Effects of microscopic pore structure heterogeneity on the distribution and morphology of remaining oil

Waterflooding experiments were performed using Micro-CT on four cores of different pore structures from Donghe sandstone reservoirs in the Tarim Basin. The water, oil and grains were accurately separated by the advanced image processing technology, the pore network model was established, and parameters such as the number of throats and the throat size distribution were calculated to characterize the microscopic heterogeneity of pore structure, the flow of oil phase during displacement, and the morphology and distribution of remaining oil after displacement. The cores with the same macroscopic porosity-permeability have great differences in microscopic heterogeneity of pore structure. Both macro porosity-permeability and micro heterogeneity of pore structure have an influence on the migration of oil phase and the morphology and distribution of remaining oil. When the heterogeneity is strong, the water phase will preferentially flow through the dominant paths and the remaining oil clusters will be formed in the small pores. The more the number of oil clusters(droplets) formed during displacement process, the smaller the average volume of cluster is, and the remaining oil is dominated by the cluster continuous phase with high saturation. The weaker the heterogeneity, the higher the pore sweep efficiency is, and the remaining oil clusters are mainly trapped in the form of non-continuous phase. The distribution and morphology of micro remaining oil are related to the absolute permeability, capillary number and micro-heterogeneity. So, the identification plate of microscopic residual oil continuity distribution established on this basis can describe the relationship between these three factors and distribution of remaining oil and identify the continuity of the remaining oil distribution accurately.

Pore Size Distribution of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block, Ordos Basin, China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have suitable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities. The pore-throat structure parameters of the type 2 and 3 reservoirs have reasonable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities, indicating that the development of these types of reservoirs is affected by the pore size distribution. This study is of great significance for evaluating lacustrine tight sandstone reservoirs in China. The research results can provide guidance for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs in other regions based on pore size distribution.

Simulation analysis on microscopic discharge characteristics of the bipolar corona of a floating conductor

A floating conductor exhibits a bipolar corona phenomenon with microscopic discharge characteristics that are still unclear.In this study,a plasma simulation model of the bipolar corona with 108 chemical reaction equations is established by combining hydrodynamics and plasma chemical reactions.The evolution characteristics of electrons,positive ions,negative ions and neutral particles,as well as the distribution characteristics of space charges are analyzed,and the evolutionary flow of microscopic particles is summarized.The results indicate that the positive end of the bipolar corona initiates discharge before the negative end,but the plasma chemistry at the negative end is more vigorous.The electron generation rate can reach 1240 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1),and the dissipation rate can reach 34 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The positive ion swarm is dominated by O_(4)^(+),and the maximum generation rate can reach 440 mol((m^(3) s)^(-1).The negative ion swarm is mainly O_(2) and O_(4).The O_(2) content is approximately 1.5-3 times that of O_(4),and the maximum reaction rate can reach 51 mol(m^(3) s)^(-1).The final destination of neutral particles is an accumulation in the form of O_(3) and NO,and the amount of O3 produced is approximately 4-6 times that of NO.The positive end of the bipolar corona is dominated by positive space charges,which continue to develop and spread outwards in the form of a pulse wave.The negative end exhibits a space charge distribution structure of concentrated positive charges and diffused negative charges.The validity of the microscopic simulation analysis is verified by the macroscopic discharge phenomenon.

Classification of microscopic pore-throats and the grading evaluation on shale oil reservoirs

