The effects of different types of compound acidifiers (encapsulated and non-encapsulated) in maize-soybean basic diets on acidity and development of the gastrointestinal tract in weaning piglets were investigated in...The effects of different types of compound acidifiers (encapsulated and non-encapsulated) in maize-soybean basic diets on acidity and development of the gastrointestinal tract in weaning piglets were investigated in this study. 64 28-day-old weaned Landrace x Yorkshire hybrid piglets with average weight of (7.00 ±0.10) kg were selected and grouped into four treatments with four pigs ( half boars and half sows) in each repeat of four repeats in each treatment based on single-factor test design principles, and the pre-test period was 3 days but the test period was 35 days. The results showed that compared with acid-free diet group, encapsulated compound acidifier could reduce pH of stomach and intestinal in weaning piglets significantly (P 〈 0.01 ), while Test group 1 could also increase the relative weight of stomach and intestinal in piglets significantly (P 〈 0.05 ). Compared with non-encapsulated acidifier, encapsulated compound acidifier could greatly decrease pH in jejunum and ileum of weaning piglets ( P 〈 0.05) or relative weight of stomach in piglets ( P〈0.05), while Test group 1 could also enhance the relative weight of intestinal in piglets significantly ( P 〈0.01 ). In addition, encapsulated compound acidifiers significantly increased the ratio between the villus height and crypt depth of jejunum ( P 〈0.01 ). Accordingly, the microencapsulated compound acidifier in diets of weaning piglets can promote the development of gastrointestinal tracts for piglets by reducing pH of gastrointestinal tracts.展开更多
Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children and infants is a common nutritional problem all over the world. Infants and young children have a high risk for developing iron deficiency (ID) because they have hi...Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children and infants is a common nutritional problem all over the world. Infants and young children have a high risk for developing iron deficiency (ID) because they have high demand for iron during the period of rapid growth. This is aggravated by the insufficiency of iron in their diet. Iron supplementation programs using pediatric tablets or drops have not been successful in the control of anemia amongst infants and children in some countries. “Sprinkles” is an innovative multi-micronutrient home fortification strategy to control iron deficiency and anemia to be more useful. Objective: The objective was to estimate the prevalence ID and IDA in infants and children in Ibb City, Yemen Republic;evaluate the use of a new form of iron and determine the hematologic response to different doses and forms of iron in Sprinkles and iron drops. Design: Using a prospective, randomized, controlled design, we studied 337 randomly children aged 24 - 48 months and infants aged 6 - 24 months in Ibb City (hemoglobin: 70 - 99 g/L). One group received a daily sachet of microencapsulated ferrous fumarate (80 mg elemental Fe) in powder form plus ascorbic acid to be sprinkled onto any complementary food eaten (sprinkles group);a control group received ferrous sulfate drops 3 times/d for 2 months (total dose: 40 mg elemental Fe). Hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations were measured at baseline and at the end of treatment. Results: Successful treatment of anemia (hemoglobin > 100 g/L) occurred in 58% of the sprinkles group and in 56% of the drops group, with minimal side effects in both groups. Geometric mean ferritin concentrations increased significantly in each group from baseline to the end of treatment (P Conclusion: Use of ferrous sulfate drops or a single daily dose of microencapsulated ferrous fumarate sprinkles plus ascorbicacid resulted in a similar rate of successful treatment of anemia without side effects. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the use of microencapsulated iron sprinkles to treat anemia in this area. Improved ease of use may favor the use of sprinkles to deliver iron.展开更多
Microcapsules containing disperse dyes were prepared by means of in-situ polymerization. Polyester fabrics were multiple-transfer printed and color-mix printed using those microencapsulated dyes under different proces...Microcapsules containing disperse dyes were prepared by means of in-situ polymerization. Polyester fabrics were multiple-transfer printed and color-mix printed using those microencapsulated dyes under different process conditions. By color measurement instrument, it can be seen that the times of multiple-transfer printing are up to ten while under appropriate conditions, especially when the transfer printing time is 50 seconds and the transfer printing temperature is 180°C. On the other hand, the K/S value of each transfer printing can keep almost constant. Meanwhile, the visual effect of color- mix printing with microencapsulated disperse dyes is special in the varicolored exhibiting if compared with conventional disperse dyes.展开更多
Hepatocytes were isolated from suckling porcine using modified seglen’s collagenase perfusion technique, and were encapsulated with alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules. Fulminant hepatic failure(FHF) was...Hepatocytes were isolated from suckling porcine using modified seglen’s collagenase perfusion technique, and were encapsulated with alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules. Fulminant hepatic failure(FHF) was induced in male SD rats by galactosamine. Hemoperfusion performed 24hErs after galactosamine injection. In vitro culture, both encapsulated hepatocytes and free hepatocytes express the ability to synthesis Albumin, Urea .for 7 days, Encapsulated hepatocytesperfusied with Williams’ E medium was shown to provide albumin, urea synthesis functions in 24hrs. The survival time after treatment of microencapsulated hepatocytes hemoperfusion group was longer than othergroups, and Serum ALT, TBIL levels decreased.展开更多
Dipentaerythritol(DPER),4,40-diphenylmethanediisocyanate(MDI)and melamine(MEL)are used as raw materials to microencapsulate ammonium polyphosphate(MAPP)in situ polymerization.The MAPP is characterized by Fourier trans...Dipentaerythritol(DPER),4,40-diphenylmethanediisocyanate(MDI)and melamine(MEL)are used as raw materials to microencapsulate ammonium polyphosphate(MAPP)in situ polymerization.The MAPP is characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA).The results show that the coating operation can effectively improve water resistance of ammonium polyphosphate(APP),and MAPP has higher residual rate than that of APP after combustion.The flame retardant action of MAPP and APP in polypropylene(PP)is investigated by the limited oxygen index(LOI),vertical burning test(UL-94),TGA,SEM,and cone calorimeter test(CCT).The LOI value of the PP/MAPP composite at the same loading is higher than that of PP/APP composite.UL 94 ratings of PP/MAPP composites are raised to V-0 at 20 wt%loading.The results of CCT also show that MAPP is more efficient than APP.The morphological structures observed by digital photos and SEM demonstrated that MAPP could be promoted to form the continuous and compact intumescent char layer.The flame retardant mechanism of PP/MAPP is also discussed.展开更多
