Impacts of Comorbidity and Mental Shock on Organic Micropollutants in Surface Water During and After the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Wuhan (2019–2021), China

The first pandemic wave of coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)induced a considerable increase in several antivirals and antibiotics in surface water.The common symptoms of COVID-19 are viral and bacterial infections,while comorbidities(e.g.,hypertension and diabetes)and mental shock(e.g.,insomnia and anxiety)are nonnegligible.Nevertheless,little is known about the long-term impacts of comorbidities and mental shock on organic micropollutants(OMPs)in surface waters.Herein,we monitored 114 OMPs in surface water and wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)in Wuhan,China,between 2019 and 2021.The pandemic-induced OMP pollution in surface water was confirmed by significant increases in 26 OMP concentrations.Significant increases in four antihypertensives and one diabetic drug suggest that the treatment of comorbidities may induce OMP pollution.Notably,cotinine(a metabolite of nicotine)increased 155 times to 187 ngL1,which might be associated with increased smoking.Additionally,the increases in zolpidem and sulpiride might be the result of worsened insomnia and depression.Hence,it is reasonable to note that mental-health protecting drugs/behavior also contributed to OMP pollution.Among the observed OMPs,telmisartan,lopinavir,and ritonavir were associated with significantly higher ecological risks because of their limited WWTP-removal rate and high ecotoxicity.This study provides new insights into the effects of comorbidities and mental shock on OMPs in surface water during a pandemic and highlights the need to monitor the fate of related pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment and to improve their removal efficiencies in WWTPs。

Facilitated Prediction of Micropollutant Degradation via UV-AOPs in Various Waters by Combining Model Simulation and Portable Measurement

The degradation of micropollutants in water via ultraviolet(UV)-based advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)is strongly dependent on the water matrix.Various reactive radicals(RRs)formed in UV-AOPs have different reaction selectivities toward water matrices and degradation efficiencies for target micropollutants.Hence,process selection and optimization are crucial.This study developed a facilitated prediction method for the photon fluence-based rate constant for micropollutant degradation(K′_(p,MP))in various UV-AOPs by combining model simulation with portable measurement.Portable methods for measuring the scavenging capacities of the principal RRs(RRSCs)involved in UV-AOPs(i.e.,HO^(·),SO_(4)^(·-),and Cl^(·))using a mini-fluidic photoreaction system were proposed.The simulation models consisted of photochemical,quantitative structure–activity relationship,and radical concentration steady-state approximation models.The RRSCs were determined in eight test waters,and a higher RRSC was found to be associated with a more complex water matrix.Then,by taking sulfamethazine,caffeine,and carbamazepine as model micropollutants,the k′_(p,MP) values in various UV-AOPs were predicted and further verified experimentally.A lower k′_(p,MP) was found to be associated with a higher RRSC for a stronger RR competition;for example,k′_(p,MP) values of 130.9 and 332.5 m^(2) einstein^(–1),respectively,were obtained for carbamazepine degradation by UV/H_(2)O_(2) in the raw water(RRSC=9.47×10^(4) s^(-1))and sand-filtered effluent(RRSC=2.87×10^(4) s^(-1))of a drinking water treatment plant.The developed method facilitates process selection and optimization for UV-AOPs,which is essential for increasing the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of water treatment.

Sustainable Generation of Sulfate Radicals and Decontamination of Micropollutants via Sequential Electrochemistry

The removal of emerging micropollutants in the aquatic environment remains a global challenge.Conventional routes are often chemically,energetically,and operationally intensive,which decreases their sustainability during applications.Herein,we develop an advanced chemical-free strategy for micropollutants decontamination that is solely based on sequential electrochemistry involving ubiquitous sulfate anions in natural and engineered waters.This can be achieved via a chain reaction initiated by electrocatalytic anodic sulfate(SO_(4)^(2-))oxidation to produce persulfate(S_(2)O_(8)^(2-))and followed by a cathodic persulfate reduction to produce sulfate radicals(SO_(4)^(·-)).These SO_(4)^(·-)are powerful reactive species that enable the unselective degradation of micropollutants and yield SO_(4)^(2-)again in the treated water.The proposed flow-through electrochemical system achieves the efficient degradation(100.0%)and total organic carbon removal(65.0%)of aniline under optimized conditions with a single-pass mode.We also reveal the effectiveness of the proposed system for the degradation of a wide array of emerging micropollutants over a broad pH range and in complex matrices.This work provides the first proof-ofconcept demonstration using ubiquitous sulfate for micropollutants decontamination,making water purification more sustainable and more economical.