On the basis of the characterization of microscopic pore-throats in shale oil reservoirs by high-pressure mercury intrusion technique, a grading evaluation standard of shale oil reservoirs and a lower limit for reservoir formation were established. Simultaneously, a new method for the classification of shale oil flow units based on logging data was established. A new classification scheme for shale oil reservoirs was proposed according to the inflection points and fractal features of mercury injection curves: microscopic pore-throats(less than 25 nm), small pore-throats(25-100 nm), medium pore-throats(100-1 000 nm) and big pore-throats(greater than 1 000 nm). Correspondingly, the shale reservoirs are divided into four classes, I, II, III and IV according to the number of microscopic pores they contain, and the average pore-throat radii corresponding to the dividing points are 150 nm, 70 nm and 10 nm respectively. By using the correlation between permeability and pore-throat radius, the permeability thresholds for the reservoir classification are determined at 1.00× 10^(-3) μm^2, 0.40×10^(-3) μm^2 and 0.05×10^(-3) μm^2 respectively. By using the exponential relationship between porosity and permeability of the same hydrodynamic flow unit, a new method was set up to evaluate the reservoir flow belt index and to identify shale oil flow units with logging data. The application in the Dongying sag shows that the standard proposed is suitable for grading evaluation of shale oil reservoirs.

Experimental study of the effects of a multistage pore-throat structure on the seepage characteristics of sandstones in the Beibuwan Basin:Insights into the flooding mode

To investigate the relationship between grain sizes, seepage capacity, and oil-displacement efficiency in the Liushagang Formation of the Beibuwan Basin, this study identifies the multistage pore-throat structure as a crucial factor through a comparison of oil displacement in microscopic pore-throat experiments. The two-phase flow evaluation method based on the Li-Horne model is utilized to effectively characterize and quantify the seepage characteristics of different reservoirs, closely relating them to the distribution of microscopic pores and throats. It is observed that conglomerate sandstones at different stages exhibit significant heterogeneity and noticeable differences in seepage capacity, highlighting the crucial role played by certain large pore throats in determining seepage capacity and oil displacement efficiency. Furthermore, it was found that the displacement effects of conglomeratic sandstones with strong heterogeneity were inferior to those of conventional homogeneous sandstone, as evidenced by multiple displacement experiments conducted on core samples with varying granularities and flooding systems. Subsequently, core-based experiments on associated gas flooding after water flooding were conducted to address the challenge of achieving satisfactory results in a single displacement mode for reservoirs with significant heterogeneity. The results indicate that the oil recovery rates for associated gas flooding after water flooding increased by 7.3%-16.4% compared with water flooding alone at a gas-oil ratio of approximately 7000 m^(3)/m^(3). Therefore, considering the advantages of gas flooding in terms of seepage capacity, oil exchange ratio, and the potential for two-phase production, gas flooding is recommended as an energy supplement mode for homogeneous reservoirs in the presence of sufficient gas source and appropriate tectonic angle. On the other hand, associated gas flooding after water flooding is suggested to achieve a more favorable development effect compared to a single mode of energy supplementation for strongly heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs.

Microscopic analysis of saturated soft clay in Pearl River Delta

A series of researches were carried out for the soil samples in the Pearl River Delta under the action of consolidation loads,such as the quantitative analyses of the pore scale,shape and size distributions of micro-structure units,with an environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM),a mercury intrusion analyzer and a mineral diffractometer. The experimental results show that the consolidation pressures remarkably change the pore sizes and distribution characteristics of the silt,thus changing its compressibility and permeability. This can be proved by the fact that,in the earlier stage with a consolidation pressure of p<200 kPa,the pore sizes are greater and the compressibility and permeability coefficients are larger. However,they rapidly decrease with the increase in consolidation pressure. And in the later stage with a consolidation pressure of p>200 kPa,the pore sizes are smaller and the compressibility and permeability coefficients are less. Therefore,the empirical formulas of compression coefficient and permeability coefficient vs consolidation load and average pore diameter are deduced.

