tendency of the engine to knock. Under the same operating conditions, as the ignition timing advances, the peak values of average pressure and average temperature in the cylinder increase, gradually approaching the top dead center, and the tendency of engine detonation increases more significantly.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51776223 and 91741112)
文摘At present, aero-engines face a major need to widen the ignition envelope. In order to provide a technical support to expand the high altitude ignition envelope of aero-engines, in this article we propose a novel ignition technology, i.e., "precombustion plasma jet ignition technology". In this paper, we also design a pre-combustion plasma jet igniter. Its discharge characteristics, jet characteristics, and ignition effects are studied. The results show that increasing the equivalent ratio of jet gas can enhance the discharge stability and increase the duty cycle. At the same time, it can reduce working power and energy consumption. The increase of equivalent ratio in jet gas can enhance the length and ignition area of plasma jet.In the process of ignition, the pre-combustion plasma jet igniter has obvious advantages, suchn as shortening the ignition delay time and enlarging the ignition boundary. When the airflow velocity is 39.11 m/s and the inlet air temperature is80℃, compared with the spark igniter and the air plasma jet igniter, the pre-combustion plasma jet igniter has an ignition boundary that is expanded by 319.8% and 55.7% respectively.
基金supported by the Defense Acquisition Program Administration and Agency for Defense Development under the contract UD110095CDsupported by the Advanced Research Center Program(NRF-2013R1A5A1073861) through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korean government(MSIP) contracted through the Advanced Space Propulsion Research Center at Seoul National University
文摘High-temperature ignition is essential for the ignition and combustion of energetic metal fuels, including aluminum and magnesium particles which are protected by their high- melting-temperature oxides. A plasma torch characterized by an ultrahigh-temperature plasma plume fulfills such high-temperature ignition conditions. A new steam plasma igniter is designed and successfully validated by aluminum power ignition and combustion tests. The steam plasma rapidly stabilizes in both plasma and steam jet modes. Parametric investigation of the steam plasma jet is conducted in terms of arc strength. A high-speed camera and an oscilloscope method visualize the discharge characteristics, and optical emission spectroscopy measures the thermochemical properties of the plasma jet. The diatomic molecule OH fitting method, the Boltzmann plot method, and short exposure capturing with an intensified charge coupled device record the axial distributions of the rotational gas temperature, excitation temperature, and OH radical distribution, respectively. The excitation temperature at the nozzle tip is near 5500 K, and the gas temperature is 5400 K.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91541120,11472306,51336011,and 91641204)
文摘Relighting of jet engines at high altitudes is very difficult because of the high velocity, low pressure, and low tempera- ture of the inlet airflow. Successful ignition needs sufficient ignition energy to generate a spark kernel to induce a so-called critical flame initiation radius. However, at high altitudes with high-speed inlet airflow, the critical flame initiation radius becomes larger; therefore, traditional ignition technologies such as a semiconductor igniter (SI) become infeasible for use in high-altitude relighting of jet engines. In this study, to generate a large spark kernel to achieve successful ignition with high-speed inlet airflow, a new type of multichannel plasma igniter (MCPI) is proposed. Experiments on the electrical char- acteristics of the MCPI and SI were conducted under normal and sub-atmospheric pressures (P = 10-100 kPa). Ignition experiments for the MCPI and SI with a kerosene/air mixture in a triple-swirler combustor under different velocities of inlet airflow (60-110 m/s), with a temperature of 473 K at standard atmospheric pressure, were investigated. Results show that the MCPI generates much more arc discharge energy than the SI under a constant pressure; for example, the MCPI generated 6.93% and 16.05 % more arc discharge energy than that of the SI at 30 kPa and 50 kPa, respectively. Compared to the SI, the MCPI generates a larger area and height of plasma heating zone, and induces a much larger initial spark kernel. Furthermore, the lean ignition limit of the MCPI and SI decreases with an increase in the velocity of the inlet airflow, and the maximum velocity of inlet airflow where the SI and MCPI can achieve successful and reliable ignition is 88.7 m/s and 102.2 m/s, respectively. Therefore, the MCPI has the advantage of achieving successful ignition with high-speed inlet airflow and extends the average ignition speed boundary of the kerosene/air mixture by 15.2%.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.91641204).
文摘In the extreme conditions of high altitude,low temperature,low pressure,and high speed,the aircraft engine is prone to flameout and difficult to start secondary ignition,which makes reliable ignition of combustion chamber at high altitude become a worldwide problem.To solve this problem,a kind of multichannel plasma igniter with round cavity is proposed in this paper,the three-channel and five-channel igniters are compared with the traditional ones.The discharge energy of the three igniters was compared based on the electric energy test and the thermal energy test,and ignition experiments was conducted in the simulated high-altitude environment of the component combustion chamber.The results show that the recessed multichannel plasma igniter has higher discharge energy than the conventional spark igniter,which can increase the conversion efficiency of electric energy from 26%to 43%,and the conversion efficiency of thermal energy from 25%to 73%.The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can achieve greater spark penetration depth and excitation area,which both increase with the increase of height.At the same height,the inlet flow helps to increase the penetration depth of the spark.The recessed multichannel plasma igniter can widen the lean ignition boundary,and the maximum enrichment percentage of lean ignition boundary can reach 31%.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China for Renewable Energy and Hydrogen Technology(Grant No.2021YFB4000403)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52204072)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22038002)the Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.22221005)the Fujian Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2020HZ07009)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(Grant No.2020J05098).