Some disperse dyes were microencapsulated by means of in- situ polymerization. These microencapsulated disperse dyes was extracted respectively by ethanol under certain conditions. The controlled-release properties of...Some disperse dyes were microencapsulated by means of in- situ polymerization. These microencapsulated disperse dyes was extracted respectively by ethanol under certain conditions. The controlled-release properties of disperse dyes through the shell of microcapsules were measured by spectrophotometer. According to the results, it was drawn that the type of disperse dyes, the auxiliaries contained in disperse dyes, the quantity of system controlling medium used and the core/shell ratio of microcapsules play important roles in controlling the release properties of microcapsules. The different controlled- release properties of microcapsules, which were prepared under given conditions, however, would in turn influence the performance of microcapsules in multiple-transfer printing.展开更多
The use of biopolymers for probiotic microencapsulation has been investigated in this paper.The objectives are to enhance its survival rate,colonic release,and stability of these probiotic cultures in digestive condit...The use of biopolymers for probiotic microencapsulation has been investigated in this paper.The objectives are to enhance its survival rate,colonic release,and stability of these probiotic cultures in digestive condition during storage time.Nine types of biopolymers(alginate-psyllium)blend with different concentration of prebiotic;(inulin or fenugreek)were used as candidate for microencapsulation matrix.One strain of probiotic candidates,namely;Enterococcus durans 39C was used in this study.The microencapsulation of this strain with the respective polymer blend was performed by using a simple extrusion method.All blend of formulations have recorded high encapsulation efficiency at value>98%.The survival rate of viable probiotic cells under simulated digestive conditions was also high with value above 47%as compared to non-microencapsulated cells.These nine gel formulations also displayed the high survival rate of viable probiotic cells during storage time(28 d).Their release occurred after 2 h in colonic condition and sustained until 12th h of incubation period.An increase of prebiotic effect value added was observed in incorporated inulin and fenugreek formulations.In short,this study revealed that a new herbal-based psyllium and fenugreek polymers have suitable potential as a matrix for probiotic microencapsulation.展开更多
Schwann cell transplantation is a promising method to promote neural repair, and can be used for peripheral nerve protection and myelination. Microcapsule technology largely mitigates immune rejection of transplanted ...Schwann cell transplantation is a promising method to promote neural repair, and can be used for peripheral nerve protection and myelination. Microcapsule technology largely mitigates immune rejection of transplanted cells. We previously showed that microencapsulated olfactory ensheathing cells can reduce neuropathic pain and we hypothesized that microencapsulated Schwann cells can also inhibit neuropathic pain. Rat Schwann cells were cultured by subculture and then microencapsulated and were tested using a rat chronic constriction injury(CCI) neuropathic pain model. CCI rats were treated with Schwann cells or microencapsulated Schwann cells and were compared with sham and CCI groups. Mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 14 days postoperatively. The expression of P2X3 receptors in L4-5 dorsal root ganglia of the different groups was detected by double-label immunofluorescence on day 14 after surgery. Compared with the chronic constriction injury group, mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were higher, but the expression of P2X3 receptors was remarkably decreased in rats treated with Schwann cells and microencapsulated Schwann cells, especially in the rats transplanted with microencapsulated Schwann cells. The above data show that microencapsulated Schwann cell transplantation inhibits P2X3 receptor expression in L4-5 dorsal root ganglia and neuropathic pain.展开更多
Among the folate compounds, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH3THF) is regarded as one of the most bioactive forms of folate. It is regarded as the better source of folate to humans as compared to folic acid, a synthe...Among the folate compounds, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH3THF) is regarded as one of the most bioactive forms of folate. It is regarded as the better source of folate to humans as compared to folic acid, a synthetic form of folate, which is used for fortifying foods to prevent the incidence of neural tube defects in the new born babies. The use of 5-CH3THF as an alternative fortificant, in place of folic acid, has been explored by various researchers. However, fortification of 5-CH3THF is problematic due to its lower stability. This study investigated the stability of microencapsulated 5-CH3THF in biscuits baked at various temperatures and times as well as changes in their physical properties. Microcapsule with pectin and alginate ratio of 80:20, prepared by spray drying, gave the highest retention (68.6%) of the 5-CH3THF, therefore, chosen for fortification. The encapsulated and unencapsulated 5-CH3THF were mixed separately with flour and biscuit ingredients and baked at 180℃, 200 and 220℃, each for 5, 9 and 12 min. The inclusion of encapsulated and unencapsulated 5-CH3THF in the biscuit formulation and subsequent baking at various temperatures and times resulted in retention of 5-CH3THF from 19.1% to 1.7%. Microencapsulation of 5-CH3THF slightly improved the retention of 5-CH3THF over unencapsuated biscuits at 180℃ for 5 min, but almost no such effect was achieved under baking temperatures of 200℃ and 220℃. Physical analysis showed darker colour, harder texture and lower moisture content for biscuits baked at higher test temperatures. It seems intense heating condition that caused “over baking” of the biscuit likely to be responsible for the loss of the vitamin as well as less desirable physical properties of the biscuits.展开更多
Photochromic wood was fabricated by coating microencapsulated photochromic material(MP)/polydimethylsiloxane composites onto wood using a simple drop-coating method.Urea-melamine–formaldehyde resin was used to microe...Photochromic wood was fabricated by coating microencapsulated photochromic material(MP)/polydimethylsiloxane composites onto wood using a simple drop-coating method.Urea-melamine–formaldehyde resin was used to microencapsulate the photochromic material(PM)via in situ polymerization.The concentration of the MP affected the photochromic property of the wood surface.The total color change(ΔE*)reached 82.2 when the concentration of the composite coating is 8%.Adhesion tests confirmed that the composite coating adhered firmly to the wood.This method is potentially useful for the production of functional wooden products,such as anti-counterfeiting materials and aesthetic wood.展开更多