玄武岩纤维增强磷酸镁水泥冲击性能研究

磷酸镁水泥(MPC)以其优异的耐腐蚀性、耐热性和可塑性在建筑行业得到了广泛应用。为了研究掺入玄武岩纤维(BF)对磷酸镁水泥(MPC)抗冲击性能的改善效果。采用落锤冲击试验装置对BF-MPC进行抗冲击试验;分析了不同长度与掺量的玄武岩纤维对MPC抗冲击性能的影响;采用Weibull数理统计模型对冲击试验结果进行拟合和失效概率的预测。玄武岩纤维的掺入可以明显提高MPC的抗冲击次数;其中体积掺量为1.5%,长度为6 mm的玄武岩纤维对MPC的抗冲击性能的提高幅度最大,初裂次数及终裂次数均为不掺加纤维的3倍以上。BF-MPC的冲击次数很好地服从两参数Weibull分布。BF的掺入可以明显改善MPC的抗冲击性能。

元素成像技术在核法证中的应用研究进展

核法证学是打击非法贩卖核材料和放射性物质的重要工具,可用于对截获的材料进行分析溯源。过去的研究主要集中于元素和同位素特征的总体分析表征。近年来,随着微分析技术的发展,微米尺度和纳米尺度元素和同位素空间分布特征、微观形态学特征研究正成为核法证学研究的热点。基于近年来国内外核法证学的研究成果,详细介绍了元素成像技术在核法证学材料分析领域元素和同位素成像、微观形态学方面的应用研究进展。最后对元素成像技术在核法证学研究中的发展前景作了展望。

正电子湮没符合多普勒展宽技术的材料学研究进展

正电子湮没技术是研究材料微观结构的一种原子尺度表征方法,通过分析正电子湮没行为可以得到湮没位点处局域电子密度和原子结构信息.近年来,正电子湮没谱学技术已经发展成为优于常规手段的特色表征技术,其中符合多普勒展宽技术在研究缺陷附近的电子和原子结构方面具有独特优势,商谱曲线中高动量区域形状的变化反映了正电子湮没位点周围的元素信息.在常规符合多普勒展宽技术发展基础上,能量可调的慢正电子束流符合多普勒展宽技术在获取表面微观结构的深度分布信息上展示出独特的作用,同时也弥补了常规符合多普勒展宽技术只能表征体材料中缺陷环境的不足.本文结合国内外相关进展,综述了符合多普勒展宽技术在各类材料中的研究进展:1)合金中空位型缺陷和纳米沉淀的演化行为;2)半导体中晶格空位与杂质原子的相互作用;3)氧化物中氧空位和金属阳离子浓度的变化.除此之外,在聚合物中自由体积孔洞的大小、数量及分布的估算表征领域中,符合多普勒展宽技术也逐步得到应用.

微观剩余油分布及提高采收率评价方法

随着常规油藏进入高采出程度和高含水“双高”阶段,剩余储量可动用性变差,稳油增产难度日益增加。为长期挖潜油藏剩余油,加强剩余油分布赋存状态及表征,全面了解剩余油分布规律成为提高原油采收率的必要前提。通过梳理国内外针对不同油藏开展的岩心分析、一维岩心驱油、微观驱油实验,并结合激光共聚焦、核磁共振成像、CT扫描成像、荧光分析等技术,从定性到定量对一到三维微观剩余油分布研究方法进行全面总结。结果表明,含油薄片分析因高保留残余油分布状态、能真实反映残余油原貌特征且技术成熟成为研究残余油分布的基本实验方法;传统岩心驱油模型是研究剩余油分布规律及提高采收率机理必不可少的实验方法,可反映真实储层情况,但只能从宏观视角分析不同因素对渗透效果的影响;真实岩心可视化模型可有效弥补传统岩心驱油模型的不足,但可视化实验装置耐高温高压有限,制作成本较高,图像处理不太清晰;微流控模型作为新兴技术,参数可控、实验重复性高,同时可将各种驱油模式下的微驱过程、流体的流动情况进行可视化展示,为评价驱油效果提供一条新途径,但简化的微观多孔模型与实际驱替实验结果仍存在一定差距。以核磁共振成像技术、X射线CT成像技术为主的成像分析技术凭借各自优势与真实岩心实验相结合,成为从微观角度有效描述剩余油分布特征的重要方法。该综述将为了解现有剩余油研究方法提供重要借鉴,为不同类型储层进行剩余油分布、高效开发、提高原油采收率等研究提供理论支撑。

