AHermitian C^(2) Differential Reproducing Kernel Interpolation Meshless Method for the 3D Microstructure-Dependent Static Flexural Analysis of Simply Supported and Functionally Graded Microplates

This work develops a Hermitian C^(2) differential reproducing kernel interpolation meshless(DRKIM)method within the consistent couple stress theory(CCST)framework to study the three-dimensional(3D)microstructuredependent static flexural behavior of a functionally graded(FG)microplate subjected to mechanical loads and placed under full simple supports.In the formulation,we select the transverse stress and displacement components and their first-and second-order derivatives as primary variables.Then,we set up the differential reproducing conditions(DRCs)to obtain the shape functions of the Hermitian C^(2) differential reproducing kernel(DRK)interpolant’s derivatives without using direct differentiation.The interpolant’s shape function is combined with a primitive function that possesses Kronecker delta properties and an enrichment function that constituents DRCs.As a result,the primary variables and their first-and second-order derivatives satisfy the nodal interpolation properties.Subsequently,incorporating ourHermitianC^(2)DRKinterpolant intothe strong formof the3DCCST,we develop a DRKIM method to analyze the FG microplate’s 3D microstructure-dependent static flexural behavior.The Hermitian C^(2) DRKIM method is confirmed to be accurate and fast in its convergence rate by comparing the solutions it produces with the relevant 3D solutions available in the literature.Finally,the impact of essential factors on the transverse stresses,in-plane stresses,displacements,and couple stresses that are induced in the loaded microplate is examined.These factors include the length-to-thickness ratio,the material length-scale parameter,and the inhomogeneity index,which appear to be significant.

A New Species of Microplitis Foerster(Hymenoptera:Braconidae:Microgastrinae)of China

A new species of Microplitis Foerster 1862：Microplitis vitellipedis,sp.nov.（♀） is described from China,Fujian,Mt.Wuyi.The new species is similar to Microplitis changbaishana Song et Chen.but has the following differences：Microplitis vitllivipes sp.nov：T1 parallel or subparallel-sided;antennae with F12-15 loosely connected;hind coxae reddish yellow;body normal.Microplitis changbaishana Song et Chen：T1 slightly widened towards apex;antennae with F12-15 tightly connected;hind coxae yellowish beown;body stout.

Tectonic Constraints on the Transformation of Paleozoic Framework of Uplift and Depression in the Ordos Area

During the Paleozoic, the Ordos area in the western North China Plate was located at the intersecting position of microplates and controlled by their interaction. The structural framework in the Ordos area, which underwent transformations in the Ordovician, the Carboniferous and the Permian respectively, was dominated by the alternation of uplift and depression. The transformations of structural framework are utilized as the clues to investigate the microplates＇ interacting type and its response in the Ordos area. According to the regional structural evolution, the Ordos area is simplified into an isopachous, isotropic and elastic shell model, and under proposed various boundary conditions, three series of numerical simulations corresponding to the three structural transformations are carried out to determine the detailed tectonic constraints. Numerical simulations reveal that the structure of the uplift and depression, which is similar to the actual pattern, develops only under one special boundary condition in each of the three series, indicating that the structural framework responds to the unique tectonic background. The simulation results show that in the Early Paleozoic, the L-shaped paleouplift formed nearby the southwestern corner of the Ordos area because the intensity of the compressions in the southern and western boundaries resulting from the ocean-continent collisions was similar. In the Late Paleozoic, it evolved into continent-continent （or arc-continent） interaction in the southern and northern boundaries; in the preliminary stage of the interaction, since the interface between the North China Plate and the plates on the south and north was narrow, the relative acting force was little and the regional western boundary immobile, and the structural framework in the basin was characterized by the N-S trending slender-waist-shaped uplift; as the interface between the plates expanded gradually, the extrusive force in the southern and northern boundaries of the North China Plate increased, resulting in the paleogeographic divisions showing E-W trending, and, the western boundary of the basin was extruded westward due to the intense compression inducing the local NE trending of paleogeographic division in the central area. The simulation results further reflect that the symmetry of the uplift-depression pattern is restricted by that of the boundary conditions, suggesting that the Paleozoic structural transformations of the Ordos area under boundary constraints accord with the universal physical symmetrical principle.