ADSORPTION OF CHLOROFORM AND TRICHLOROETHYLENE IN WATER WITH A NEW KIND OF HYPERCROSSLINKED RESINS

In this paper two newly developed hypercrosslinked resins were used to treat micropolluted drinking water and their static and kinetic adsorption were investigated at 293 K. The results show that these two adsorbents are superior to Amberlite XAD-4 for removing chloroform and trichloroethylene in aqueous solutions. The breakthrough capacity and the total capacities from mini-column adsorption studies for chloroform and trichloroethylene on XAD-4, ZH-01 and ZH-00 are calculated respectively under experimental conditions

Occurrence and removal of organic micropollutants in the treatment of landfill leachate by combined anaerobic-membrane bioreactor technology

Organic micropollutants,with high toxicity and environmental concern,are present in the landfill leachate at much lower levels than total organic constituents (chemical oxygen demand (COD),biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),or total organic carbon (TOC)),and few has been known for their behaviors in different treatment processes.In this study,occurrence and removal of 17 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs),16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),and technical 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in landfill leachate in a comb...

Occurrence and Roles of Comammox Bacteria in Water and Wastewater Treatment Systems:A Critical Review

Nitrogen removal is a critical process in water treatment plants(WIPs)and wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).The recent discovery of a novel bacterial process,complete ammonia oxidation(comammox,CMX),has refuted a century-long perception of the two-step conversion of NH3to NO3-.Compared with canonical nitrifiers,CMX bacteria offer undeniable advantages,such as a high growth yield propensity and adaptability to nutrient-and growth-limiting conditions,which collectively draw attention to validate the aptness of CMX bacteria to wastewater treatment.As there has been no comprehensive review on the relevance of CMX bacteria for sustainable water and wastewater treatment,this review is intended to discuss the roles and applications of CMX in the removal of nitrogen and pollutants from water and wastewater.We took into account insights into the metabolic versatilities of CMX bacteria at the clade and subclade levels.We focused on the distribution of CMX bacteria in engineered systems,niche differentiation,co-occurrence and interactions with cano nical nitrifiers for a better understanding of CMX bacteria in terms of their ecophysiology.Conceptualized details on the reactor adaptability and stress response of CMX bacteria are provided.The potential of CMX bacteria to degrade micropollutants either directly or co-metabolically was evaluated,and these insights would be an indispensable advantage in opening the doors for wider applications of CMX bacteria in WWTPs.Finally,we summarized future directions of research that are imperative in improving the understanding of CMX biology.

Micropollutant Removal from Water by Membrane and Advanced Oxidation Processes—A Review

Micropollutants are defined as contaminants found in trace concentrations in water bodies that are persistent and bioactive, meaning they are not completely biodegradable and cannot be removed by conventional water treatment methods. Because of these aspects, their detection and removal pose a challenge to the scientific community. Among them are endocrine disruptors, drugs, agricultural chemicals, personal grooming products, industrial additives and others. These micropollutants are the cause for global concern, because their presence in water supply systems is suspected of causing health problems in humans and animals. To develop efficient techniques to remove them, it is fundamental to understand their physico-chemical properties and the available treatment types and conditions. Membrane separation processes (MSPs) and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are the focus of this literature review, as potential treatment methods to remove micropollutants. The former process stands out for high rejection rates (above 90%) of various micropollutants, but it generates a concentrated secondary waste stream. In turn, the latter process can remove micropollutants without generating secondary wastes, and can also be applied and combined with other treatment methods.

Quality of Human Urine Used as Fertilizer: Case of an Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou Peri-Urban Areas-Burkina Faso