Nutritional oil for infant formula food was microencapsulated by the spray drying method with coating materials including maltodextrin (MD), soy protein isolate (SPI), and emulsifier (soy lecithin). Vegetable oi...Nutritional oil for infant formula food was microencapsulated by the spray drying method with coating materials including maltodextrin (MD), soy protein isolate (SPI), and emulsifier (soy lecithin). Vegetable oil blend was prepared by mixing coconut oil, safflower oil and soybean oil at a ratio to achieve a fatty acid profile comparable to human milk fat (HMF). The fatty acid composition of the product was determined by capillary gas chromatograph. As a result, the composition was as close as possible to that of HMF, it could be used for infant fomular food to make up some deficiencies of milk powder in nutrition and functional properties. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the wall material was determined by DSC and its Tg was 66.42℃. It provided a theoretical basis for the storage of the product at the normal temperature.展开更多
Feed ingredients can change physically or chemically when exposed to moisture,heat or pressure.These changes impact how well they flow through a bin and disperse throughout the feed.Microencapsulation is a relatively ...Feed ingredients can change physically or chemically when exposed to moisture,heat or pressure.These changes impact how well they flow through a bin and disperse throughout the feed.Microencapsulation is a relatively new technique used to reduce reactivity and improve storage and handling characteristics(HC)of nutrients.The authors hypothesize that lipid matrix microencapsulation of free vitamin and mineral(VM)premixes significantly improve their HC making them more desirable products for feed mills.Triplicate samples of free,standard and lipid microencapsulated VM premixes were evaluated for the following HC:particle size(dgw),particle size variability(Sgw),flowability(measured by angle of repose(AOR)and minimum orifice diameter(MOD)),lumping,compressibility,bulk and tapped density,solubility and hygroscopic percent change in weight(day 0-1,0-3,0-5,5-9,0-9).Results were analyzed in a 3×2 factorial(JMP Pro 14)of form(free,standard,microencapsulated)by type(vitamin,mineral).Microencapsulated VM had the highest dgw(611.0mm and 722.7mm,respectively,p=0.002);free and microencapsulated vitamins had the smallest Sgw(1.67 and 1.49,respectively,p<0.001).Microencapsulated premixes had significantly lower AOR(p<0.001)and MOD values(p<0.001)than other premixes,indicating improved flowability.From days 0-3 and 0-5,microencapsulated premixes absorbed approximately half as much moisture(1.62%and 2.24%,respectively)than the free(3.48%and 5.04%,respectively)or standard(3.74%and 5.26%,respectively)premixes(p=0.001).The benefits gained from lipid matrix microencapsulation technology not only improve the HC of animal feed additives,but also improve the stability of VM premixes.展开更多
Microencapsulation phase change material slurry(MEPCMS) becomes a potential working fluid for cooling high energy density miniaturized components,thanks to the latent heat absorption of particles in the heat transfer ...Microencapsulation phase change material slurry(MEPCMS) becomes a potential working fluid for cooling high energy density miniaturized components,thanks to the latent heat absorption of particles in the heat transfer process.In this work,the Discrete Phase Model(DPM) based on the Euler-Lagrangian method is used to numerically investigate the convective heat transfer characteristics of MEPCMS flowing through a rectangular minichannel with constant heat flux.The results show that particles of MEPCMS are mainly subjected to drag force during the flow.Even so,they can migrate from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature region driven by the thermophoretic force,affecting the particle distribution and phase change process.Moreover,the Nux of the MEPCMS fluctuates due to particle phase change with varying specific heat capacities.Specifically,the value increases first,then decreases,and eventually increases again until it approaches the fully developed value of the pure base fluid as the particles gradually melt.Furthermore,the heat transfer performance of the MEPCMS is influenced by the combination of fluid inlet temperature fluid inlet velocity(v),and mass concentration(c_(m)) of MEPCM particles.The result shows that the maximum reduction of the maximum bottom wall temperature difference(ΔT_(w)) is 23.98% at T_(in)=293.15 K,v=0.15 m·s^(-1),c_(m)=10%.展开更多
Due to its core phase change characteristics,microencapsulated phase change material(MPCM)can make many base fluids have better heat transfer characteristics.In this paper,the flow boiling heat transfer characteristic...Due to its core phase change characteristics,microencapsulated phase change material(MPCM)can make many base fluids have better heat transfer characteristics.In this paper,the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of fluorinated liquid-based microencapsulated phase change material suspension(MPCMS)through vertical transparent quartz channel were studied.The effects of MPCM core phase change temperature and suspension flow velocity on boiling heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux were discussed,respectively.The results show that the appropriate concentration of MPCMS can enhance both the boiling heat transfer coefficient and the critical heat flux.The strengthening effect becomes weak with the increase of suspension flow velocity.The maximum strengthening rates of critical heat flux appear at 0.05 m/s,which are 25%(MPCMS(70℃)),16%(MPCMS(58℃))and 10%(MPCMS(28℃)).The phase change temperature of the MPCM core has important effects on the boiling heat transfer coefficient and the critical heat flux.The results showed that the MPCM with core phase change temperature higher than the boiling temperature of base fluid has the best enhancement effect.Different bubble behavior in vertical tube with different heat flux can be observed by high-speed photography system.The particle core phase change in MPCMS inhibits the aggregation of bubbles and forms many small bubbles to enhance heat transfer.The work lays a foundation for further exploring the industrial application of MPCMS.展开更多
Numerous tribological applications,wherein the use of liquid lubricants is infeasible,require adequate dry lubrication.Despite the use of polymers as an effective solution for dry sliding tribological applications,the...Numerous tribological applications,wherein the use of liquid lubricants is infeasible,require adequate dry lubrication.Despite the use of polymers as an effective solution for dry sliding tribological applications,their poor wear resistance prevents the utilization in harsh industrial environment.Different methods are typically implemented to tackle the poor wear performance of polymers,however sacrificing some of their mechanical/tribological properties.Herein,we discussed the introduction of a novel additive,namely microencapsulated phase change material(MPCM)into an advanced polymeric coating.Specifically,paraffin was encapsulated into melamine-based resin,and the capsules were dispersed in an aromatic thermosetting co-polyester(ATSP)coating.We found that the MPCM-filled composite exhibited a unique tribological behavior,manifested as“zero wear”,and a super-low coefficient of friction(COF)of 0.05.The developed composite outperformed the state-of-the-art polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)-filled coatings,under the experimental conditions examined herein.展开更多
