Regulating planting density and nitrogen(N)fertilization could delay chlorophyll(Chl)degradation and leaf senescence in maize cultivars.This study measured changes in ear leaf green area(GLA_(ear)),Chl content,the act...Regulating planting density and nitrogen(N)fertilization could delay chlorophyll(Chl)degradation and leaf senescence in maize cultivars.This study measured changes in ear leaf green area(GLA_(ear)),Chl content,the activities of Chl a-degrading enzymes after silking,and the post-silking dry matter accumulation and grain yield under multiple planting densities and N fertilization rates.The dynamic change of GLA_(ear)after silking fitted to the logistic model,and the GLA_(ear) duration and the GLAearat 42 d after silking were affected mainly by the duration of the initial senescence period(T_(1))which was a key factor of the leaf senescence.The average chlorophyllase(CLH)activity was 8.3 times higher than pheophytinase activity and contributed most to the Chl content,indicating that CLH is a key enzyme for degrading Chl a in maize.Increasing density increased the CLH activity and decreased the Chl content,T1,GLAear,and GLA_(ear) duration.Under high density,appropriate N application reduced CLH activity,increased Chl content,prolonged T1,alleviated high-density-induced leaf senescence,and increased post-silking dry matter accumulation and grain yield.展开更多
[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer "3414" te...[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer "3414" test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.展开更多
By analyzing and extracting the research progress on nitrogen fertilization in wheat, a dynamic knowledge model for management decision-making on total nitrogen rate, ratios of organic to inorganic and of basal to dre...By analyzing and extracting the research progress on nitrogen fertilization in wheat, a dynamic knowledge model for management decision-making on total nitrogen rate, ratios of organic to inorganic and of basal to dressing nitrogen under different environments and cultivars in wheat was developed with principle of nutrient balance and by integrating the quantitative effects of grain yield and quality targets, soil characters, variety traits and water management levels. Case studies on the nitrogen fertilization model with the data sets of different eco-sites, cultivars, soil fertility levels, grain yield and quality targets and water management levels indicate a good performance of the model system in decision-making and wide applicability.展开更多
优化氮肥施用和秸秆还田技术为途径的农业管理措施被认为是提升农业可持续性的有效手段,然而当前关于氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放影响的研究仍十分有限。为此,本研究基于2000—2022年发表的关于长江中下游流域氮肥和秸秆投入...优化氮肥施用和秸秆还田技术为途径的农业管理措施被认为是提升农业可持续性的有效手段,然而当前关于氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放影响的研究仍十分有限。为此,本研究基于2000—2022年发表的关于长江中下游流域氮肥和秸秆投入下小麦产量和N_(2)O排放变化的文献,运用随机森林建模,定量分析氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的影响,并结合情景设置进行了特定地点的小麦产量和N_(2)O排放模拟,同时评估了碳排放强度(CEE)和净生态系统经济效益(NEEB)。结果表明,建立的区域尺度小麦产量与N_(2)O排放对氮秸互作响应的随机森林模型,验证结果R^(2)分别为0.66和0.65,RMSE分别为0.70和1.11。结果表明施氮量和土壤有机质是影响小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的重要因素。综合来看,达到最大产量所需的氮肥量为208~212 kg hm^(-2),达到最小CEE所需的氮肥量为113~130 kg hm^(-2),达到最高的NEEB所需的氮肥量为202~205 kg hm^(-2),其中在6.75 t hm^(-2)的秸秆投入下施用202 kg hm^(-2)的氮肥可以获得最高的生态收益1.37万元。优化氮肥和秸秆投入具备减少作物碳排放强度并获得最大净生态环境效益的潜力。展开更多
在保障粮食安全的前提下,东北黑土区作物和畜牧生产的耦合促进了农业绿色发展。本研究选择位于东北黑土区的吉林省农安县为研究区域,以农牧系统为研究边界,通过实地调研、统计数据和文献,结合食物链养分流动模型(NUFER:NUtrient flows i...在保障粮食安全的前提下,东北黑土区作物和畜牧生产的耦合促进了农业绿色发展。本研究选择位于东北黑土区的吉林省农安县为研究区域,以农牧系统为研究边界,通过实地调研、统计数据和文献,结合食物链养分流动模型(NUFER:NUtrient flows in Food chains,Environment and Resources use)定量分析1990—2020年农牧系统氮磷养分流动、利用效率和环境损失,探究气候和社会经济因素对氮磷排放的驱动作用,并设置平衡施肥(减少化肥施用)和有机肥替代(提升有机物料替代)两种情景评估该县减排潜力。结果表明,相对于1990年,2020年农安县农牧体系氮磷输入量分别下降45%和23%,其中化肥施用是最大的输入项。作物和农牧系统养分利用率波动增加,而畜禽系统养分利用率下降并逐渐趋于稳定。农牧体系氮磷损失量较1990年分别减少41%和增加29%。农田氨挥发、径流侵蚀和畜禽粪便直排为主要排放途径。通过平衡施肥和有机替代,土壤氮磷积累处于较低水平,至2030年农安县化学氮肥有80%的减施潜力,化学磷肥有85%的减施潜力,且氮磷养分环境排放均减少67%,作物和农牧系统养分利用率均增长50%以上。综上,农安县农牧体系未来可通过增加秸秆和粪便还田量提升化肥减施潜力。东北黑土区应继续深化化肥零增长政策,推行有机废弃物资源化利用,实现农牧系统协同优化发展。展开更多
Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theo...Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theory. At the same time, the possibility of increasing yield and protein content in the grain through cultivation technique was also studied. The conclusions were:展开更多
在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱半干旱区草地作为陆地生态系统中重要且非常脆弱的组分之一,显现出一系列生态问题。探究气候变化及人类活动对于该区草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于合理利用自然资源,保持农牧业可持续发展具有...在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱半干旱区草地作为陆地生态系统中重要且非常脆弱的组分之一,显现出一系列生态问题。探究气候变化及人类活动对于该区草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于合理利用自然资源,保持农牧业可持续发展具有重要的意义。施肥作为促进作物生长的一种方式,合理施肥也可以提高退化草地的NPP。基于此,本研究拟以天山北坡沿海拔梯度分布的4种草地类型:高山草甸(AM)、中山森林草甸(MMFM)、低山干草原(LMDG)和平原荒漠草原(PDG)为研究对象,基于反硝化-分解模型(DNDC)分析该区典型草地生态系统净初级生产力对施加不同氮肥的响应,并揭示施肥阈值及最优施肥方式。结果表明:1)适度氮肥添加促进了各个类型草地生态系统NPP的增长,但草地NPP对施肥量的响应存在阈值,且不存在适用于4种草地类型的统一最优施肥方式。LMDG草地生态系统对施氮肥的响应最敏感。2)PDG草地NPP达到最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加100 kg·hm^(-2)硝酸盐,NPP的最大值为68.72 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。LMDG草地NPP最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加尿素260 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为263.28 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。MMFM草地生态系统达到NPP最大的施肥方式为一年一次施尿素80 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为171.22 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。无水氨作为在AM草地中反应最好的氮肥,以最小的施肥量(60 kg·hm^(-2))达到了NPP的最大值(114.62 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。3)通过蒙特卡洛不确定分析的结果显示,施肥时间对PDG和LMDG的影响更为明显,施肥量波动对LMDG和MMFM的影响较其他两种草地更为明显。展开更多
Manure and fertilizer applications can increase soil productivity and land economic values, but the controversial result can be a decline of water quality due to the increased nutrient exports from soils to the stream...Manure and fertilizer applications can increase soil productivity and land economic values, but the controversial result can be a decline of water quality due to the increased nutrient exports from soils to the streams. The impacts of landuse, manure and fertilizer application on nutrient exports from soils to the streams were analyzed using the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) model for the Salmon River watershed in south-central British Columbia, Canada. The results showed that the animal farms had the highest rates of nutrient exports from soils to the streams and the natural forested lands had the lowest. It was estimated that the whole Salmon River watershed would export approximately 11.52 t·yr-1 of organic nitrogen (ON), 8.05 t·yr-1 of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), 2.30 t·yr-1 of organic phosphorus (OP) and 1.36 t·yr-1 of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) if the whole watershed was covered by natural vegetation without human disturbance. Current landuse changes, by converting natural vegetation lands to agriculture and animal farms and associated manure and fertilizer applications, have in-creased approximately 53.30 t·yr-1 of ON, 9.68 t·yr-1 of NO3-N, 22.69 t·y-1 of OP and 6.23 t·y-1 of SRP exports to the streams in the whole watershed. The SWAT model predicted that a daily 100 kg·ha-1 of fresh manure deposit from grazing cows during grazing season from later spring to later fall could increase 2.57 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of ON, 0.39 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of NO3-N, 2.35 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of OP and 0.48 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of SRP export to the streams. Fertilization could increase 1.57 kg ha-1 yr-1 of ON and 4.02 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of NO3-N export to the streams if 100 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of nitrogen (NH4NO3) fertilizer was applied in spring. Also fertilization could increase 1.18 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of OP and 0.20 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of SRP export to the streams if 100 kg·ha-1 phosphorus (P2O5) fertilizer was applied in spring.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD190160304)Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province(2022NSFSC0013)+1 种基金Sichuan Maize Innovation Team Construction Project(SCCXTD-2022-02)National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFD0301206)。