The use in agriculture of excreta from urine-diversion toilets can be an alternative solution to the lack of sanitation and high costs of mineral fertilizers inherent to developing countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of urine used as fertilizer through an ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou peri-urban areas. Chemical and microbiological analyses were performed in urine samples taken before and after thirty (30) days of storage in jerry cans exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of 7.0 g/l;3.5 and 9.6 g/l of ammonia nitrogen for mean, minimum and maximum respectively, are obtained in unstored urine samples. These concentrations did not practically vary with the storage. On average, values of other chemical parameters analyzed in stored urine were as follows: pH, 8.8;phosphorus (P), 0.3 g/l;potassium (K), 1.9 g/l;total dissolved solids (TDS), 21.0 g/l;cadmium (Cd), 154.3 μg/l;copper (Cu), 5.2 μg/l;lead (Pb), 15.2 μg/l;chromium (Cr), 6.1 μg/l;nickel (Ni), 154.0 μg/l. Escherichia coli, staphylococci, enterococci, Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were detected in unstored urine samples, with 26% of fecal contamination rate. The time of storage (30 days) under sunlight was enough for almost all bacteria removal in urine samples. Although the fertilizing value of urine was confirmed, it would be important to take account of the best practices on applying in soils, because of the high TDS contents. Also, the risk linked to micropollutants in urine-based fertilizers could be negligible in view of low quantities. The results obtained in this study prove that after 30 days of exposure to sunlight urine collected via eco-toilet becomes bacteriologically sanitized, and can therefore be used to fertilize soils. However, it is necessary to demonstrate the inactivation of other groups of enteric microorganisms in human urine during storage.

Lab-Scale Performance Evaluation of Vertical Flow Reed Beds for the Treatment of Chlorobenzene Contaminated Groundwater

Chlorinated Benzenes (CBs) that were released into the environment contaminate groundwater at many existing and former industrial sites. A research program was initiated to investigate the ecoremediation of CBs contaminated groundwater using subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Four lab-scale experiments were performed to evaluate re- moval efficiency with different operation conditions. The first experiment was achieved with two different solid-state materials: a peat and a lava stone (pozzolana). In order to stimulate biological activity, organic matter coming from an aged Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands (VFCW) was added to the media. Mass balance was determined to assess the fate of these pollutants in this system. The biofiltres of the second experiment were constructed with the same materials but bioaugmentation was realized by adding organic matter of VFCW or by bacteria inoculums. Peat and pozzolana biofiltres planted with Phragmites australis constituted the third experiment to evaluate the effect of plants. Bioaugmen- tation was constituted by the addition of OM coming from aged VFCW. Compost mixed with pozzolana was the solid-state material of the fourth experiment. Columns were made of two stages. The first stage was unplanted and the second stage was planted with Phragmites. Peat has been replaced by compost, a renewable material. Lab-scale biofil- tres remove CBs with an efficiency of 70% - 99%, depending on studied media and conditions. Greater efficiency was observed with bioaugmented media. Volatilization was very low (<0.2%) and the detection of chlorides in water indi- cated the occurrence of biodegradation. The experiments have shown that organic solid-state materials (compost or peat) are useful for groundwater remediation, with higher treatment efficiency than pozzolana material. Bioaugmentation increased biological activity. Clogging of biofiltres have been observed and can be reduced by the presence of plants or by a resting period of 14 - 21 days (requiring alternative feedings on several filters).

Water Quality and the Impact by Contaminants of Emerging Concern: The Case of Verde River in Campos Gerais

In this article, we report the results of the work carried out on the Verde River, a predominantly urban river located in the city of Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil. Developed in three stages, it aimed to evaluate the water quality through physical-chemical parameters, the presence of caffeine as a chemical tracer, and the compound Triclosan (TCS), considered a pollutant of emerging concern. An attempt was made to identify possible polluting sources along the river. Samples were collected at 4 points from the spring region, with sampling upstream and downstream of a Sewage Treatment Plant (STP). The physical-chemical parameters were determined in situ, through portable analysers, as well as in the laboratory, in this case, through analyses using molecular absorption spectroscopy. For the determination of TCS and Caffeine, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used, preceded by a pre-concentration step in the solid phase (SPE), and the techniques were implemented after validation. The physicochemical evaluations of the surface samples showed a decline in water quality after the STP. Mean total phosphorus concentrations of 1.0 mg·L-1 (±0.4), as well as dissolved oxygen (DO) levels below 5.0 mg·L-1 were verified downstream of the STP. Caffeine concentrations for Verde River were between 49.0 to 299.0 μg·L-1, verified upstream and downstream of the STP. The results demonstrated the relationship between the presence of caffeine and impaction, either by the input of raw sewage or by treated effluent. TCS was detected by chromatographic analysis, downstream of the STP, with an average concentration of 27.6 (±1.7) μg·L-1, noting that its presence was associated with the reactor maintenance procedure, with the STP in the process called bypass. Obtaining quality data from Verde River is important for the protection of the environment and affects the health of the population.