文摘Hydrogen and ammonia have attracted increasing attention as carbon-free fuels.Ammonia is considered to be an effective energy storage and hydrogen storage medium.However,a small amount of unremoved NH3 is still present in the product during the decomposition of ammonia to produce hydrogen.Therefore,it is very essential to investigate the self-ignition of hydrogen-ammonia mixtures in order to accommodate the various scenarios of hydrogen energy applications.In this paper,the effect of NH3 addition on the self-ignition of high-pressure hydrogen release is numerically investigated.The RNG k-εturbulence model,EDC combustion model,and 213-step detailed NH_(3)/H_(2) combustion mechanism are used.CHEMKIN-Pro programs for zero-dimensional homogeneous and constant volume adiabatic reactor models are used for sensitivity analysis and ignition delay time of the chemical reaction mechanism.The results showed that the minimum burst pressure required for self-ignition increased significantly after the addition of ammonia.The maximum temperature and shock wave intensity inside the tube decreases with increasing ammonia concentration.The ignition delay time and H,HO2,and OH radicals reduce with increasing ammonia concentration.H and HO2 radicals are suggested as indicators for tracking the second and third flame branches,respectively.
基金financially supported by a foundation item from the China People’s Liberation Army General Armaments Department。
文摘HNS-IV(Hexanitrostilbene-IV) is the main charge of the exploding foil initiators(EFI), and the microstructure of the HNS will directly affect its density, flowability, sensitivity, and stability. HNS microspheres were prepared using droplet microfluidics, and the particle size, morphology, specific surface area, thermal performance, and ignition threshold of the HNS microspheres were characterized and tested. The results shown that the prepared HNS microspheres have high sphericity, with an average particle size of 20.52 μm(coefficient of variation less than 0.2), and a specific surface area of 21.62 m^(2)/g(6.87 m^(2)/g higher than the raw material). Without changing the crystal structure and thermal stability of HNS-IV, this method significantly enhances the sensitivity of HNS-IV to short pulses and reduces the ignition threshold of the slapper detonator to below 1000 V. This will contribute to the miniaturization and low cost of EFI.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.50776100,51106179)
文摘The electrical characteristics of an alternating current (AC) plasma igniter were investigated for a working gas of air at atmospheric pressure. The discharge voltage and current were measured in air in both breakdown and stable combustion processes, respectively, and the current-zero phenomena, voltage-current (V-I) characteristics were studied for different working gas flow rates. The results indicated that the working gas between anode and cathode could be ionized to generate gas discharge when the voltage reached 8 kV, and the maximum current was 33.36 A. When the current came to zero, current-zero phenomena appeared with duration of 2 #s. At the current-zero moment, dynamic resistance between electrodes became extremely high, and the maximum value could reach 445 kf~, which was the main factor to restrain the current. With increasing working gas flow rates, the gradient of V-I characteristic curves was increased, as was the dynamic resistance. At a constant driven power, the discharge voltage increased.
基金supported by National Science and Technology Major Project (No. 2017-Ⅲ-0007-0033)
文摘Stable combustion in an afterburner can help increase the thrust of the engine in a short time,thereby improving the maneuverability of a fighter.To improve the ignition performance of an afterburner,a twin-duct ignition platform was designed to study the performance of a gliding arc plasma igniter in close-to-real afterburner conditions.The research was carried out by a combination of experiments and simulations.The working environment of the igniter was explored through a numerical simulation.The results showed that the airflow ejected from the radiating holes formed a swirling sheath,which increased the anti-interference ability of the airflow jet.The influence of the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the igniter(Δp),the flow rate outside the igniter outlet(W_(2)),and the installation angle(α)on the singlecycle discharge energy(E)as well as the maximum arc length(L)were studied through experiments.Three stages were identified:the airflow breakdown stage,the arc evolution stage,and the arc fracture stage.E and L increased by 107.3%and 366.2%,respectively,withΔp increasing from 10 to 70 Torr.The relationship between L andΔp obtained by data fitting is L=3-2.47/(1+(Δp/25)^(4)).The relationship of L at differentαis L_(α=0°)>(L_(α=45°)and L_(α=135°))>L_(α=180°)>L_(α=90°).E and L decrease by 18.2%and 37.3%,respectively,whenΔp=45 Torr and W_(2) is increased from 0 to 250 l min^(-1).
基金sponsored by the projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.51806127 and 52075307)Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province (Grant No.2019GHZ016).
文摘Gasoline compression ignition(GCI)has been considered as a promising combustion concept to yield ultralow NOX and soot emissions while maintaining high thermal efficiency.However,how to improve the low-load performance becomes an urgent issue to be solved.In this paper,a GCI engine model was built to investigate the effects of internal EGR(i-EGR)and pre-injection on in-cylinder temperature,spatial concentration of mixture and OH radical,combustion and emission characteristics,and the control strategy for improving the combustion performance was further explored.The results showed an obvious expansion of the zone with an equivalence ratio between 0.8∼1.2 is realized by higher pre-injection ratios,and the s decreases with the increase of pre-injection ratio,but increases with the increase of i-EGR ratio.The high overlap among the equivalentmixture zone,the hightemperature zone,and the OH radical-rich zone can be achieved by higher i-EGR ratio coupled with higher preinjection ratio.By increasing the pre-injection ratio,the combustion efficiency increases first and then decreases,also achieves the peak value with a pre-injection ratio of 60%and is unaffected by i-EGR.The emissions of CO,HC,NOX,and soot can also be reduced to low levels by the combination of higher i-EGR ratios and a pre-injection ratio of 60%.