The factors influencing the permeability coefficient of gravelly soils used for the development of embankment dams(core wall)are analyzed.Such factors include(but are not limited to)soil size,anisotropy,density and bo...The factors influencing the permeability coefficient of gravelly soils used for the development of embankment dams(core wall)are analyzed.Such factors include(but are not limited to)soil size,anisotropy,density and boundary effects.A review of the literature is conducted and new directions of research are proposed.In such a framework,it is shown that gravelly soil with controlled density and vertical stress should be used to optimize the measurement of the vertical and horizontal permeability coefficients,respectively.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil bulk density and moisture content are dynamic properties that vary with changes in soil and field conditions and have many agricultural, hydrological and environ...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil bulk density and moisture content are dynamic properties that vary with changes in soil and field conditions and have many agricultural, hydrological and environmental implications. The main objective of this study was to compare between a soil core sampling method (core) and the CPN MC-3 Elite<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>TM</sup></span> nuclear gauge method (radiation) for measuring bulk density (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span>) and volumetric moisture content (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span>) in a clay loam soil. Soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> measurements were determined using the core and radiation methods at 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm soil depths. The mean values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> obtained using the core method (1.454, 1.492 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) were greater than those obtained using the radiation method (1.343, 1.476 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) at the 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm depths, respectively. Mean <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> values averaged across both depths (referred to as the 0 - 20 cm depth) measured by the core method were 4.47% and 22.74% greater, respectively, than those obtained by the radiation method. The coefficients of variation (CV) of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths;however, the CV’s of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values for both methods were larger at the 0 - 10 cm depth than those measured at the 10 - 20 cm depth. Similarly, the CV values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths. There were significant differences between two methods in terms of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span>, with the core method generating greater values than the radiation method at the 0 - 20 cm depth. These discrepancies between the two methods could have resulted from soil compaction and soil disturbance caused by the core and radiation techniques, respectively, as well as by other sources of error. Nevertheless, the core sampling method is considered the most common one for measuring <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> for many agricultural, hydrological and environmental studies in most soils.</span>展开更多
基金The work is supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFC0404803)Guizhou High-Level Innovative Talents Project[2018](No.5630)+2 种基金Guizhou Science and Support[2019](No.2869)State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin(No.SKL2020ZY09)Science and Technology Project of Huaneng Group Headquarters(HNKJ17-H18).
文摘The factors influencing the permeability coefficient of gravelly soils used for the development of embankment dams(core wall)are analyzed.Such factors include(but are not limited to)soil size,anisotropy,density and boundary effects.A review of the literature is conducted and new directions of research are proposed.In such a framework,it is shown that gravelly soil with controlled density and vertical stress should be used to optimize the measurement of the vertical and horizontal permeability coefficients,respectively.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">Soil bulk density and moisture content are dynamic properties that vary with changes in soil and field conditions and have many agricultural, hydrological and environmental implications. The main objective of this study was to compare between a soil core sampling method (core) and the CPN MC-3 Elite<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>TM</sup></span> nuclear gauge method (radiation) for measuring bulk density (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span>) and volumetric moisture content (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span>) in a clay loam soil. Soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> measurements were determined using the core and radiation methods at 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm soil depths. The mean values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> obtained using the core method (1.454, 1.492 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) were greater than those obtained using the radiation method (1.343, 1.476 g<span style="color:#4F4F4F;font-family:" font-size:14px;white-space:normal;background-color:#f7f7f7;"="">·</span>cm<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><sup>−3</sup></span>) at the 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm depths, respectively. Mean <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<span style="font-size:10.9091px;">v</span></i></span></span></i></span> values averaged across both depths (referred to as the 0 - 20 cm depth) measured by the core method were 4.47% and 22.74% greater, respectively, than those obtained by the radiation method. The coefficients of variation (CV) of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths;however, the CV’s of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values for both methods were larger at the 0 - 10 cm depth than those measured at the 10 - 20 cm depth. Similarly, the CV values of soil <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span> values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths. There were significant differences between two methods in terms of <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> and <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>θ<sub>v</sub></i></span></span></i></span>, with the core method generating greater values than the radiation method at the 0 - 20 cm depth. These discrepancies between the two methods could have resulted from soil compaction and soil disturbance caused by the core and radiation techniques, respectively, as well as by other sources of error. Nevertheless, the core sampling method is considered the most common one for measuring <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;white-space:normal;"><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><i>ρ<sub>B</sub></i></span></span></i></span> for many agricultural, hydrological and environmental studies in most soils.</span>