A new method for determination of antithrombotic activity of egg white protein hydrolysate by microplate reader

A new method for the determination of antithrombotic activity of egg white protein hydrolysate （EWPH） was developed using a microplate reader. Reaction was carried out at 37℃and pH 7.2 with fibrinogen concentration 0.1%. Microplate reading was conducted at 405 nm. Inhibition rate of EWPH on thrombin activity showed linearity （R2 = 0.9971）, when the inhibition rate was in the range of 10-90%. The lower limit of detection （LLD, at 99.7% probability） and the biological limit of detection （BLD, at 99.7% probability） of the method were 10.643 and 40 mg/mL, respectively. The repeatability standard deviation （R.S.D.） was 1.08%. The standard deviation of the method was ±0.027 AT-U.

Environmental Soil Phosphorus Testing and Phosphorus Release in Taihu Lake,China

A microtiter plate assay (MPA) for soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was applied to samples in overlying water and pore water as well as in three forms of environmental soil test phosphorus (P) types: water soluble phosphorus (WSP),diluted calcium chloride extractable phosphorus (PCaCl2), and Olsen-P in the sediments of Taihu Lake, China, where potential P release in response to pH was analyzed. MPA for rapid P analysis was shown to be promising when applied on samples of natural water and sediment extracts. Concentrations of WSP and PCaCl2 in the sediments were much lower than those of Olsen-P. Olsen-P levels in the littoral sediments along the north coast of Meiliang Bay in Taihu Lake (80to 140 mg kg-1) were much higher than those in the mouth of the bay (less than 50 mg kg-1). The risk of P release in the mouth area of Meiliang Bay was lower than that in the north littoral zone with a risk of sediment P release induced by pH increases.

HBV resistant to lamivudine: experimental and clinical studies

Objective: To identify the impact of lamivudine on HBV e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion and HBV DNA level, and the appearance of Tyr-Met-Asn-Asp (YMDD) resistants. Methods: Forty-seven hepatitis B patients were trea- ted with oral lamivudine. ALT level and HBeAg were detected in the treatment on the zero, 3rd, 6th and 9th month respectively. The levels of HBV DNA and YMDD resistants were analyzed with PCR mi- croplate hybridization-ELISA. Results: After 9 months of treatment, HBV DNA be- came negative and ALT level was normal in 74% pa- tients. Among these patients, 17% patients had HBeAg converted to negative and anti-HBe antibody positive, whereas another 15% patients showed HBeAg negative. YMDD resistants appeared in 19 % patients (9/47). One, three and five resistants were detected in the treatment on the 3rd, 6th and 9th month respectively. Conclusions: Most HBV DNA in serum became nega- tive after 9 months of treatment, and the rate of HBeAg seroconversion was 17% (HBV DNA level was lower than 100 pg/ml before treatment). YMDD resistants appeared in 19% patients.

Determination of Total Flavonoids in Leaves of Paliurus ramosissimus and Orthogonal Experiment Optimization Process

[Objectives] To screen the optimal extraction conditions of flavonoids from leaves of Paliurus ramosissimus( Lour.) Poir.,measure the content of flavonoids in leaves of P. ramosissimus. using the Microplate Reader,and provide experimental basis for the development of medicinal resources of P. ramosissimus. [Methods] The ultrasonic extraction method was adopted and orthogonal design was carried out to study the effects of ethanol concentration( A),ultrasonic time( B),the solid-to-liquid ratio( C) on the extraction of flavonoids from leaves of P. ramosissimus. The Microplate Reader was used to measure the content of flavonoids in leaves of P. ramosissimus. in different extraction conditions,P. ramosissimus. and the optimal extraction conditions were used to measure the content of flavonoids from leaves of P. ramosissimus.[Results]Effects of the ultrasonic extraction method on the extraction rate of flavonoids from leaves of P. ramosissimus: extraction times >ethanol concentration > Ultrasound time > solid-liquid ratio. The screened optimal extraction process was: ethanol concentration of 65%,the solid-to-liquid ratio of 1∶ 25,ultrasonic time of 2 h and extraction times Under this condition,the extraction rate of total flavonoids in leaves of P. ramosissimus. was 2. 56%. [Conclusions] This method is simple and feasibility,reliable,and suitable for rapid measurement with large samples.