Determination and Removal of Endocrine Disruptors in Wastewater by Activated Carbon

This study aimed to evaluate the EDC （endocrine disruptors compounds） in the city of Sao Paulo＇s water sources, from samples collected at predetermined sampling points and to evaluate the adsorptive capacity of these compounds in different types of activated carbon. The effects of these EDC on humans are not well established due to the necessary large exposure time for the effect＇s manifestation. After tests using powdered and granular activated carbon, all samples were filtered under vacuum using cellulose acetate membrane （0.45 μm） to remove eventual impurities, and posteriorly carded out the solid-phase extraction SPE （solid-phase extraction） and chromatographic analysis. The results lead to the conclusion that both powdered activated carbon have removal effectiveness of these compounds by adsorption. Furthermore, great amount of endocrine disruptors were found at several sampling points in river and city＇s water reservoirs, which shows different levels of pollution of water sources, some of them responsible for the watersupply of the city of Silo Paulo, Brazil.

Determination of the Occurrence and Elimination of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (EDCs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP)

In recent years, many research and development activities have focussed on endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) in rivers, lakes and surface waters as the potential cause of reproductive disturbances in different aquatic organisms e.g. fish and mollusk. The effluent of wastewater treatment plants was identified as main source for EDCs entering the aquatic environment. The purpose of the present study was to determine the estrogenic activity of wastewater and the elimination efficiency of various WWTPs in the different purification steps using the E-screen assay, an in-vitro test system based on the increasing proliferation of human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) in response to the presence of hormonal active substances. In contrast to expensive and time-intensive targeted instrumental single substance analysis an effect-related biological testing provides a sum parameter for the entirety of compounds contributing to the total estrogenic activity (agonists and antagonists, anti-estrogenic and also toxic compounds) in concentration units of the reference substance 17b-estradiol. The current standard purification methods of biological wastewater treatment in particular the activated sludge process significantly reduce estrogenicity (average 95%). Sorption on activated carbon and subsequent precipitation leads to a further reduction of the overall estrogenic activity up to 99%.

How aromatic dissolved organic matter differs in competitiveness against organic micropollutant adsorption

Activated carbon is employed for the adsorption of organic micropollutants(OMPs)from water,typically present in concentrations ranging from ng L1 to mg L1.However,the efficacy of OMP removal is considerably deteriorated due to competitive adsorption from background dissolved organic matter(DOM),present at substantially higher concentrations in mg L1.Interpreting the characteristics of competitive DOM is crucial in predicting OMP adsorption efficiencies across diverse natural waters.Molecular weight(MW),aromaticity,and polarity influence DOM competitiveness.Although the aromaticity-related metrics,such as UV254,of low MW DOM were proposed to correlate with DOM competitiveness,the method suffers from limitations in understanding the interplay of polarity and aromaticity in determining DOM competitiveness.Here,we elucidate the intricate influence of aromaticity and polarity in low MW DOM competition,spanning from a fraction level to a compound level,by employing direct sample injection liquid chromatography coupled with ultrahigh-resolution Fouriertransform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.Anion exchange resin pre-treatment eliminated 93%of UV254-active DOM,predominantly aromatic and polar DOM,and only minimally alleviated DOM competition.Molecular characterization revealed that nonpolar molecular formulas(constituting 26%PAC-adsorbable DOM)with medium aromaticity contributed more to the DOM competitiveness.Isomerlevel analysis indicated that the competitiveness of highly aromatic LMW DOM compounds was strongly counterbalanced by increased polarity.Strong aromaticity-derived p-p interaction cannot facilitate the competitive adsorption of hydrophilic DOM compounds.Our results underscore the constraints of depending solely on aromaticity-based approaches as the exclusive interpretive measure for DOM competitiveness.In a broader context,this study demonstrates an effect-oriented DOM analysis,elucidating counterbalancing interactions of DOM molecular properties from fraction to compound level.

Constructing fast mass-transfer channels with efficient catalytic ozonation activity in 2D manganese dioxide membranes by intercalating Fe/Mn bimetallic MOF