Background Salpingitis is one of the common diseases in laying hen production, which greatly decreases the economic outcome of laying hen farming. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was effective in preventing local or sys...Background Salpingitis is one of the common diseases in laying hen production, which greatly decreases the economic outcome of laying hen farming. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was effective in preventing local or systemic inflammation, however rare studies were reported on its prevention against salpingitis. This study aimed to investigate the preventive molecular regulatory network of microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(MLP) against salpingitis through multi-omics analysis, including microbiome, transcriptome and metabolome analyses.Results The results revealed that supplementation of MLP in diet significantly alleviated the inflammation and atrophy of uterus caused by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in hens(P < 0.05). The concentrations of plasma IL-2 and IL-10 in hens of MLP-LPS group were higher than those in hens of LPS-stimulation group(CN-LPS group)(P < 0.05). The expression levels of TLR2, MYD88, NF-κB, COX2, and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the hens fed diet supplemented with MLP and suffered with LPS stimulation(MLP-LPS group) compared with those in the hens of CN-LPS group(P < 0.05). Differentially expressed genes(DEGs) induced by MLP were involved in inflammation, reproduction, and calcium ion transport. At the genus level, the MLP supplementation significantly increased the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium, whereas decreased the abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas in LPS challenged hens(P < 0.05). The metabolites altered by dietary supplementation with MLP were mainly involved in galactose, uronic acid, histidine, pyruvate and primary bile acid metabolism. Dietary supplementation with MLP inversely regulates LPSinduced differential metabolites such as Lyso PA(24:0/0:0)(P < 0.05).Conclusions In summary, dietary supplementation with microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum prevented salpingitis by modulating the abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcus_torques_group and Eubacterium_hallii_group while downregulating the levels of plasma metabolites, p-tolyl sulfate, o-cresol and N-acetylhistamine and upregulating S-lactoylglutathione, simultaneously increasing the expressions of CPNE4, CNTN3 and ACAN genes in the uterus, and ultimately inhibiting oviducal inflammation.展开更多
An experimental investigation was conducted on the laminar flow frictional characteristics of suspensions with microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) in water flowing through rectangular copper minichannels. ...An experimental investigation was conducted on the laminar flow frictional characteristics of suspensions with microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) in water flowing through rectangular copper minichannels. The MEPCM was provided at an average particle size of 4.97 μm, and was mixed with distilled water to form suspen- sions with various mass concentrations ranging from 0 to 20%. The experiment was per- formed to explore the effect of MEPCM mass concentration on friction factor and pressure drop in the minichannels. The Reynolds number ranged from 200 to 2000 to provide laminar and transitional flows. It was found that the experimental data for the suspensions with 0 and 5% concentration agree well with the existing theoretical data for an incom- pressible, fully developed, laminar Newtonian flow. For the suspensions with mass con- centrations higher than 10%, there is an obvious increase in friction factor and pressure drop in comparison with laminar Newtonian flow.展开更多
This short communication reports our recent work on the synthesis and characterisation ofmicrocapsules of phase change materials using silica as the shell material through a one-step method. The method uses no surfact...This short communication reports our recent work on the synthesis and characterisation ofmicrocapsules of phase change materials using silica as the shell material through a one-step method. The method uses no surfactants or dispersants for stabilising the capsules. The results show that the one-step method allows the tuning of the size and polydispersity of the capsules, and the use of different core materials. Analyses of the capsules show that they contain about 65% phase change materials. The results also suggest no need for a stabilising agent due to self-stabilisation by the amine groups. Further work is underway to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of the microcapsules and the scale-up of the method.展开更多
Objective To study the effect of xenotransplantation with pig parathyroid cells,which was prepared using cell microencapsulation technique,on the treatment of hypoparathyroidism in rats without immunosuppressor. Meth...Objective To study the effect of xenotransplantation with pig parathyroid cells,which was prepared using cell microencapsulation technique,on the treatment of hypoparathyroidism in rats without immunosuppressor. Methods Parathyroid cells were isolated from 10 healthy newborn pigs and encapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) membranes. Thirty-two aparathyroid Wistar rats were randomly allocated to microcapsule,non-microcapsule,empty microcapsule,and control groups. Each rat was injected intraperitoneally with encapsulated porcine parathyroid cells,free porcine parathyroid cells,empty capsules or 0.9% NaCl,respectively. Total serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were monitored continuously for 40 weeks. And then,the transplant beds were retrieved and subjected to morphologic and electron microscopic examination. Results In those animals xenotransplanted with microencapsulated porcine parathyroid cells,the calcium and PTH levels were consistently within the normal range during the 40 weeks. In contrast,no therapeutic effects were observed in rats in the non-microcapsule group. Furthermore,neither empty capsules nor 0.9% NaCl were shown to have any effect on the recipient’s serum calcium or PTH levels. After 40 weeks,electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the parathyroid cells within the microcapsules had survived well in vivo . Conclusions Xenotransplantation of microencapsulated newborn pig parathyroid cells can successfully treat hypoparathyroidism in rats without using immunosuppressive drugs. The results of this study show the possible clinical use of microencapsulated porcine parathyroid cells.展开更多