Decomposition of different crop straws and variation in straw-associated microbial communities in a peach orchard,China

Crop residue is a major source of soil organic matter;therefore,application of crop straw to soil contributes to the sustainable development of organic agriculture.To better understand the transformation of crop straw in orchard soils,we investigated the relationship between the characteristics of straw decomposition and functional diversity of associated microbial communities in a long-term peach orchard,China.Mesh bags,each containing 30 g of corn or bean straw,were buried at a soil depth of 20 cm in a 12-year-old peach orchard for 360 d(October 2011–October 2012).Three treatments were applied,i.e.,fresh corn straw,fresh corn straw with nitrogen fertilizer(urea,10.34 g/kg),and fresh bean straw.Changes in straw residual rate,straw water content and soil conditions were monitored after treatment.The functional diversity of straw-associated microbial communities was analyzed by the Biolog-Eco microplate assay.During the decomposition process,straw residual rates did not vary considerably from 10 d(30.4%–45.4%)to 360 d(19.0%–30.3%).Irrespective of nitrogen addition,corn straw decomposed faster than bean straw.Corn straw with nitrogen fertilizer yielded the highest average well color development(AWCD)values(1.11–1.67),followed by corn straw(1.14–1.68)and bean straw(1.18–1.62).Although the AWCD values did not differ significantly among the three treatments,substantial differences occurred across various time periods of the decomposition process(P<0.01).In terms of carbon source utilization,the dominant microbial groups fed mainly on saccharides.Hard-to-decompose substances gradually accumulated in the middle and late stages of straw decomposition.Of the six categories of carbon sources tested,the utilization rate of aromatics was the lowest with corn straw,whereas that of polymers was the lowest with bean straw.Among different treatments,straw residual rate was negatively correlated to soil available phosphorous,soil available potassium and soil temperature(P<0.05),but not to soil water content.In some cases(corn straw with or without nitrogen fertilizer),straw residual rate was negatively correlated to straw water content,amino acid utilization and carboxylic acid utilization,and positively correlated with microbial species richness and evenness(P<0.05).Microbial community associated with corn and bean straw decomposition in soil was respectively dominated by aromatic-and polymer-metabolizing groups during the middle and late stages of this process,which could reduce the stability of microbial community structure and decrease the rate of straw decomposition in the fruit tree orchard.

A data processing method for MAPR hydrothermal plume turbidity data and its application in the Precious Stone Mountain hydrothermal field

Hydrothermal plume is an important constituent of seabed hydrothermal circulation and is also one of the characteristics of active hydrothermal vents. Portable Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorders （MAPR） attached to a towed deep-sea instrument was used to search for hydrothermal plumes and hydrothermal vents. We introduced the basic principle of MAPR based on deep towing technology to detect plumes, then analyzed the factors affecting the quality of the MAPR data and presented a data correction method for MAPR, including instrument location correction, noise reduction processing, system error elimination and seawater background reduction. Finally we applied the method to analyze MAPR data obtained during the Chinese DY115-21 cruise on R/VDayang Iin the “Precious Stone Mountain” hydrothermal field on the Gala-pagos Microplate. The results provided a better understanding of the distribution of the hydrothermal activ-ity in this field, indicating the presence of a new hydrothermal vent.

Gene Analysis of Free Fetal DNA in Maternal Plasma

To investigate the feasibility of using free fetal DNA from maternal plasma as the source of fetal material in non invasive prenatal diagnosis, SRY gene of free DNA in maternal blood of 65 samples were analyzed by using primer extension preamplication (PEP) and probe microplate hybridization techniques. The results showed that the detection rate of SRY gene in maternal blood from women carrying male fetuses detected by probe microplate hybridization alone and probe microplate hybridization with PEP were 76.09 % (35/46) and 95.65 % (44/46) respectively, and there was a significant difference between them. The non detection rate of SRY gene in blood samples from women carrying female fetus was 100 % (19/19). It is indicated that probe microplate hybridization was an effective method in detecting trace fetal DNA from maternal plasma and the sensitivity could be substantially improved by combined use of the two techniques. Analysis of fetal DNA in maternal plasma can serve as an alternative for non invasive prenatal diagnosis.