Two-dimensional(2D)catalytic ozonation membranes are promising for the treatment of micropollutants in wastewater due to simultaneous ozone-catalyzed degradation and membrane filtration processes.However,it remains challenging for 2D catalytic ozonation membranes to efficiently degrade micropollutants due to low mass-transfer efficiency and poor catalytic activity.Herein,Fe/Mn bimetallic metal-organic framework(MOF)intercalated lamellar MnO_(2) membranes with fast and robust ozone-catalyzed mass-transfer channels were developed on the surface of the hollow fiber ceramic membrane(HFCM)to obtain 2D Fe/Mn-MOF@MnO_(2)-HFCM for efficiently degrading micropollutants in wastewater.The intercalation of Fe/Mn-MOF expanded the interlayer spacing of the MnO_(2) membrane,thereby providing abundant transport channels for rapid passage of water.More notably,the Fe/Mn-MOF provided enriched reactive sites as well as high electron transfer efficiency based on the redox cycling between Mn^(3+)/Mn^(4+) and Fe^(2+)/Fe^(3+),ensuring the effective catalytic oxidative degradation of micropollutants including tetracycline hydrochloride(TCH),methylene blue,and methyl blue.Moreover,the carboxyl groups on the MOF formed covalent bonds(-COO-)with the hydroxyl groups in MnO_(2) between layers,which increased the interaction between MnO_(2) nanosheets to form stable interlayer channels.Specifically,the optimal composite membrane achieved a high removal rate of TCH micropollutant(93.4%),high water treatment capacity(282 L·m^(-2)·h^(-1)·MPa^(-1)),and excellent longterm stability(1200 min).This study provides a simple and easily scalable strategy to construct fast,efficient,and stable 2D catalytic mass-transfer channels for the efficient treatment of micropollutants in wastewater.

Toxicity assessment of polyethylene microplastics in combination with a mix of emerging pollutants on Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles

Studies in recent years have shown that aquatic pollution by microplastics(MPs)can be considered to pose additional stress to amphibian populations.However,our knowledge of how MPs affect amphibians is very rudimentary,and even more limited is our understanding of their effects in combination with other emerging pollutants.Thus,we aimed to evaluate the possible toxicity of polyethylene MPs(PE-MPs)(alone or in combination with a mix of pollutants)on the health of Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles.After 30 days of exposure,multiple biomarkers were measured,including morphological,biometric,and developmental indices,behavioral parameters,mutagenicity,cytotoxicity,antioxidant and cholinesterase responses,as well as the uptake and accumulation of PE-MPs in animals.Based on the results,there was no significant change in any of the parameters measured in tadpoles exposed to treatments,but induced stress was observed in tadpoles exposed to PE-MPs combined with themixture of pollutants,reflecting significant changes in physiological and biochemical responses.Through principal component analysis(PCA)and integrated biomarker response(IBR)assessment,effects induced by pollutants in each test group were distinguished,confirming that the exposure of P.cuvieri tadpoles to the PE-MPs in combination with a mix of emerging pollutants induces an enhanced stress response,although the uptake and accumulation of PE-MPs in these animalswas reduced.Thus,our study provides newinsight into the danger to amphibians of MPs coexisting with other pollutants in aquatic environments.

Impacts of backwashing on micropollutant removal and associated microbial assembly processes in sand filters

Backwashing is crucial for preventing clogging of sand filters.However,few studies have investigated the effect of backwashing on micropollutant removal and the dynamic changes in the microbial community in sand filters.Here,we used a series of manganese and quartz sand filters under empty bed contact times(EBCTs)of 2 h and 4 h to explore variations in micropollutant degradation and temporal dynamics of the microbial community after backwashing.The results showed that the removal efficiencies of caffeine,sulfamethoxazole,sulfadiazine,trimethoprim,atrazine,and active biomass recovered within 2 d after backwashing in both types of sand filters at 2-h EBCT,but the recovery of sulfadiazine and trimethoprim was not observed at 4-h EBCT.Moreover,the removal efficiency of atenolol increased after backwashing in the manganese sand filters,whereas maintained almost complete removal efficiency in the quartz sand filters at both EBCTs.Pearson correlation analysis indicated that microbial community composition gradually recovered to the pre-backwashing level(R increased from 0.53 to 0.97)at 2-h EBCT,but shifted at 4-h EBCT(R<0.25)after backwashing.Furthermore,the compositions of the recovered,depleted,and improved groups of microbes were distinguished by applying hierarchical clustering to the differentially abundant amplicon sequence variants.The cumulative relative abundance of recovered microbes at 2-h EBCT was 82.76%±0.43%and 46.82%±4.34%in the manganese and quartz sand filters,respectively.In contrast,at 4-h EBCT,the recovered microbes dropped to 15.55%–25.69%in both types of sand filters.