Spray drying was used to produce microencapsulated Wilson’s dogwood(Swida wilsoniana)oil.The influences of the emulsifier and wall materials on the encapsulation were studied in order to produce high quality encapsul...Spray drying was used to produce microencapsulated Wilson’s dogwood(Swida wilsoniana)oil.The influences of the emulsifier and wall materials on the encapsulation were studied in order to produce high quality encapsulated S.wilsoniana oil.The emulsions were prepared by using lecithin(L)and Tween 80(T)with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.Results indicated that the stable emulsion was obtained using T and L as the compound emulsifier at a ratio of 4/6(w/w).By virtue of the compound emulsifier(T/L 4/6),the microencapsulation efficiency(MEE)reached 91%,and the oil loading up to 35%was achieved.We also examined the influence of the wall materials on the microencapsulation of S.wilsoniana oil.All the three wall materials exhibited high MEE(>85%),and the highest MEE(95.20%)was obtained with sodium caseinate/lactose.All the S.wilsoniana oil encapsulated with the three wall materials exhibited nearly spherical microcapsules without pores or cracks,thus protecting the oil from oxygen.展开更多
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Provincial Education Department (2003A026)
文摘The effects of different types of compound acidifiers (encapsulated and non-encapsulated) in maize-soybean basic diets on acidity and development of the gastrointestinal tract in weaning piglets were investigated in this study. 64 28-day-old weaned Landrace x Yorkshire hybrid piglets with average weight of (7.00 ±0.10) kg were selected and grouped into four treatments with four pigs ( half boars and half sows) in each repeat of four repeats in each treatment based on single-factor test design principles, and the pre-test period was 3 days but the test period was 35 days. The results showed that compared with acid-free diet group, encapsulated compound acidifier could reduce pH of stomach and intestinal in weaning piglets significantly (P 〈 0.01 ), while Test group 1 could also increase the relative weight of stomach and intestinal in piglets significantly (P 〈 0.05 ). Compared with non-encapsulated acidifier, encapsulated compound acidifier could greatly decrease pH in jejunum and ileum of weaning piglets ( P 〈 0.05) or relative weight of stomach in piglets ( P〈0.05), while Test group 1 could also enhance the relative weight of intestinal in piglets significantly ( P 〈0.01 ). In addition, encapsulated compound acidifiers significantly increased the ratio between the villus height and crypt depth of jejunum ( P 〈0.01 ). Accordingly, the microencapsulated compound acidifier in diets of weaning piglets can promote the development of gastrointestinal tracts for piglets by reducing pH of gastrointestinal tracts.
文摘Background: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) in children and infants is a common nutritional problem all over the world. Infants and young children have a high risk for developing iron deficiency (ID) because they have high demand for iron during the period of rapid growth. This is aggravated by the insufficiency of iron in their diet. Iron supplementation programs using pediatric tablets or drops have not been successful in the control of anemia amongst infants and children in some countries. “Sprinkles” is an innovative multi-micronutrient home fortification strategy to control iron deficiency and anemia to be more useful. Objective: The objective was to estimate the prevalence ID and IDA in infants and children in Ibb City, Yemen Republic;evaluate the use of a new form of iron and determine the hematologic response to different doses and forms of iron in Sprinkles and iron drops. Design: Using a prospective, randomized, controlled design, we studied 337 randomly children aged 24 - 48 months and infants aged 6 - 24 months in Ibb City (hemoglobin: 70 - 99 g/L). One group received a daily sachet of microencapsulated ferrous fumarate (80 mg elemental Fe) in powder form plus ascorbic acid to be sprinkled onto any complementary food eaten (sprinkles group);a control group received ferrous sulfate drops 3 times/d for 2 months (total dose: 40 mg elemental Fe). Hemoglobin and serum ferritin concentrations were measured at baseline and at the end of treatment. Results: Successful treatment of anemia (hemoglobin > 100 g/L) occurred in 58% of the sprinkles group and in 56% of the drops group, with minimal side effects in both groups. Geometric mean ferritin concentrations increased significantly in each group from baseline to the end of treatment (P Conclusion: Use of ferrous sulfate drops or a single daily dose of microencapsulated ferrous fumarate sprinkles plus ascorbicacid resulted in a similar rate of successful treatment of anemia without side effects. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the use of microencapsulated iron sprinkles to treat anemia in this area. Improved ease of use may favor the use of sprinkles to deliver iron.
文摘Microcapsules containing disperse dyes were prepared by means of in-situ polymerization. Polyester fabrics were multiple-transfer printed and color-mix printed using those microencapsulated dyes under different process conditions. By color measurement instrument, it can be seen that the times of multiple-transfer printing are up to ten while under appropriate conditions, especially when the transfer printing time is 50 seconds and the transfer printing temperature is 180°C. On the other hand, the K/S value of each transfer printing can keep almost constant. Meanwhile, the visual effect of color- mix printing with microencapsulated disperse dyes is special in the varicolored exhibiting if compared with conventional disperse dyes.
文摘Hepatocytes were isolated from suckling porcine using modified seglen’s collagenase perfusion technique, and were encapsulated with alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules. Fulminant hepatic failure(FHF) was induced in male SD rats by galactosamine. Hemoperfusion performed 24hErs after galactosamine injection. In vitro culture, both encapsulated hepatocytes and free hepatocytes express the ability to synthesis Albumin, Urea .for 7 days, Encapsulated hepatocytesperfusied with Williams’ E medium was shown to provide albumin, urea synthesis functions in 24hrs. The survival time after treatment of microencapsulated hepatocytes hemoperfusion group was longer than othergroups, and Serum ALT, TBIL levels decreased.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(B2016209059)
文摘Dipentaerythritol(DPER),4,40-diphenylmethanediisocyanate(MDI)and melamine(MEL)are used as raw materials to microencapsulate ammonium polyphosphate(MAPP)in situ polymerization.The MAPP is characterized by Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR),scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM)and thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA).The results show that the coating operation can effectively improve water resistance of ammonium polyphosphate(APP),and MAPP has higher residual rate than that of APP after combustion.The flame retardant action of MAPP and APP in polypropylene(PP)is investigated by the limited oxygen index(LOI),vertical burning test(UL-94),TGA,SEM,and cone calorimeter test(CCT).The LOI value of the PP/MAPP composite at the same loading is higher than that of PP/APP composite.UL 94 ratings of PP/MAPP composites are raised to V-0 at 20 wt%loading.The results of CCT also show that MAPP is more efficient than APP.The morphological structures observed by digital photos and SEM demonstrated that MAPP could be promoted to form the continuous and compact intumescent char layer.The flame retardant mechanism of PP/MAPP is also discussed.