Optimized Assay for Hydrogen Peroxide Determination in Plant Tissue Using Potassium Iodide

Here, we present an optimization of colorimetric determination of hydrogen peroxide content in plants using potassium iodide. Our method is based on a one step buffer (extraction and reaction) for the determination of H2O2 in different plant tissues and overcomes interference of soluble antioxidant and color background. A particular attention is paid to buffer pH shown to be tissue dependent. With this inexpensive microplate method, it is possible to analyze 12 experimental samples in about 45 min all in triplicates, with blanks, controls and standard curve.

An optimized micro-plate assay for high-throughput screening of recombinant Pichia pastoris strains

Abstract： A simple optimized microplate-based method to assay endo-1,4-β-mannosidase activity was described as an improved high-throughput screening method. A series of experimental conditions were optimized. It is revealed that the optimum measurement procedure is as follows： adding 50μL of diluted enzyme sample and 50 μL substrate, incubating at 45 ℃ for exactly 5 min in micro-plate, mixing with 100 μL 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid （DNS） reagent, maintaining at boiling point for 15 rain, cooling down to room temperature before determining the ABS value at 540 nm using an ELISA micro-plate reader. The reaction volume of the optimized microplate-assay is reduced to 200μL from 2 500 μL used in the standard β-mannanase macro-assay. The optimized micro-assay is significantly more sensitive in all of the 643 candidates during endo-1,4-β-mannosidase screening. Statistical analyses show that the sensitivity of the optimized micro-method is significantly greater than that of the macro-assay. The optimized method is convenient, fast, and cheap for high throughput enzyme screening.

Simultaneous electrochemical DNA hybridization assay for PAT and FMV 35S gene sequence using quantum dots as labels

An electrochemical method for the simultaneous detection of two different DNA sequences from PAT and FMV 35S gene sequence using CdS and PbS quantum dots （QDs） as labels was described. The QDs were readily functionalized with oligonucleotides as electrochemical DNA probes and selectively hybridized to the complementary sequences immobilized on the microplate. The QDs anchored on the hybrids were dissolved in the solution by the oxidation of HNO3 and further detected by a sensitive differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method （DPASV）. The DPASV signals of the oxidation of Cd^2＋ and Pb^2＋ ions present in the solution were different and reflected the identity of corresponding ssDNA targets sequences.

Gene Cloning and Tissue-Specific Expression of G Protein β Subunit in Microplitis mediator (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

A gene encoding a novel G protein β subunit of β1 subclass, GβMmed was isolated from Microplitis mediator （Hymenoptera： Braconidae）. The full-length sequence of GβMmed is 1 119 bp, the cDNA contains a 1 023 bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with 340 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight of GβMmed is 37.23 kDa and isoelectric point is 5.86. By the quantitative real-time RT-PCR method, the tissue-specific expression and quantitative changes in the developmental expression profile of GβMmed were detected. It was found that GβMmed was abundantly expressed in M. mediator antennae, head （without antennae）, thorax, abdomen, legs and the wings, and especially at high levels in abdomen. In antennae, expression varied through 1st day before emergence to 5-d-old adults, and had equal expression levels detected in females and males in total. In head, GβMmed expresses while initially high in females, and have another peaked in stage 4 and 1st day, in males showed a peak of GβMmed expression prior to emergence and relatively low levels after emergence. In female abdomen GβMmed expression levels have two peaks in stage 1 and the 5th d, but just have one peak in male abdomen in stage 1. In all other tissues expression was low and stable.

Unstable Rifts,a Leaky Transform Zone and a Microplate:Analogues from South Iceland