The effect of altering crosslinker chemistry during interfacial polymerization on the performance of nanofiltration membranes for desalination, organic, and micropollutants removal

Chemistry of the polyamide active layer of a desalination membrane is critical in determining both its physical and chemical properties.In this study,we designed and fabricated three novel membranes with different active layers using the crosslinkers:terephthaloyl chloride,isophthaloyl chloride,and trimesoyl chloride.The crosslinkers were reacted with an aqueous solution of an aliphatic tetra-amine.Because these crosslinkers differ in their structures and crosslinking mechanisms during interfacial polymerization,the resultant membranes also possess different structural properties.The water contact angle of the fabricated membranes also varies;the water contact angles of 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET,4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET,and 4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET,are 68.9°,65.6°,and 53.9°,respectively.Similarly,the desalination performance of resultant membranes also showed variations,with 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET,4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET,and 4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET having a permeate flux of 17.14,25.70,and 30.90 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1),respectively,at 2.5 MPa.The 4A-3P-TPC@PSF/PET membrane exhibited extensive crosslinking with aliphatic linear amine,and cationic dye rhodamine B,MgCl_(2),and amitriptyline rejection rates of 98.6%,92.7%and 80.9%,respectively.The 4A-3P-TMC@PSF/PET membrane showed mediocre performance,while 4A-3P-IPC@PSF/PET membrane showed even lower performance,with a 35%rejection of methyl orange dye.

Monitoring of 943 organic micropollutants in wastewater from municipal wastewater treatment plants with secondary and advanced treatment processes

To perform a systematic survey on the occurrence and removal of micropollutants during municipal wastewater treatment, 943 semi-volatile organic chemicals in 32 wastewater samples including influents of secondary treatments, secondary effluents and final effluents（effluents of advanced treatments）, which were collected from seven full-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants（MWTPs） in China, were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS） coupled with an automated identification and quantification system with a database（AIQS-DB）. In total, 196 and 145 chemicals were detected in secondary and final effluents, respectively. The majority of the total concentrations（average removal efficiency, 87.0%±5.9%） of the micropollutants were removed during secondary treatments. However, advanced treatments achieved different micropollutant removal extents from secondary effluents depending on the different treatment processes employed. Highly variable removal efficiencies of total concentrations（32.7%–99.3%） were observed among the different advanced processes. Among them,ozonation-based processes could remove 70.0%–80.9% of the total concentrations of studied micropollutants. The potentially harmful micropollutants, based on their detection frequency and concentration in secondary and final effluents, were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons（PAHs）（2-methylnaphthalene, fluoranthene, pyrene, naphthalene and phenanthrene）, phosphorus flame retardants（tributyl phosphate（TBP）, tris（2-chloroethyl）phosphate（TCEP） and tris（1,3-dichloro-2-propyl） phosphate（TDCP））, phthalates（bis（2-ethylhexyl）phthalate（DEHP））, benzothiazoles（benzothiazole,2-（methylthio）-benzothiazol, and 2（3H）-benzothiazolone） and phenol. This study indicated that the presence of considerable amounts of micropollutants in secondary effluent creates the need for suitable advanced treatment before their reuse.

Preparation of a novel magnetic powder resin for the rapid removal of tetracycline in the aquatic environment

Magnetic powder resin Q150 with high specific surface area of 1074 m2/g was prepared by the membrane emulsificationsuspension polymerization technique. Adsoption of tetracycline on the obtained sorbent Q150 was evaluted by using the granule resin （GR） XAD-4, the powder activated carbon （PAC） 1240AC and the granule activated carbon （GAC） HD4000 for comparison. It was found that Q150 had a larger adsorption capacity, faster kinetic and easier regeneration under alkaline condition. The results suggested that the powder resin （PR） Q150 would be a promising sorbent for removing antibiotics and even other organic micropollutants from the aquatic environment.

Nanofiltration for drinking water treatment: a review

In recent decades,nanofiltration(NF)is considered as a promising separation technique to produce drinking water from different types of water source.In this paper,we comprehensively reviewed the progress of NFbased drinking water treatment,through summarizing the development of materials/fabrication and applications of NF membranes in various scenarios including surface water treatment,groundwater treatment,water reuse,brackish water treatment,and point of use applications.We not only summarized the removal of target major pollutants(e.g.,hardness,pathogen,and natural organic matter),but also paid attention to the removal of micropollutants of major concern(e.g.,disinfection byproducts,per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,and arsenic).We highlighted that,for different applications,fit-for-purpose design is needed to improve the separation capability for target compounds of NF membranes in addition to their removal of salts.Outlook and perspectives on membrane fouling control,chlorine resistance,integrity,and selectivity are also discussed to provide potential insights for future development of high-efficiency NF membranes for stable and reliable drinking water treatment.