Cost-Effective Monitoring of the Fuel Air Equivalence-Ratio with a Lambda Sensor and a Microcontroller in a Downdraft Biomass Gasifier

The operation of biomass treatment devices such as gasifiers is based on the control of key parameters that play an important role in product formation. These include: temperature, excess oxygen, relative humidity and biomass composition. This work focuses on excess oxygen and temperature. Unfortunately, flue gas oxygen analyzers are expensive and not accessible to small industries. However, the equivalence ratio is linked to excess oxygen and has the advantage of not depending on biomass composition. This study therefore focuses on the design and development of a device for controlling this equivalence ratio by measuring oxygen concentration using a self-propelled Lambda probe, and a system for monitoring this equivalence ratio using an Arduino Uno 3 microcontroller. The temperature is recorded with an accuracy of ±1.5°C. For a heating time of 10 minutes, the response time to temperature change is around 3 seconds, which is sufficient for the device to function properly. This simple device is an efficient and cost-effective means of checking the equivalence ratio.

Design of Intelligent Window Automatic Monitoring System Based on Microcontroller Control

To ensure the safety of residents’lives and property by using automatic opening and closing of ordinary windows,this article designs an intelligent window automatic monitoring system.The article proposes a software and hardware design scheme for the system,which comprises a microcontroller control module,temperature and humidity detection module,harmful gas detection module,rainfall detection module,human thermal radiation induction module,Organic Light-Emitting Diode(OLED)display module,stepper motor drive module,Wi-Fi communication module,etc.Users use this system to monitor environmental data such as temperature,humidity,rainfall,harmful gas concentrations,and human health.Users can control the opening and closing of windows through manual,microcontroller,and mobile application(app)remote methods,providing users with a more convenient,comfortable,and safe living environment.

基于MCU探讨防风汤加减联合推拿治疗风寒湿痹型颈型颈椎病的临床研究

目的:基于颈椎多功能训练评估系统(MCU)探讨防风汤加减联合推拿治疗风寒湿痹型颈型颈椎病的临床疗效。方法:选取2022年1月~2023年6月期间就诊于福建中医药大学附属康复医院的风寒湿痹型颈型颈椎病患者共70例,根据随机数字表分为治疗组及对照组各35例。治疗组予口服防风汤加减联合推拿治疗,对照组予常规推拿治疗。比较观察两组患者治疗前后疼痛视觉模拟评分法(VAS评分)、颈椎功能障碍指数(NDI)量表、临床疗效及颈椎各方向活动度和肌力情况。结果:治疗后,两组患者VAS评分、NDI评分较治疗前增加,治疗组VAS评分和NDI评分高于对照组(P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者颈椎各方向活动度和颈肌最大肌力较治疗前均有不同程度增加(P<0.05),治疗组颈椎各方向活动度及颈椎前屈、后伸、右侧屈方向的最大肌力均优于对照组(P<0.05);治疗组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:防风汤加减联合推拿可显著改善风寒湿痹型颈型颈椎病患者的疼痛、颈椎活动功能,增强颈椎周围肌群的肌力,从而增强颈椎的稳定性,缓解临床症状,其疗效优于单纯推拿治疗。

视频通信的MCU资源调度方法综述

多点控制单元(MCU)资源调度方法正广泛应用于视频通信系统的实际应用场景,对视频通信整体性能和系统运营具有重要影响。对现有的MCU资源调度方法进行梳理,首先介绍视频通信中MCU资源调度过程,归纳MCU资源调度的目标与特点;然后,对现有MCU调度算法进行分类和讨论,比较各类调度方法的优势与不足;最后,讨论了现有MCU资源调度研究中取得的成效及存在的问题,并在此基础上对未来研究进行了展望。实现MCU设备云服务化等方式使得视频通信的MCU资源调度更高效,也有利于视频通信性能提升及长久稳定发展。

基于ArchC进行嵌入式Microcontroller设计研究

介绍了一种实用的以SystemC为基础的体系结构描述语言(ADL)—ArchC,首先简单对ArchC软件工具包进行了说明,接着重点介绍了以ArchC为工具进行Microcontroller设计的原理和简单流程,并说明了其关键技术,最后作了一个简单的总结.