A structural analysis was undertaken in the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) transform zone, and in the Hreppar Microplate (HMP) located between the propagating Eastern Rift Zone (ERZ) and the receding Western Rift Zone (WRZ). The age of the oceanic crust in these areas is 3.4 Ma to present. About 20,000 fracture segments on aerial images reflect the dominance of NNE extensional structures in the WRZ. Around 9,000 basement faults, intrusions, secondary fractures, surface ruptures of earthquakes, and leakages were mapped in the outcrops of the HMP and the SISZ. About 23% of these fractures strike NNE, while 77% are dominantly northerly dextral and ENE sinistral, and secondarily E-W, WNW and NW sinistral strike- and oblique-slip structures, forming a Riedel shear pattern typical of a transform zone. Dyke injections into Riedel shears indicate a leaky transform zone. Fractures reactivated, accumulated slip, and re-opened for fluid flow. The ENE faults dip mostly to the southeast and could be the present boundary of the SISZ to the north. A 10 - 30 km wide ENE structural zone hosts a valley to the east, which could be deeper in the west. This ENE zone contains all the earthquakes, dominant ENE rivers, frequent ENE secondary fractures, and is likely the active part of the SISZ. The HMP does not show rotation since 3.4 Ma despite being between two rift segments. Future propagation/recession of the rift segments along their N55&deg;E sections would cause a migration and a clockwise rotation of the SISZ from ENE to E-W. The boundary faults of the SISZ would then be E-W, with unchanged internal Riedel shears, compensating its sinistral motion. Insights into complexities of diverging plate boundaries are critical for resource management in such tectonic contexts.

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence of lead-free cesium tin halide perovskite microplates

Tin halide perovskites recently have attracted extensive research attention due to their similar electronic and band structures but non-toxicity compared with their lead analogues. In this work, we prepare high-quality CsSnX_(3)(X=Br,I) microplates with lateral sizes of around 1–4 μm by chemical vapor deposition and investigate their low-temperature photoluminescence(PL) properties. A remarkable splitting of PL peaks of the CsSnBr_(3)microplate is observed at low temperatures. Besides the possible structural phase transition at below 70 K, the multi-peak fittings using Gauss functions and the power-dependent saturation phenomenon suggest that the PL could also be influenced by the conversion from the emission of bound excitons into free excitons. With the increase of temperature, the peak position shows a blueshift tendency for CsSnI_(3), which is governed by thermal expansion. However, the peak position of the CsSnBr3microplate exhibits a transition from redshift to blueshift at ~160 K. The full width at half maximum of CsSnX_(3)broadens with increasing temperature, and the fitting results imply that longitudinal optical phonons dominate the electron–phonon coupling and the coupling strength is much more robust in CsSnBr3than in CsSnI_(3). The PL intensity of CsSnX_(3)microplates is suppressed due to the enhanced non-radiative relaxation and exciton dissociation competing with radiative recombination. According to the Arrhenius law, the exciton binding energy of CsSnBr_(3)is ~38.4 meV, slightly smaller than that of CsSnI_(3).

Structures and Styles of Deformation in Rift,Ridge,Transform Zone,Oblique Rift and a Microplate Offshore/Onshore North Iceland

The diverging plate boundaries in North Iceland and its shelf display a complex tectonic at the Kolbeinsey Ridge (K-R), the Northern Rift Zone (NRZ), and the Tj?rnes Fracture Zone containing the Grímsey Oblique Rift (GOR), the Húsavík-Flatey Fault (HFF), and the Dalvík Lineament (DL). While active deformation is well-known, the structural pattern is sporadically mapped and a comprehensive account of the upper Tertiary-present deformation is not fully at hand. To address the gaps, this paper provides new regional tectonic maps with continuous coverage, and detailed analyses of the deformation. Faults, open fractures, prominent joints and volcanic edifices were identified on Multibeam/Single beam, Spot 5, and Digital Elevation Model, and subjected to multidisciplinary structural analysis and correlation with selected data. Some of the results are: 1) Six sets constitute the structural pattern. The N-S rift-parallel normal faults are 1/3, and the shear fractures of the transform zone and the oblique rift 2/3 of the fracture population. The en échelon arrangements above deep-seated shear zones indicate dextral slip on WNW to NW, and sinistral slip on NNE to ENE faults, conformable with earthquake data. 2) During the polyphase tectonic, the six sets led to basin and horst formation, block compartmentalisation, rotation, horsetail splay, rhomb-graben in relay zone of strike-slips, and volcanism. 3) Listric faults are absent and the steeply-dipping faults are antithetic, synthetic, or form extensional flower structures above 4 km depth. The Plio-pleistocene/present syn-sedimentary deformation caused a deep half graben in the Eyjafjarearáll Basin (Ey), fault growth, rollover, and sediment onlaps, with some of the faults still active. 4) The plate boundaries of K-R/Ey, GOR/?xarfjreur/NRZ, and DL delimit a major microplate labelled here as Grímsey-Tj?rnes-Dalvík. 5) The WNW earthquake cluster in GOR corresponds either to a blind horsetail splay fault or to initiation of a transform segment parallel to the HFF. The described tectonic-sedimentary-magmatic deformation is relevant to other diverging plate boundaries where similar sets control the hydrocarbon and geothermal resources.

