The Automated System of Unified Templates as an Element of Trainability of Microprocessor Relay Protection Devices

The article discusses the possibility of further modernization of the standard microprocessor relay protection of AC overhead system feeders DPA-27.5-TNF, which is operated on the Trans-Baikal Railway by creating an additional automated system of unified templates necessary for the occurrence of “trainability” elements. The templates will be formed via a separate dedicated channel for transmission, processing and storage of the necessary information, not related to the operation of the terminal, with its subsequent visualization at the workplace of the duty personnel of traction substations, together with information from the “GID” software received via another dedicated wired channel. With the help of such a base of unified preset templates, in the future, it will be possible not only to identify the specific causes of each emergency shutdown but also to reduce their number by dynamically adjusting the existing presets of the standard operation algorithm.

Designing a Protection Scheme in Micro-Grid Systems with DG Using Central Protection Unite and Multiple Setting Group Protection Relays

Distributed generators now is widely used in electrical power networks, in some cases it works seasonally, and some types works at special weather conditions like photo voltaic systems and wind energy, and due to this continuous changes in generation condition, the fault current level in network will be affected, this changes in fault current level will affect in the coordination between protection relays and to keep the coordination at right way, an adaptive protection system is required that can adaptive its setting according to generation changes, the fault current level in each case is evaluated using ETAP software, and the required relay setting in each case is also evaluated using Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm, and to select suitable setting which required in each condition, to select the active setting group of protection relay according to generation capacity, central protection unite can be used, and to improve protection stability and minimizing relays tripping time, a proposed method for selecting suitable backup relay is used, which leads to decrease relays tripping time and increase system stability, output settings for relays in all cases achieved our constrains.

Operation Control Method of Relay Protection in Flexible DC Distribution Network Compatible with Distributed Power Supply

A novel operation control method for relay protection in flexible DC distribution networks with distributed power supply is proposed to address the issue of inaccurate fault location during relay protection,leading to poor performance.The method combines a fault-tolerant fault location method based on long-term and short-term memory networks to accurately locate the fault section.Then,an operation control method for relay protection based on adaptive weight and whale optimization algorithm(WOA)is used to construct an objective function considering the shortest relay protection action time and the smallest impulse current.The adaptive weight and WOA are employed to obtain the optimal strategy for relay protection operation control,reducing the action time and impulse current.Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in accurately locating faults and improving relay protection performance.The longest operation time is reduced by 4.7023 s,and the maximum impulse current is limited to 0.3 A,effectively controlling the impact of large impulse currents and enhancing control efficiency.

Islanding Protection and Islanding Detection in Low Voltage CIGRE Distribution Network with Distributed Generations

The Power Quality (PQ), security, reliability etc., are the prime objectives of the power system. The protection is developed in such a way that it should be selective, fast, reliable and the cost effective. The study about the islanding protection in Low Voltage (LV) CIGRE distribution and networks like this has been proposed in this paper. This is achieved by developing the protection against the short circuit faults which might appear at the Medium Voltage (MV) bus. The protection of the network with significant penetration of the Distributed Generations (DGs) is a complicated process. The DG units which are directly connected to the grid such as synchronous or induction generators contribute large short power, whereas the DG units which are connected to the grid via inverters carry small amount of the short circuit power. This creates the problems in the protection of the network. If the proper protection coordination measures have not been taken, it might cause the mal-function of the protection devices which put the portion of the power network into the security threats. The selection of the islanding protection devices in this paper is made to protect the network against bi-directional currents at the time of short circuit fault. The LV CIGRE distribution network will enter into islanding if a fault is cleared at the MV bus by the proposed islanding protection devices. It is therefore, essential to detect the islanding in the CIGRE power network. The detection of the island in this network is another major objective of this paper. The detection of the island is proposed by using the technique which is based on the voltage phase angle difference. The simulations are carried out by using DIgSILENT power factory software version 15.0.

Comprehensive Automation of Microprocessor Protection Relay Terminals Operated on AC Railways

The article discusses the possibility of a potential reduction in the number of operations of microprocessor relay protection of feeders of the contact network of AC railways TsZA-27.5-FKS (FTS) for unknown reasons. Real statistics on the number of microprocessor relay protection operations at the Buryatskaya traction substation are presented, simulation of the real train situation (in accordance with the regime maps of the throughput capacity of the sections of the Trans-Baikal railway) was carried out in the specialized software complex “KORTES”. Based on the results of the analysis of simulation modeling, the process of forming a unified template of settings using neural network technologies is considered, which characterizes only this specific regular train situation. To protect objects in the event of pre-emergency and emergency modes of operation of the traction power supply system, a variant of changing the standard operation algorithm of the TsZA-27.5-FKS (FTS) terminal by introducing additional blocks for calculating the predictive functions of current and voltage has been proposed.