MCUS联合CYFRA21-1、TAP及SCCA检测在食管癌术前分期诊断中的应用

目的分析微探头超声内镜(MCUS)联合细胞角蛋白19片段抗原(CYFRA21-1)、肿瘤异常蛋白(TAP)及鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCA)检测在食管癌术前分期诊断中的应用价值。方法选取2020年8月至2022年11月期间于郑州大学第一附属医院进行治疗的食管癌患者137例为研究对象。以病理分期为金标准,分析MCUS分期与病理学分期的关系;对比血清CYFRA21-1、SCCA水平以及TAP阳性表达与病理特征、MCUS分期的关系;分析血清CYFRA21-1、SCCA水平、TAP阳性表达联合MCUS分期对食管癌病理学分期的诊断价值。结果MCUS诊断食管癌病理学分期的综合准确率为88.89%。血清CYFRA21-1、SCCA水平:T_(3-4)>T_(1-2)、低分化>高、中分化、Ⅲ~Ⅳ期>Ⅰ~Ⅱ期、MCUS分期T_(4)>T_(3)>T_(1)、T_(2),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同病理学分期、分化程度、TNM分期以及MCUS分期的TAP阳性率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。血清CYFRA21-1、SCCA水平、TAP阳性表达联合MCUS检查对食管癌病理学分期判断的准确率提高至95.62%。结论MCUS联合血清CYFRA21-1、SCCA水平及TAP检测可准确诊断食管癌术前分期,可为临床治疗食管癌提供可靠依据。

抽样校验和编译优化的车载MCU安全启动方案

随着网联技术的发展,针对车辆的网络攻击事件频发,黑客可将恶意软件刷入车载微控制单元(MCU),实现恶意控制车辆或窃取重要信息的目的。针对上述攻击场景,需在车载MCU中加入安全启动功能进行防护,以保证只有合法的软件能被运行。为此,本文对当前主流车载MCU安全启动方案进行研究,总结它们在安全性、稳定性、低耗时方面的性能表现和存在的不足,然后针对低耗时性能提出优化方案,最后通过搭建实物系统对优化方案的可行性和有效性进行验证。结果表明,采用抽样校验和编译优化的方案可以在满足低耗时要求的同时保护尽可能多的重要代码。

Improved direct power injection model of 16-bit microcontroller for electromagnetic immunity prediction

To promote the modeling standardization process of the integrated circuits, an improved electrical simulation model for a direct power injection （DPI） setup which was used to measure the conducted immunity of a 16-bit microcontroller to radio frequency aggression was investigated. Based on the existing model of the same microcontroller, the PDN module was modified by adding the core, PLL and MD network models, which could reflect the actual electric distribution situation within the microcontroller more accurately. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the modified model can be improved to 500 MHz, and its uncertainty is within ＋1.8 dB （＋2 dB is acceptable）. Then, to improve the simulation accuracy of the complete model in the high frequency range, the I/O model which contained the dynamic and nonlinear characteristics reflecting the variation of the internal impedance of the microcontroller with increasing the frequency of the external noise was introduced. By comparing the simulation results with the measurement results, the effectiveness of the second modified model can be improved up to 1.4 GHz with the uncertainty of ~1.8 dB. Thus, a conclusion can be reached that the proposed model can be applied to a much wider frequency range with a smaller uncertainty than the latest model of the similar type. Furthermore, associated with the electromagnetic emission testing platform model, the PDN module can also be used to predict the electromagnetic conducted and radiated emission characteristics. This modeling method can also be applied to other integrated circuits, which is very helpful to the standardization of the IC electromagnetic compatibility （EMC） modeling process.

The Features of Microcontroller EM78P447 and Technique of Port Connection with I^2C Series Bus

By describing the technique of port connection and flow chart ofR/W operation between 24LC01, serial E2PROM, and EM78P447A, features of EM78P447 and its connection with I2C serial bus are introduced. In the end, the programe of writing operation is given.