文摘Some disperse dyes were microencapsulated by means of in- situ polymerization. These microencapsulated disperse dyes was extracted respectively by ethanol under certain conditions. The controlled-release properties of disperse dyes through the shell of microcapsules were measured by spectrophotometer. According to the results, it was drawn that the type of disperse dyes, the auxiliaries contained in disperse dyes, the quantity of system controlling medium used and the core/shell ratio of microcapsules play important roles in controlling the release properties of microcapsules. The different controlled- release properties of microcapsules, which were prepared under given conditions, however, would in turn influence the performance of microcapsules in multiple-transfer printing.
基金supports of the University Putra Malaysia are gratefully acknowledged.
文摘The use of biopolymers for probiotic microencapsulation has been investigated in this paper.The objectives are to enhance its survival rate,colonic release,and stability of these probiotic cultures in digestive condition during storage time.Nine types of biopolymers(alginate-psyllium)blend with different concentration of prebiotic;(inulin or fenugreek)were used as candidate for microencapsulation matrix.One strain of probiotic candidates,namely;Enterococcus durans 39C was used in this study.The microencapsulation of this strain with the respective polymer blend was performed by using a simple extrusion method.All blend of formulations have recorded high encapsulation efficiency at value>98%.The survival rate of viable probiotic cells under simulated digestive conditions was also high with value above 47%as compared to non-microencapsulated cells.These nine gel formulations also displayed the high survival rate of viable probiotic cells during storage time(28 d).Their release occurred after 2 h in colonic condition and sustained until 12th h of incubation period.An increase of prebiotic effect value added was observed in incorporated inulin and fenugreek formulations.In short,this study revealed that a new herbal-based psyllium and fenugreek polymers have suitable potential as a matrix for probiotic microencapsulation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81760418 and 81260190the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province,No.20132BAB205023,20151BAB205022+1 种基金a grant from Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Education Department,No.GJJ13159a grant from the Science and Technology Program of Department of Health of Jiangxi Province,No.20173010
文摘Schwann cell transplantation is a promising method to promote neural repair, and can be used for peripheral nerve protection and myelination. Microcapsule technology largely mitigates immune rejection of transplanted cells. We previously showed that microencapsulated olfactory ensheathing cells can reduce neuropathic pain and we hypothesized that microencapsulated Schwann cells can also inhibit neuropathic pain. Rat Schwann cells were cultured by subculture and then microencapsulated and were tested using a rat chronic constriction injury(CCI) neuropathic pain model. CCI rats were treated with Schwann cells or microencapsulated Schwann cells and were compared with sham and CCI groups. Mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 14 days postoperatively. The expression of P2X3 receptors in L4-5 dorsal root ganglia of the different groups was detected by double-label immunofluorescence on day 14 after surgery. Compared with the chronic constriction injury group, mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were higher, but the expression of P2X3 receptors was remarkably decreased in rats treated with Schwann cells and microencapsulated Schwann cells, especially in the rats transplanted with microencapsulated Schwann cells. The above data show that microencapsulated Schwann cell transplantation inhibits P2X3 receptor expression in L4-5 dorsal root ganglia and neuropathic pain.
文摘Among the folate compounds, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-CH3THF) is regarded as one of the most bioactive forms of folate. It is regarded as the better source of folate to humans as compared to folic acid, a synthetic form of folate, which is used for fortifying foods to prevent the incidence of neural tube defects in the new born babies. The use of 5-CH3THF as an alternative fortificant, in place of folic acid, has been explored by various researchers. However, fortification of 5-CH3THF is problematic due to its lower stability. This study investigated the stability of microencapsulated 5-CH3THF in biscuits baked at various temperatures and times as well as changes in their physical properties. Microcapsule with pectin and alginate ratio of 80:20, prepared by spray drying, gave the highest retention (68.6%) of the 5-CH3THF, therefore, chosen for fortification. The encapsulated and unencapsulated 5-CH3THF were mixed separately with flour and biscuit ingredients and baked at 180℃, 200 and 220℃, each for 5, 9 and 12 min. The inclusion of encapsulated and unencapsulated 5-CH3THF in the biscuit formulation and subsequent baking at various temperatures and times resulted in retention of 5-CH3THF from 19.1% to 1.7%. Microencapsulation of 5-CH3THF slightly improved the retention of 5-CH3THF over unencapsuated biscuits at 180℃ for 5 min, but almost no such effect was achieved under baking temperatures of 200℃ and 220℃. Physical analysis showed darker colour, harder texture and lower moisture content for biscuits baked at higher test temperatures. It seems intense heating condition that caused “over baking” of the biscuit likely to be responsible for the loss of the vitamin as well as less desirable physical properties of the biscuits.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Youth Fund of China(31800489)the Special Fund for Research on Scientific and Technological Innovation Talents in Harbin(2017RAQXJ092)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China(LH2019E070)Postdoctoral Science Foundation funded project of Heilongjiang Province of China(LBH Z16007)。
文摘Photochromic wood was fabricated by coating microencapsulated photochromic material(MP)/polydimethylsiloxane composites onto wood using a simple drop-coating method.Urea-melamine–formaldehyde resin was used to microencapsulate the photochromic material(PM)via in situ polymerization.The concentration of the MP affected the photochromic property of the wood surface.The total color change(ΔE*)reached 82.2 when the concentration of the composite coating is 8%.Adhesion tests confirmed that the composite coating adhered firmly to the wood.This method is potentially useful for the production of functional wooden products,such as anti-counterfeiting materials and aesthetic wood.