Impacts of Large-scale Wind Power Grid Integration on Relay Protection and Countermeasures

Several large-scale wind turbine tripping accidents occurred in Jiuquan wind power base in 2011.According to the on-site survey and analysis of these accidents related to relay protection,causes were found to be the collection system defects and low correct operation rate of small current grounded line selectors of the unearthed neutral point collection system.By referring to both the characteristics of Jiuquan wind power base and arrangement of relay protection,the short-circuit features of wind power and its impacts on relay protection are analyzed.The collection system and the retrofit of the small current grounded line selector are improved by specific countermeasures.Finally,further research subjects are put forward.

Impact Analyses of Wind Farm on Performances of Transmission Line Relay Protection

A simulation system for power grid with concentrated large-scale wind farm integration is established based on the electro-magnetic transient model of wind turbine equipped with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),which is built by real-time digital simulator (RTDS).Using the hardware communication interface of RTDS,a closed-loop testing experiment is accomplished to study the impacts of large-scale wind farms on the existing relay protection devices for wind farm outgoing transmission line.This paper points out problems existing in current relay protection devices as follows:fault phase selector can select unwanted phase due to the changes of fault features caused by special network connection of wind farms;blocking condition for distance protections needs to be re-examined due to the weak power-feed characteristics of wind farms;and power frequency parameter based relay protection devices cannot accurately operate due to the special transient voltage and current characteristics of wind farms during fault period.Results lay the foundation for improving the performances of the existing relay protection device and developing new principle relay protection.

多环电网方向保护整定计算中形成有向简单回路的新方法

在高压或超高压电网的距离保护和零序保护的整定计算过程中,首先要确定全网的最小断点集(MBPS),然后在断点集的保护安装处打开断点,使得全网变为辐射网络。其中,多环复杂电网中有向简单回路的确定是求解最小断点集的关键,也是其必要步骤之一。为了最大限度地减少多环复杂电网中有向简单回路的计算复杂性,该文提出了一种保护依赖度和主/后备保护依赖集的新概念:将所有有向简单回路的形成过程归结为环网中所有保护依赖度大小的比较和保护依赖集的不完全深度优先搜寻过程。通过比较保护依赖度的大小来确定每次方向回路搜索的起始点,并通过对保护依赖集的深度优先搜索来确定所有有向简单回路。该方法能统一处理环网中的‘T’形接线、辐射线路等保护的配合问题。算例表明该方法简单有效,显著地降低了计算的复杂性,可方便地应用于高压或超高压电网的距离保护和零序保护的整定计算。

Protection of Low Voltage CIGRE Distribution Network

High quality electricity services are the prime objectives in the modern power systems around the world. One of the main players to achieve this is the protection of the system which needs to be fast, reliable and cost effective. The study about the protection of the Low Voltage (LV) CIGRE distribution grid and networks like this has been proposed in this paper. The main objective of this paper is to develop protection against short circuit faults which might appear anywhere in the network. The protection of the power networks that comprises of renewable energy generation units is complicated because of the bidirectional flow of the current and is a challenge for the protection engineers. The selection of the protection devices in this paper is made to protect the network against faults in grid connected and island mode of operation. Ultra-fast fuses are proposed in order to protect the inverters used for Photovoltaic (PV) and battery applications. The disconnection of the PV solar panels when in island mode is made by proposing switch disconnecting devices. ABB is currently using these kinds of disconnection devices for the purpose of protecting solar panels against over voltages in the case of islanding. The over speed protection of the existing Wind Turbine Generator (WTG) in the CIGRE network in case of grid loss is also proposed in this paper.

工频变化量距离保护在含DG配电网中的应用分析

针对分布式电源的接入使配电网中各个支路的电流流向及大小复杂化,对传统电流保护造成很大影响,分析了工频变化量距离保护在含DG典型配电网故障时的动作情况。结果表明,工频变化量距离保护方向性明确、动作快速,其可靠性、灵敏度等性能均优于配电网传统的距离保护和电流保护,适于35 kV及以下电压等级电网。分析了电动机馈送短路电流对工频变化量距离保护的影响,大型电动机与DG在配电网故障时表现相似,工频变化量距离保护同样可正确动作。

Protection Scheme Half Wavelength Transmission Trunk Using Conventional Relay

This paper presents the main results on the use of conventional protection hardware to protect a Half Wavelength Transmission Line, or shortly AC-Link, for possible occurrence of three-phase and single-phase fault during energization maneuver. Lines of these dimensions do not exist today, but in countries of continental size they could be an interesting alternative to HVDC transmission, since the AC-Link has less dependence on Power Electronics technology. The studies on performance and relay settings were implemented using the RTDS real-time simulator. It is important to note that the AC-Link protection for the energization maneuver can be performed with existing hardware on conventional relays.

Research on the Process Layer and Substation Layer Relay Protection in Smart Substation Relay Protection

The intelligent substation relay protection facility is a fundamental element in construction of modern power system,based on the principles of flexibility,security and accuracy,and it can be divided into process layer and substation layer according to specific equipment.The former is suitable for individual sampling of disposable equipment,can be separated from the base station synchronization sampling,with the help of synchronous digital system and ping-pong algorithm to achieve synchronization of the overall sampling,that is to take the distribution protection components,through the separate transmission medium to realize the information transmission;the latter is for variable power plant components centralized backup protection,taking online real-time tuning technique.