陆东凹陷中低成熟度页岩油储层含油性特征及“甜点”评价

针对陆东凹陷交力格洼陷中低成熟度页岩油储层分布特征与富集控制因素不明等问题,通过开展二维核磁共振分析、纳米CT扫描、干酪根显微组分鉴定等方法,对页岩油储层含油性特征进行研究,综合页岩岩相、储集性、含油性及可动性等因素,基于储层及含油性分级参数建立了页岩油“甜点”综合评价标准。结果表明:页岩纹层与层理的发育程度、密度、岩性等结构特征是含油性特征及分布的主要影响因素。层状含粗粒岩屑粉砂岩与纹层状长英质页岩岩相微观孔隙结构及连通性较好,比表面积小于15 m 2/g,氮气吸附平均孔径大于8 nm,为优质储层。Ⅰ+Ⅱ类“甜点”TOC大于1%,储层发育中、大孔,占比大于25%,储集空间孔径大于8 nm,含油性和可动性为中等—好,油气相对富集。该成果可为研究区页岩油有利目标优选及试验区部署评价提供技术支撑。

三肇地区葡萄花油层微观孔隙结构及剩余油分布特征

为搞清微观剩余油分布,首次利用压汞资料、岩心薄片、扫描电镜、数字岩心、油水驱替实验等资料和技术,对三肇地区葡萄花油层微观孔隙结构及微观剩余油分布特征进行系统研究。构建数字岩心及孔隙网络模型,将孔隙结构类型划分为五种,其中以Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类孔隙结构为主,微观非均质性严重。研究不同孔隙结构二维和三维微观剩余油分布,平面上微观剩余油Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层主要为簇状和角隅状,Ⅲ类储层以喉道状、角隅状为主;微观剩余油三维空间展布,初期以网络状为主,随着注水倍数增加向多孔状过渡,后期多孔状向孤立状和薄膜状转变,最终以多孔状和孤立状为主。剩余油分布受孔隙结构控制,微观孔隙结构发育直接影响储层含油饱和度。关于措施调整,建议Ⅰ、Ⅱ类储层以调堵、补孔、完善注采关系为主,Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ类储层以压裂、细分、加强注水来提高驱油效率。

钼粉粒度与比表面积的关系

对钼粉的费氏粒度、粒度分布、颗粒尺寸、微观形貌和比表面积进行测量,并结合理论计算,研究了钼粉的粒度与比表面积之间的关系。结果表明:钼粉的比表面积与平均粒度成反比例函数关系,颗粒尺寸与实测比表面积规律大致符合理论计算的趋势;当钼粉颗粒形状为球形时,颗粒尺寸越均匀、团聚程度越低,实测的比表面积结果越接近理论计算的结果。

基于微纳米CT技术的化学驱后微观剩余油定量描述

利用微纳米CT技术及室内岩心驱油实验,对岩心微观孔隙结构进行三维重构,研究水驱后和化学驱后微观剩余油的分布特征、赋存状态,定量描述不同尺寸孔隙内微观剩余油饱和度,明确不同驱油体系对微观剩余油的动用程度。结果表明:水驱后转聚合物驱的剩余油饱和度为22.3%,水驱后转二元复合驱的剩余油饱和度为18.4%,水驱后转非均相复合驱提高采收率效果明显,最终剩余油饱和度为12%。经三维重构后可以直观地看到不同驱油体系后微观剩余油的分布特征。化学驱后不同孔径内的剩余油饱和度均有所降低,大于25μm孔径内的剩余油动用效果明显,聚合物驱动用程度为66.7%.二元复合驱动用程度为75.7%、非均相复合驱动用程度为85.5%。聚合物驱和二元复合驱对孔径5μm以下孔隙内的剩余油动用程度较低,分别只有19.3%和35.9%;非均相复合驱对小于5μm孔径内的剩余油动用程度达到52.5%。非均相复合体系具有扩大波及体积和降低界面张力的双重作用。