文摘Regulating planting density and nitrogen(N)fertilization could delay chlorophyll(Chl)degradation and leaf senescence in maize cultivars.This study measured changes in ear leaf green area(GLA_(ear)),Chl content,the activities of Chl a-degrading enzymes after silking,and the post-silking dry matter accumulation and grain yield under multiple planting densities and N fertilization rates.The dynamic change of GLA_(ear)after silking fitted to the logistic model,and the GLA_(ear) duration and the GLAearat 42 d after silking were affected mainly by the duration of the initial senescence period(T_(1))which was a key factor of the leaf senescence.The average chlorophyllase(CLH)activity was 8.3 times higher than pheophytinase activity and contributed most to the Chl content,indicating that CLH is a key enzyme for degrading Chl a in maize.Increasing density increased the CLH activity and decreased the Chl content,T1,GLAear,and GLA_(ear) duration.Under high density,appropriate N application reduced CLH activity,increased Chl content,prolonged T1,alleviated high-density-induced leaf senescence,and increased post-silking dry matter accumulation and grain yield.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2007BAD89B14)Science and Technology Project of Guangdong Province(2009B020201011)~~
文摘[Objective] The aim was to modify the application amount of N,P and K fertilizer so as to provide a reference for establishing balanced fertilization index system of banana.[Method]The N,P and K fertilizer "3414" test was carried out on banana,and then regression analysis was performed on the fertilizer effect.Ternary quadratic,binary quadric and one-variable quadratic regression equations for the fertilizer effect on the banana yield were constructed.[Result]Suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer had significant yield improving effect,whereas overdose of fertilizer application led to decreasing of utilization rate of fertilizer.Therefore,suitable amount of N,P and K fertilizer should be selected in production.It could be concluded that one-variable quadratic regression equations was the best model to calculate the suitable fertilizer amount.The best yield range of banana in the tested field was 44.193-45.904 t/hm2,while the corresponding optimum application amount of N,P2O5 and K2O was 795.1,262.3 and 1 236.9 kg/hm2 respectively,and the ratio among nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium are 1∶0.33∶1.55.[Conclusion]The result in this study could provide references for the soil types similar to the tested field.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30030090)National High Tech R&D Program(863 Program)of China(2001AA245041,2001AA115420).
文摘By analyzing and extracting the research progress on nitrogen fertilization in wheat, a dynamic knowledge model for management decision-making on total nitrogen rate, ratios of organic to inorganic and of basal to dressing nitrogen under different environments and cultivars in wheat was developed with principle of nutrient balance and by integrating the quantitative effects of grain yield and quality targets, soil characters, variety traits and water management levels. Case studies on the nitrogen fertilization model with the data sets of different eco-sites, cultivars, soil fertility levels, grain yield and quality targets and water management levels indicate a good performance of the model system in decision-making and wide applicability.
文摘优化氮肥施用和秸秆还田技术为途径的农业管理措施被认为是提升农业可持续性的有效手段,然而当前关于氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放影响的研究仍十分有限。为此,本研究基于2000—2022年发表的关于长江中下游流域氮肥和秸秆投入下小麦产量和N_(2)O排放变化的文献,运用随机森林建模,定量分析氮肥和秸秆还田对小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的影响,并结合情景设置进行了特定地点的小麦产量和N_(2)O排放模拟,同时评估了碳排放强度(CEE)和净生态系统经济效益(NEEB)。结果表明,建立的区域尺度小麦产量与N_(2)O排放对氮秸互作响应的随机森林模型,验证结果R^(2)分别为0.66和0.65,RMSE分别为0.70和1.11。结果表明施氮量和土壤有机质是影响小麦产量和N_(2)O排放的重要因素。综合来看,达到最大产量所需的氮肥量为208~212 kg hm^(-2),达到最小CEE所需的氮肥量为113~130 kg hm^(-2),达到最高的NEEB所需的氮肥量为202~205 kg hm^(-2),其中在6.75 t hm^(-2)的秸秆投入下施用202 kg hm^(-2)的氮肥可以获得最高的生态收益1.37万元。优化氮肥和秸秆投入具备减少作物碳排放强度并获得最大净生态环境效益的潜力。