Serial Failure Diagnosis of a Transmission Line Protection Relaying System by Petri Nets

With the development of large-scale complicated modern power systems, the requirement for the associated protection scheme tends to be more stringent and its combination more complex. However, it is very difficult to figure out the factors of failure of such systems. This paper proposes a Petri net model of a transmission line protection relaying system, including three types of relays as well as an automatic reclosing device, and shows how to diagnose serial failure of the system by analyzing invariant sets of the model. Furthermore, it gives four basic types of failure sequences and its execution is much more intuitive and effective than the traditional method.

Overview of Analysis on State Evaluation of Relaying Protection System

With the rapid development of the smart grid, it is necessary to do good corresponding work in relaying protection so as to meet the overall requirements of the smart grid better. So we must focus on the state division, risk analysis and fault diagnosis methods in the relaying protection system, in the basis of fully understanding the advantages and disadvantages of relaying protection system, and then improve the problems existing of relaying protection system at this stage according to the actual situation. This paper aims at the overview of analysis on state evaluation of relaying protection systems.

A Study on the Protection Relay Test and Analysis Method of AC Electric Railway Substation

Since opening of the Korean high-speed railway in 2004,the rate of electrification has been increasing rapidly,and safety of the supply of AC railways has become very important.And the digital protection relays in railway feeding system need more attention with the expansion of unmanned SSs(substations)and digital SSs.For accident prevention,it is necessary to develop accurate modeling and simulation technology for railway feeding devices of electric railway.And it is also important to continuously improve test methods and develop excellent relay algorithms and apply them to the protection system to prepare for unexpected accidents.In this study,after reduced modeling the AC railway power supply system using PSCAD/EMTDC(Power Systems Computer Aided Design/Electromagnetic Transient DC Analysis),the results were compared and verified with the numerical calculation using the symmetric coordinate method.It also presents a method of using the verified results for simulation and education for various railway accidents.This study result will be used for the construction of new lines as well as existing lines in the future railway business.

The Influence of Abnormal Data on Relay Protection

The parameters of abnormal data are defined and their influence on the original data and Fourier Algorithm is studied. A formula is proposed to quantify how the abnormal data influences the amplitude calculated by Fourier Algorithm. Two simulation models are established in Matlab to study the influence of abnormal data on relay protection. The simulation results show that the abnormal data can make distance protection extend the fault’s influence and make over current protection start by error.

基于等效序阻抗差异特征的低频输电线路差动保护优化方案

低频输电线路故障时,两侧短路电流均由模块化多电平矩阵变换器提供,两侧短路电流相角均受控且幅值相当,导致差动保护灵敏度严重下降。分析了低频输电系统定电压控制侧和功率控制侧的等效正、负序阻抗特征,指出因控制策略不同,系统故障时两侧等效正、负序阻抗特征存在明显差异。分析了低频输电线路区内和区外故障两侧保护装置测量到的等效序阻抗之间的差异性和相似性,基于此特征构建了两侧等效序阻抗差异指标,提出了基于等效序阻抗差异指标的差动保护制动系数优化方法。仿真结果表明,所提方案能够显著提升低频输电线路区内故障时差动保护的动作速度和动作灵敏性。

水电站继电保护系统通用实时仿真建模方法研究

提出了大型水电站继电保护系统全范围实时仿真建模方法,介绍了继电保护仿真模型的结构层次划分;通过抽象,建立了通用的继电保护功能仿真模型,再由通用继电保护功能模型组建电气设备元件保护模型,进而建立整个水电站继电保护系统仿真模型.该设计方法缩短了模型的搜索计算时间,有利于实现仿真的实时性,有利于保护模型的开发和维护,并将该方法应用到了国家电力公司部级重点实验室——水电站仿真实验室的水电站仿真培训系统中.

A Compound Relay Protection Operation Criterion Based on Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Abnormal Data Detecting Algorithm

A compound relay protection operation criterion is proposed based on Kirchhoff’s Current Law and abnormal data detecting algorithm. The abnormal data detecting algorithm are proposed after deep research on the abnormal data properties. The current transformer status monitoring system and current phase angle detecting system is introduced. A simulation model containing different power sources and loads is established in Matlab. The simulation results show that this compound criterion can work quickly and reliably in all conditions.

基于ARM架构柔性直流控制保护系统的低链路延时优化设计

基于进阶精简指令集机器(ARM)架构多核处理器芯片设计了柔性直流控制保护系统新一代平台,提出适用于柔性直流输电的4层控制系统通用架构,给出新平台控制保护主机配置方案及功能配置原则。建立换流器高频阻抗简化模型,推导得到负阻尼频率与控制链路延时的数学关系。分析柔性直流控制系统的链路延时构成,提出一种链路复用的在线延时测试方法;基于多核架构与高速接口,研究控制系统的低延时优化方案。最后,在基于实际工程参数的实时仿真系统中,对ARM架构新平台开展了功能和性能测试,并验证了低延时优化方案的有效性。