Design and Implementation of Electronic Control Trainer with PIC Microcontroller

This paper describes the implementation of a PIC microcontroller in a conventional laboratory-type electronic trainer. The work comprises software for the PIC and hardware for the software. The PIC controller uses an EasyPIC6 board and includes a PC-interfaced programmer for the PIC chip. It has many external modules: 128 × 64 graphic LCD display, 2 × 16 LCD display, 4 × 4 keypad, and port expander, all in the same bench. The trainer is capable of 36 experiments in logic/analogue electronic and control systems. A 5-sided approximate sensor, two photoelectric sensors (BR56-DDT-P and BEN9M-TFR), four CMOS, four BCD-7-segment driven by CD4511B, two relays (2-pole and 3-pole), six voltages, ammeter measurement, DC motor, and 24VDC power supply, connect through connectors and pinions. Results of all the experiments show the trainer satisfying requirements of undergraduate and postgraduate projects involving conventional electronic and classical control systems.

Reducing Power and Energy Consumption of Nonvolatile Microcontrollers with Transparent On-Chip Instruction Cache

Demands for low-energy microcontrollers have been increasing in recent years. Since most microcontrollers achieve user programmability by integrating nonvolatile (NV) memories such as flash memories for storing their programs, the large power consumption required in accessing an NV memory has become a major problem. This problem becomes critical when the power supply voltage of NV microcontrollers is decreased. We can solve this problem by introducing an instruction cache, thus reducing the access frequency of the NV memory. Unlike general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers used for real-time applications in embedded systems must accurately calculate program execution time prior to its execution. Therefore, we introduce a “transparent” instruction cache, which does not change the existing NV microcontroller’s cycle-level execution time, for reducing power and energy consumption, but not for improving the processing speed. We have conducted detailed microar chitecture design based on the architecture of a major industrial microcontroller, and we evaluated power and energy consumption for several benchmark programs. Our evaluation shows that the proposed instruction cache can successfully reduce energy consumption in a fairly wide range of practical NV microcontroller configurations.

Microcontroller-Based Sinusoidal Voltage Generation for Electrical Bio-Impedance Spectroscopy Applications

A sinusoidal voltage wave generator is proposed based on the use of micro-processor digital signals with programmable duty-cycles, with application to real-time Electrical Cell-substrate Impedance Spectroscopy (ECIS) assays in cell cultures. The working principle relies on the time convolution of the programmed microcontroller (μC) digital signals. The expected frequency is easily tuned on the bio-impedance spectroscopy range [100 Hz, 1 MHz] thanks to the μC clock frequency selection. This system has been simulated and tested on the 8 bits μC ArduinoTM Uno with ATmega328 version. Results obtained prove that only three digital signals are required to fit the general specification in ECIS experiments, below 1% THD accuracy, and show the appropriateness of the system for the real-time monitoring of this type of biological experiments.

Hardware Implementation of STM32 Microcontroller-Based Indoor Environment Monitoring System

Microcontroller is widely used in the intelligent life of modern society. Intelligent development based on Microcontroller to solve the actual needs of people’s life, work, study and other fields is the core of Microcontroller application. Therefore, it is a task for researchers to understand the structure and performance of microcontroller, develop software, and be familiar with the method and process of intelligent development based on microcontroller. And with that in mind, this paper designs and produces a physical hardware system for indoor environment detection based on STM32 microcontroller. The system can detect the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration in the indoor environment;and the data is integrated and processed by the STM32 microcontroller to display the current parameter values of each quantity in the indoor environment on a 3.5-inch resistive screen;at the same time, the PC can also log in to the OneNET cloud platform through the web page, and display the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration values in the indoor environment in real time in the device created by OneNET for real-time viewing. The system can also display the light intensity, temperature and humidity, and CO gas concentration values in the indoor environment in real time. The hardware system has been tested and tested to achieve its function.