Well-posedness of two-phase local/nonlocal integral polar models for consistent axisymmetric bending of circular microplates

Previous studies have shown that Eringen’s differential nonlocal model would lead to the ill-posed mathematical formulation for axisymmetric bending of circular microplates.Based on the nonlocal integral models along the radial and circumferential directions,we propose nonlocal integral polar models in this work.The proposed strainand stress-driven two-phase nonlocal integral polar models are applied to model the axisymmetric bending of circular microplates.The governing differential equations and boundary conditions(BCs)as well as constitutive constraints are deduced.It is found that the purely strain-driven nonlocal integral polar model turns to a traditional nonlocal differential polar model if the constitutive constraints are neglected.Meanwhile,the purely strain-and stress-driven nonlocal integral polar models are ill-posed,because the total number of the differential orders of the governing equations is less than that of the BCs plus constitutive constraints.Several nominal variables are introduced to simplify the mathematical expression,and the general differential quadrature method(GDQM)is applied to obtain the numerical solutions.The results from the current models(CMs)are compared with the data in the literature.It is clearly established that the consistent softening and toughening effects can be obtained for the strain-and stress-driven local/nonlocal integral polar models,respectively.The proposed two-phase local/nonlocal integral polar models(TPNIPMs)may provide an efficient method to design and optimize the plate-like structures for microelectro-mechanical systems.

Transfusion-transmitted virus co-infection in other types of hepatitis and its genotypes

OBJECTIVE: To identify the influence of transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) co-infection in other virus infected patients and its genotypes. METHODS: A conservative sequence of ORFl in the TTV genome was selected as primers and TTV DNA was measured in students and other hepatitis patients by using microplate nucleic acid hybridization and ELISA. The results were statistically analyzed. Nucleotide sequence of divergence >50% was used as color probe for distinguishing TTV genotypesⅠorⅡ. RESULTS: TTV DNA was detected in the sera from 2 (3.3%) of 60 students, 2 (14.3%) of 14 patients with non A-non E hepatitis, 6 (12%) of 50 patients with chronic hepatitis B, and 4 (16%) of 25 patients with liver cirrhosis, respectively. Statistical difference was observed between the patient group and the student group (P<0.05), but no significant difference in age, gender, serum ALT levels and TBiL between TTV DNA positive and negative patients (P>0.05). TTV genotype Type Ⅰ was by far the most frequent viral genotype (66.7%), followed by type Ⅱ (25%), and mixed infection (8.3%). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the routes of TTV infection may be similar to those of HBV and HCV, and concurrent infection with HBV, HCV are common. TTV co-infection could not affect the clinical features of patients with liver diseases and the pathological process. TTV is not a main causative factor for patients with non A-non E hepatitis. Further study is needed to clarify the role of TTV in patients with non A-non E hepatitis.

Fast Detection of Auxins by Microplate Technique

Plant growth promotion indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most abundant natural auxin that plays diverse roles in plant growth, development and plant immunity. Perturbing auxin homeostasis appears to be a common virulence mechanism, as many pathogens can synthesize auxin-like molecules. In other hand, the addition of plant growth promotion rhizobacteria (PGPR) that are able to produce auxins promotes plant growth and provides protection against pathogens. Techniques as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) are used to quantify auxins produced by microorganism and plants at high precision and sensitivity, even though those techniques are expensive and require a big number of solvents. For these reasons, the aim of the present study was to develop a fast microplate technique for auxin detection, in Bacillus subtilis strains using salkowski reagent. For auxin quantification, calibration curves were done with alcohol, landy medium and water and the R2 were calculated. The microplate techniques were able to quantify auxin production by B. subtillis stains.