文摘Nutritional oil for infant formula food was microencapsulated by the spray drying method with coating materials including maltodextrin (MD), soy protein isolate (SPI), and emulsifier (soy lecithin). Vegetable oil blend was prepared by mixing coconut oil, safflower oil and soybean oil at a ratio to achieve a fatty acid profile comparable to human milk fat (HMF). The fatty acid composition of the product was determined by capillary gas chromatograph. As a result, the composition was as close as possible to that of HMF, it could be used for infant fomular food to make up some deficiencies of milk powder in nutrition and functional properties. Furthermore, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the wall material was determined by DSC and its Tg was 66.42℃. It provided a theoretical basis for the storage of the product at the normal temperature.
文摘Feed ingredients can change physically or chemically when exposed to moisture,heat or pressure.These changes impact how well they flow through a bin and disperse throughout the feed.Microencapsulation is a relatively new technique used to reduce reactivity and improve storage and handling characteristics(HC)of nutrients.The authors hypothesize that lipid matrix microencapsulation of free vitamin and mineral(VM)premixes significantly improve their HC making them more desirable products for feed mills.Triplicate samples of free,standard and lipid microencapsulated VM premixes were evaluated for the following HC:particle size(dgw),particle size variability(Sgw),flowability(measured by angle of repose(AOR)and minimum orifice diameter(MOD)),lumping,compressibility,bulk and tapped density,solubility and hygroscopic percent change in weight(day 0-1,0-3,0-5,5-9,0-9).Results were analyzed in a 3×2 factorial(JMP Pro 14)of form(free,standard,microencapsulated)by type(vitamin,mineral).Microencapsulated VM had the highest dgw(611.0mm and 722.7mm,respectively,p=0.002);free and microencapsulated vitamins had the smallest Sgw(1.67 and 1.49,respectively,p<0.001).Microencapsulated premixes had significantly lower AOR(p<0.001)and MOD values(p<0.001)than other premixes,indicating improved flowability.From days 0-3 and 0-5,microencapsulated premixes absorbed approximately half as much moisture(1.62%and 2.24%,respectively)than the free(3.48%and 5.04%,respectively)or standard(3.74%and 5.26%,respectively)premixes(p=0.001).The benefits gained from lipid matrix microencapsulation technology not only improve the HC of animal feed additives,but also improve the stability of VM premixes.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.U20A20299)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (No.2019A1515012119)。
文摘Microencapsulation phase change material slurry(MEPCMS) becomes a potential working fluid for cooling high energy density miniaturized components,thanks to the latent heat absorption of particles in the heat transfer process.In this work,the Discrete Phase Model(DPM) based on the Euler-Lagrangian method is used to numerically investigate the convective heat transfer characteristics of MEPCMS flowing through a rectangular minichannel with constant heat flux.The results show that particles of MEPCMS are mainly subjected to drag force during the flow.Even so,they can migrate from the high-temperature region to the low-temperature region driven by the thermophoretic force,affecting the particle distribution and phase change process.Moreover,the Nux of the MEPCMS fluctuates due to particle phase change with varying specific heat capacities.Specifically,the value increases first,then decreases,and eventually increases again until it approaches the fully developed value of the pure base fluid as the particles gradually melt.Furthermore,the heat transfer performance of the MEPCMS is influenced by the combination of fluid inlet temperature fluid inlet velocity(v),and mass concentration(c_(m)) of MEPCM particles.The result shows that the maximum reduction of the maximum bottom wall temperature difference(ΔT_(w)) is 23.98% at T_(in)=293.15 K,v=0.15 m·s^(-1),c_(m)=10%.
基金This work was supported by the Scientific Instrument Developing Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.YJKYYQ20200016)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52106117).
文摘Due to its core phase change characteristics,microencapsulated phase change material(MPCM)can make many base fluids have better heat transfer characteristics.In this paper,the flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of fluorinated liquid-based microencapsulated phase change material suspension(MPCMS)through vertical transparent quartz channel were studied.The effects of MPCM core phase change temperature and suspension flow velocity on boiling heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux were discussed,respectively.The results show that the appropriate concentration of MPCMS can enhance both the boiling heat transfer coefficient and the critical heat flux.The strengthening effect becomes weak with the increase of suspension flow velocity.The maximum strengthening rates of critical heat flux appear at 0.05 m/s,which are 25%(MPCMS(70℃)),16%(MPCMS(58℃))and 10%(MPCMS(28℃)).The phase change temperature of the MPCM core has important effects on the boiling heat transfer coefficient and the critical heat flux.The results showed that the MPCM with core phase change temperature higher than the boiling temperature of base fluid has the best enhancement effect.Different bubble behavior in vertical tube with different heat flux can be observed by high-speed photography system.The particle core phase change in MPCMS inhibits the aggregation of bubbles and forms many small bubbles to enhance heat transfer.The work lays a foundation for further exploring the industrial application of MPCMS.
基金The authors also acknowledge the use of the Texas A&M Materials Characterization Core Facility(RRID:SCR_022202)We gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the Robert A.WELCH Foundation through the W.T.Doherty-WELCH Chair in Chemistry(A-0001)Mariela VAZQUEZ appreciates the support by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program(Grant No.M1703014).
文摘Numerous tribological applications,wherein the use of liquid lubricants is infeasible,require adequate dry lubrication.Despite the use of polymers as an effective solution for dry sliding tribological applications,their poor wear resistance prevents the utilization in harsh industrial environment.Different methods are typically implemented to tackle the poor wear performance of polymers,however sacrificing some of their mechanical/tribological properties.Herein,we discussed the introduction of a novel additive,namely microencapsulated phase change material(MPCM)into an advanced polymeric coating.Specifically,paraffin was encapsulated into melamine-based resin,and the capsules were dispersed in an aromatic thermosetting co-polyester(ATSP)coating.We found that the MPCM-filled composite exhibited a unique tribological behavior,manifested as“zero wear”,and a super-low coefficient of friction(COF)of 0.05.The developed composite outperformed the state-of-the-art polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)-filled coatings,under the experimental conditions examined herein.