Two Axes Solar Tracker Based on Solar Maps, Controlled by a Low-Power Microcontroller

There are actually several solutions for two axis solar tracking systems using electromechanical devices, in which a controller detects the Sun apparent position, and controls the position of the structure supporting the panels toward the sun by enabling the engines movement. This work studies the solution of two axis solar tracking system based on solar maps, which can predict the exact apparent position of the Sun, by the latitude＇s location, thereby avoiding the need to use sensors or guidance systems. To accomplish this, it is used a low-power microcontroller, suitably programmed, to control two electric motors to ensure that the panels supporting structure is always oriented towards the sun.

Synergistic effects of neutron and gamma ray irradiation of a commercial CHMOS microcontroller

This paper presents the experimental results of a combined irradiation environment of neutron and gamma rays on 80C196KC20, which is a 16-bit high performance member of the MCS96 microcontroller family. The electrical and functional tests were made in three irradiation environments： neutron, gamma rays, combined irradiation of neutron and gamma rays. The experimental results show that the neutron irradiation can affect the total ionizing dose behaviour. Compared with the single radiation environment, the microcontroller exhibits considerably more severe degradation in neutron and gamma ray synergistic irradiation. This phenomenon may cause a significant hardness assurance problem.

Primary Function of Microcontroller EM78P458 and Research on Applications of Its ADC on Chip

The build-in structure of microcontroller EM78P458 and its application in supervising the water level of solar water heater are introduced. The circuit and the flow chart of AD conversion program are depicted. In the end, the design of assembly language program about the AD conversion is introduced.

Design of digital pressure gauge based on ATmega16 microcontroller

The combination of sensor and computer technology makes the measurement of various physical quantities easy, convenient and smart. In this article, a digital pressure gauge that is suitable for measuring liquid pressure is designed. The design of high precision digital pressure gauge uses pressure sensor as its foundation and uses ATmegal6 as its controller.

“双创”背景下“MCU原理及应用”课程的教学改革研究

在创新创业教育背景下,针对物联网工程专业“MCU原理及应用”课程传统教学中存在的实际问题,结合实践教学经验,对“双创”背景下的“MCU原理及应用”课程进行教学改革探索,通过采用案例教学、课赛融合等教学模式对教学方式进行改革,提高学生的课程认知、问题分析、解决问题及创新实践等能力。通过这种教学改革,有效培养了学生的综合能力,使学生在课程学习中获得了更多的实践经验,提高了解决问题的能力。

Design of a Microcontroller-Based Data Acquisition System for Ground Weather Observations: Evaluation of Radio Refractivity of Air

A meteorological data acquisition system is built using a PIC16F877A microcontroller and electric output-based sensors. This system is programmed in C language using the PCWH compiler. It is smart, accurate, cheap, small, light and easily movable. It is designed to automatically get instantaneous measurements of air temperature, atmospheric pressure, and relative humidity. Depending on their utilisation, these measurements are collected with repetition rate tuneable from one minute to one hour. They are displayed on LCD screen and transferred to a personal computer where they are stored and processed. As an application, such data are recorded in situ and used to estimate the radio refractivity of air near the ground in real time. This parameter is necessary to account for the propagation of radiofrequency waves through the lower atmosphere, during wireless transmissions.

Intravenous-Accelerated Saline Particles to Unblock Partially Clogged Blood Vessels Using a Microcontroller

This research assesses the speed of saline fluid in vein vessels using venipuncture medical kit as well as DC submersive pumps that are being controlled by a microcontroller. The microcontroller is monitored and governed using a software IDE interface installed on a powerful laptop. Saline solution is being pumped through a medical syringe at variable speeds up to a maximum of 18.39 cm/second to the vein. The novel technique in this research is the usage of two pumps called Pump 1 and Pump 2. Pump 1 is used to physically model the flow of “blood” in human vein and the second pump (Pump 2) is used to generate the accelerated saline particles that are used to break the yellow grease that is placed on the inside of the vein’s wall. A tiny brush is briefly dipped into yellow grease, and then it is used to place one layer (one turn) of yellow grease on the inside of the vein’s wall, and then this procedure is repeated to place consecutive layers of yellow grease onto the inside of the wall of the vein vessel using a tiny brush. It was found that accelerated saline particles can in fact destroy fats that are built up inside the veins’ walls.