超细地质样品的谱学特征及矿物分布形态研究

地质样品粒度已成为制约提高分析精度的关键因素,近年来超细地质样品的制备已越来越多地受到地质分析实验室关注,目前仍广泛采用74μm的地质样品粒度水平已越来越不能满足高精度、高灵敏度、小取样量和微区现代分析技术的要求,迫切需要发展适应地质实验室批量生产的超细地质样品制备技术。采用X射线粉晶衍射、扫描电子显微镜、差热分析等测试技术获得了地质样品超细化前后的谱学特征、并对超细地质样品中矿物分布形态进行研究。结果表明:超细加工使矿物结晶度降低,晶体产生晶胞畸变;矿物粒度分布主要集中于0.5~30μm,随矿物粒径减小,颗粒棱角逐渐消失,颗粒边界变模糊;矿物超细化后脱吸附水的热效应范围变宽,吸热效应变宽缓;矿物在超细地质样品中有单颗粒、集合体、团聚、包裹四种分布形态,影响地质样品超细化程度的主要因素是不易粉碎的矿物单颗粒和矿物集合体。基本查明了超细地质样品的谱学特征和矿物形态分布特点,为改进超细地质样品制备工艺和开发先进制备技术提供科学依据,对解决地质样品超细化均质性问题,提高地质样品分析准确性具有重要意义。

不同环境背压和环境温度下的液氨喷雾微观特性

为以液氨为内燃机燃料来实现低碳化和零碳化,实验研究了液氨喷雾的微观雾化特性。采用激光粒径微观成像(PDIA)方法,使用单孔喷油器,在低喷射压力(1 MPa)、环境背压100、200、400、600 kPa、环境温度293、313、333 K下,进行喷雾实验。获得了液滴概率密度分布函数(PDF)、累计体积分布函数(CDF)、Sault平均直径(SMD)和液滴数量密度等微观参数。结果表明:液氨喷雾在低环境背压下雾化效果好,喷雾中小液滴数量多,SMD较小,增大环境背压,喷雾概率密度分布和累计体积分布曲线向大粒径方向移动,大液滴数量增加,液滴数量密度减小;液氨液滴概率密度分布、累计体积分布和SMD几乎不会随环境温度的变化而变化,但增加环境温度可以增强液氨喷雾的蒸发,环境温度高的时候液氨喷雾蒸发增强。

榄香烯乳状注射液粒度测定方法的研究

目的:用激光散射法测定榄香烯乳状注射液粒度分布,考察不同试验条件对结果的影响。方法:将摸索出的榄香烯乳状注射液粒度测定的方法-测定条件:遮光率5%~10%,吸收率0.0001~0.1,折射率1.52~1.54;搅拌转速800~1600 r·min^(-1),平衡时间0.5~1 min进行方法学验证,取3批榄香烯乳状注射液,在Bettersize2600激光粒度分布仪(湿法)上进行测定。结果:3批样品测定结果:d(0.1)、d(0.5)、d(0.9)、d(0.99)分别为252、251、213,354、351、316 nm,543、532、476 nm,979、953、887 nm。结论:本试验方法可用于测定榄香烯乳状注射液的粒度分布,结果重现性好。

粘粒级配对黄土动力特性影响的微观机理分析

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多元复合超细掺合料制备混凝土内部结构研究

研究多元复合超细掺合料制备混凝土内部结构的变化规律。结果表明:高活性超细矿物掺合料替代率为30%时,新拌混凝土性能优良,混凝土出机坍落度245 mm、扩展度700 mm,7 d抗压强度49.0 MPa、28 d抗压强度65.6 MPa,可明显改善混凝土工作性能且能保证较高的力学性能。超细掺合料的加入可改善胶凝材料颗粒分布,提高密实度。混凝土总孔隙率降低42.1%,200 mm以上孔隙率降低39.6%,混凝土气泡间距系数降低21.9%,同时可减少混凝土内部气泡的生成。