文摘在保障粮食安全的前提下,东北黑土区作物和畜牧生产的耦合促进了农业绿色发展。本研究选择位于东北黑土区的吉林省农安县为研究区域,以农牧系统为研究边界,通过实地调研、统计数据和文献,结合食物链养分流动模型(NUFER:NUtrient flows in Food chains,Environment and Resources use)定量分析1990—2020年农牧系统氮磷养分流动、利用效率和环境损失,探究气候和社会经济因素对氮磷排放的驱动作用,并设置平衡施肥(减少化肥施用)和有机肥替代(提升有机物料替代)两种情景评估该县减排潜力。结果表明,相对于1990年,2020年农安县农牧体系氮磷输入量分别下降45%和23%,其中化肥施用是最大的输入项。作物和农牧系统养分利用率波动增加,而畜禽系统养分利用率下降并逐渐趋于稳定。农牧体系氮磷损失量较1990年分别减少41%和增加29%。农田氨挥发、径流侵蚀和畜禽粪便直排为主要排放途径。通过平衡施肥和有机替代,土壤氮磷积累处于较低水平,至2030年农安县化学氮肥有80%的减施潜力,化学磷肥有85%的减施潜力,且氮磷养分环境排放均减少67%,作物和农牧系统养分利用率均增长50%以上。综上,农安县农牧体系未来可通过增加秸秆和粪便还田量提升化肥减施潜力。东北黑土区应继续深化化肥零增长政策,推行有机废弃物资源化利用,实现农牧系统协同优化发展。
文摘Different ratios of NPK were adopted in this research to study its effects on the objective traits of 2 early forage-rice varieties, and to obtain the optimum ratio to further improve the application technique in theory. At the same time, the possibility of increasing yield and protein content in the grain through cultivation technique was also studied. The conclusions were:
文摘在全球气候变化的背景下,干旱半干旱区草地作为陆地生态系统中重要且非常脆弱的组分之一,显现出一系列生态问题。探究气候变化及人类活动对于该区草地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,对于合理利用自然资源,保持农牧业可持续发展具有重要的意义。施肥作为促进作物生长的一种方式,合理施肥也可以提高退化草地的NPP。基于此,本研究拟以天山北坡沿海拔梯度分布的4种草地类型:高山草甸(AM)、中山森林草甸(MMFM)、低山干草原(LMDG)和平原荒漠草原(PDG)为研究对象,基于反硝化-分解模型(DNDC)分析该区典型草地生态系统净初级生产力对施加不同氮肥的响应,并揭示施肥阈值及最优施肥方式。结果表明:1)适度氮肥添加促进了各个类型草地生态系统NPP的增长,但草地NPP对施肥量的响应存在阈值,且不存在适用于4种草地类型的统一最优施肥方式。LMDG草地生态系统对施氮肥的响应最敏感。2)PDG草地NPP达到最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加100 kg·hm^(-2)硝酸盐,NPP的最大值为68.72 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。LMDG草地NPP最大的施肥方式为一年分两次施加尿素260 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为263.28 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。MMFM草地生态系统达到NPP最大的施肥方式为一年一次施尿素80 kg·hm^(-2),NPP的最大值为171.22 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1)。无水氨作为在AM草地中反应最好的氮肥,以最小的施肥量(60 kg·hm^(-2))达到了NPP的最大值(114.62 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。3)通过蒙特卡洛不确定分析的结果显示,施肥时间对PDG和LMDG的影响更为明显,施肥量波动对LMDG和MMFM的影响较其他两种草地更为明显。
文摘Manure and fertilizer applications can increase soil productivity and land economic values, but the controversial result can be a decline of water quality due to the increased nutrient exports from soils to the streams. The impacts of landuse, manure and fertilizer application on nutrient exports from soils to the streams were analyzed using the SWAT (Soil Water Assessment Tool) model for the Salmon River watershed in south-central British Columbia, Canada. The results showed that the animal farms had the highest rates of nutrient exports from soils to the streams and the natural forested lands had the lowest. It was estimated that the whole Salmon River watershed would export approximately 11.52 t·yr-1 of organic nitrogen (ON), 8.05 t·yr-1 of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), 2.30 t·yr-1 of organic phosphorus (OP) and 1.36 t·yr-1 of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) if the whole watershed was covered by natural vegetation without human disturbance. Current landuse changes, by converting natural vegetation lands to agriculture and animal farms and associated manure and fertilizer applications, have in-creased approximately 53.30 t·yr-1 of ON, 9.68 t·yr-1 of NO3-N, 22.69 t·y-1 of OP and 6.23 t·y-1 of SRP exports to the streams in the whole watershed. The SWAT model predicted that a daily 100 kg·ha-1 of fresh manure deposit from grazing cows during grazing season from later spring to later fall could increase 2.57 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of ON, 0.39 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of NO3-N, 2.35 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of OP and 0.48 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of SRP export to the streams. Fertilization could increase 1.57 kg ha-1 yr-1 of ON and 4.02 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of NO3-N export to the streams if 100 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of nitrogen (NH4NO3) fertilizer was applied in spring. Also fertilization could increase 1.18 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of OP and 0.20 kg·ha-1·yr-1 of SRP export to the streams if 100 kg·ha-1 phosphorus (P2O5) fertilizer was applied in spring.