基金funded by the National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (No.32002192)Research Fund for National Non-profit Research Institution (grant number JY2016)China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-40-S20)。
文摘Background Salpingitis is one of the common diseases in laying hen production, which greatly decreases the economic outcome of laying hen farming. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was effective in preventing local or systemic inflammation, however rare studies were reported on its prevention against salpingitis. This study aimed to investigate the preventive molecular regulatory network of microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum(MLP) against salpingitis through multi-omics analysis, including microbiome, transcriptome and metabolome analyses.Results The results revealed that supplementation of MLP in diet significantly alleviated the inflammation and atrophy of uterus caused by lipopolysaccharide(LPS) in hens(P < 0.05). The concentrations of plasma IL-2 and IL-10 in hens of MLP-LPS group were higher than those in hens of LPS-stimulation group(CN-LPS group)(P < 0.05). The expression levels of TLR2, MYD88, NF-κB, COX2, and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the hens fed diet supplemented with MLP and suffered with LPS stimulation(MLP-LPS group) compared with those in the hens of CN-LPS group(P < 0.05). Differentially expressed genes(DEGs) induced by MLP were involved in inflammation, reproduction, and calcium ion transport. At the genus level, the MLP supplementation significantly increased the abundance of Phascolarctobacterium, whereas decreased the abundance of Candidatus_Saccharimonas in LPS challenged hens(P < 0.05). The metabolites altered by dietary supplementation with MLP were mainly involved in galactose, uronic acid, histidine, pyruvate and primary bile acid metabolism. Dietary supplementation with MLP inversely regulates LPSinduced differential metabolites such as Lyso PA(24:0/0:0)(P < 0.05).Conclusions In summary, dietary supplementation with microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum prevented salpingitis by modulating the abundances of Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcus_torques_group and Eubacterium_hallii_group while downregulating the levels of plasma metabolites, p-tolyl sulfate, o-cresol and N-acetylhistamine and upregulating S-lactoylglutathione, simultaneously increasing the expressions of CPNE4, CNTN3 and ACAN genes in the uterus, and ultimately inhibiting oviducal inflammation.
基金partly supported by Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst(German DAAD scholarship),Chinese Scholarship Councilthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.50436020 and 50176004).
文摘An experimental investigation was conducted on the laminar flow frictional characteristics of suspensions with microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) in water flowing through rectangular copper minichannels. The MEPCM was provided at an average particle size of 4.97 μm, and was mixed with distilled water to form suspen- sions with various mass concentrations ranging from 0 to 20%. The experiment was per- formed to explore the effect of MEPCM mass concentration on friction factor and pressure drop in the minichannels. The Reynolds number ranged from 200 to 2000 to provide laminar and transitional flows. It was found that the experimental data for the suspensions with 0 and 5% concentration agree well with the existing theoretical data for an incom- pressible, fully developed, laminar Newtonian flow. For the suspensions with mass con- centrations higher than 10%, there is an obvious increase in friction factor and pressure drop in comparison with laminar Newtonian flow.
基金supported by UK EPSRC under grants EP/F023014/1 and EP/F000464/1a collaborative research fund from the Institute of Process Engineering of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘This short communication reports our recent work on the synthesis and characterisation ofmicrocapsules of phase change materials using silica as the shell material through a one-step method. The method uses no surfactants or dispersants for stabilising the capsules. The results show that the one-step method allows the tuning of the size and polydispersity of the capsules, and the use of different core materials. Analyses of the capsules show that they contain about 65% phase change materials. The results also suggest no need for a stabilising agent due to self-stabilisation by the amine groups. Further work is underway to investigate the mechanical and thermal properties of the microcapsules and the scale-up of the method.
文摘Objective To study the effect of xenotransplantation with pig parathyroid cells,which was prepared using cell microencapsulation technique,on the treatment of hypoparathyroidism in rats without immunosuppressor. Methods Parathyroid cells were isolated from 10 healthy newborn pigs and encapsulated in alginate-polylysine-alginate (APA) membranes. Thirty-two aparathyroid Wistar rats were randomly allocated to microcapsule,non-microcapsule,empty microcapsule,and control groups. Each rat was injected intraperitoneally with encapsulated porcine parathyroid cells,free porcine parathyroid cells,empty capsules or 0.9% NaCl,respectively. Total serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were monitored continuously for 40 weeks. And then,the transplant beds were retrieved and subjected to morphologic and electron microscopic examination. Results In those animals xenotransplanted with microencapsulated porcine parathyroid cells,the calcium and PTH levels were consistently within the normal range during the 40 weeks. In contrast,no therapeutic effects were observed in rats in the non-microcapsule group. Furthermore,neither empty capsules nor 0.9% NaCl were shown to have any effect on the recipient’s serum calcium or PTH levels. After 40 weeks,electron microscopic examination demonstrated that the parathyroid cells within the microcapsules had survived well in vivo . Conclusions Xenotransplantation of microencapsulated newborn pig parathyroid cells can successfully treat hypoparathyroidism in rats without using immunosuppressive drugs. The results of this study show the possible clinical use of microencapsulated porcine parathyroid cells.
基金This work was supported by Jiangsu Province Biomass Energy and Materials Laboratory,China(No.JSBEM-S-201603)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFD0400900).
文摘Spray drying was used to produce microencapsulated Wilson’s dogwood(Swida wilsoniana)oil.The influences of the emulsifier and wall materials on the encapsulation were studied in order to produce high quality encapsulated S.wilsoniana oil.The emulsions were prepared by using lecithin(L)and Tween 80(T)with different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance.Results indicated that the stable emulsion was obtained using T and L as the compound emulsifier at a ratio of 4/6(w/w).By virtue of the compound emulsifier(T/L 4/6),the microencapsulation efficiency(MEE)reached 91%,and the oil loading up to 35%was achieved.We also examined the influence of the wall materials on the microencapsulation of S.wilsoniana oil.All the three wall materials exhibited high MEE(>85%),and the highest MEE(95.20%)was obtained with sodium caseinate/lactose.All the S.wilsoniana oil encapsulated with the three wall materials exhibited nearly spherical microcapsules without pores or cracks,thus protecting the oil from oxygen.