Assimilation of Feng-Yun-3B Satellite Microwave Humidity Sounder Data over Land

The ECMWF has been assimilating Feng-Yun-3B （FY-3B） satellite microwave humidity sounder （MWHS） data over ocean in an operational forecasting system since 24 September 2014, It is more difficult, however, to assimilate microwave observations over land and sea ice than over the open ocean due to higher uncertainties in land surface temperature, surface emissivity and less effective cloud screening. We compare approaches in which the emissivity is retrieved dynamically from MWHS channel l [150 GHz （vertical polarization）] with the use of an evolving emissivity atlas from 89 GHz observations from the MWHS onboard NOAA and EUMETSAT satellites. The assimilation of the additional data over land improves the fit of short-range forecasts to other observations, notably ATMS （Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder） humidity channels, and the forecast impacts are mainly neutral to slightly positive over the first five days. The forecast impacts are better in boreal summer and the Southern Hemisphere. These results suggest that the techniques tested allow for effective assimilation of MWHS/FY-3B data over land.

Estimating the Correlated Observation-Error Characteristics of the Chinese FengYun Microwave Temperature Sounder and Microwave Humidity Sounder

In operational data assimilation systems, observation-error covariance matrices are commonly assumed to be diagonal.However, inter-channel and spatial observation-error correlations are inevitable for satellite radiances. The observation errors of the Microwave Temperature Sounder(MWTS) and Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS) onboard the FengYun-3A(FY-3A) and FY-3B satellites are empirically assigned and considered to be uncorrelated when they are assimilated into the WRF model's Community Variational Data Assimilation System(WRFDA). To assimilate MWTS and MWHS measurements optimally, a good characterization of their observation errors is necessary. In this study, background and analysis residuals were used to diagnose the correlated observation-error characteristics of the MWTS and MWHS. It was found that the error standard deviations of the MWTS and MWHS were less than the values used in the WRFDA. MWTS had small inter-channel errors, while MWHS had significant inter-channel errors. The horizontal correlation length scales of MWTS and MWHS were about 120 and 60 km, respectively. A comparison between the diagnosis for instruments onboard the two satellites showed that the observation-error characteristics of the MWTS or MWHS were different when they were onboard different satellites. In addition, it was found that the error statistics were dependent on latitude and scan positions.The forecast experiments showed that using a modified thinning scheme based on diagnosed statistics can improve forecast accuracy.

Latitudinal and Scan-dependent Biases of Microwave Humidity Sounder Measurements and Their Dependences on Cloud Ice Water Path

The relationship between differences in microwave humidity sounder(MHS)–channel biases which represent measured brightness temperatures and model-simulated brightness temperatures, and cloud ice water path(IWP) as well as the influence of the cloud liquid water path(LWP) on the relationship is examined. Seven years(2011–17) of NOAA-18 MHS-derived measured brightness temperatures and IWP/LWP data generated by the NOAA Comprehensive Large Array-data Stewardship System Microwave Surface and Precipitation Products System are used. The Community Radiative Transfer Model, version2.2.4, is used to simulate model-simulated brightness temperatures using European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis data as background fields. Scan-angle deviations of the MHS window channel biases range from-1.7 K to1.0 K. The relationships between channels 2, 4, and 5 biases and scan angle are symmetrical about the nadir. The latitudedependent deviations of MHS window channel biases are positive and range from 0–7 K. For MHS non-window channels,the latitudinal deviations between measured brightness temperatures and model-simulated brightness temperatures are larger when the detection height is higher. No systematic warm or cold deviations are found in the global spatial distribution of difference between measured brightness temperatures and model-simulated brightness temperatures over oceans after removing scan-angle and latitudinal deviations. The corrected biases of five different MHS channels decrease differently with respect to the increase in IWP. This decrease is stronger when LWP values are higher.

FY-3C MWHS-Ⅱ辐射率在RMAPS-CA中的同化

中亚地区常规气象观测站点稀疏,同化极轨卫星FY-3C上的Ⅱ型微波湿度探测器(MWHS-Ⅱ)辐射率资料可有效减小该地区数值预报初始场的不确定性。本研究首次在中亚快速更新多尺度资料分析和预报系统RMAPS-CA中同化了FY-3C/MWHS-Ⅱ辐射率,评估了其同化效果。结果表明:(1)单个时次冷启动的同化时间窗口内,仅有56%的辐射率资料通过了质量控制并被RMAPS-CA同化。(2)偏差订正整体减小了各水汽通道的背景场辐射亮温偏差,最大减幅出现在通道14,达0.5 K。通道14偏差订正前的观测辐射亮温和背景场辐射亮温间存在较大偏差,是其同化应用中需要特别注意的。(3)FY-3C/MWHS-Ⅱ辐射率同化整体提高了RMAPS-CA系统对高空温度、位势高度、高空风速等的中短期预报准确率。同时,使得2 m温度和10 m风速的预报准确率预报均方根误差分别平均减小了0.2 K和2 m/s。其同化有效降低了小雨预报的漏报率和空报率,小雨预报的TS评分提升了16%。降低了中雨和大雨预报的漏报率,3个量级降水预报的BIAS评分分别提升了18%、38%和36%。

Assessment and Assimilation of FY-3 Humidity Sounders and Imager in the UK Met Office Global Model

China＇s FengYnn 3 （FY-3） polar orbiting satellites axe set to become an important sonrce of observational data for nu- merical weather prediction （NWP）, atmospheric reanalyses, and climate monitoring studies over the next two decades. As part of the Climate Science for Service Partnership China （CSSP China） prograln, FY-3B Microwave Humidity Sounder 1 （MWHS-1） and FY-3C MWHS-2 observations have been thoroughly assessed and prepared for operational assimilation. This represents the first time observations from China＇s polar orbiting satellites have been used in the UK＇s global NWP model. Since 2016, continuous data quality monitoring has shown occasional bias changes found to be correlated to changes in the energy supply scheme regulating the platform heating system and other transient anomalies. Nonetheless, MWHS-1 and MWHS-2 significantly contribute to the 24-h forecast error reduction by 0.3% and 0.6%, respectively, and the combination of both instruments is shown to improve the fit to the model background of independent sounders by up to 1%. The observations from the Microwave Radiation Imager （MWRI） also are a potentially significant source of benefits for NWP models, but a solar-dependent bias observed in the instrument half-orbits has prevented their assimilation. This paper presents the bases of a correction scheme developed at the Met Office for the purpose of a future assimilation of MWRI data.

FY-3A/MWHS数据在定量降水估计中的应用研究

基于0903,0906和0908号台风期间的FY-3A极轨卫星微波湿度计(FY-3A/MWHS)数据,借助于多元线性逐步回归方法,探讨了利用FY-3A极轨卫星定量估计降水的方法,同时结合自动气象站实测资料、TRMM和FY-2C卫星降水估计结果对FY-3A/MWHS降水估计精度进行了验证。结果表明,FY-3A/MWHS估计降水与地面实测降水具有较好的相关性,对不同等级雨量均有一定的估测能力,尤其对中等量级的降水无论是在降水落区还是在降水量级上均具有较高的准确率。与FY-2C静止卫星相比,无论是在对不同量级降水估计的"击中率",还是在估计精度方面,FY-3A/MWHS数据更具优势。利用FY-3A/MWHS对不同高度、不同角度的湿度响应特性开展定量降水估计,是降水估计方法的一种新的探索和必要的补充。

FY-3A/MWHS冷空测值受月球影响分析及修正

为解决月球对风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实时辐射定标的影响问题,该文根据风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实时观测数据分析,通过多项式拟合分析技术,建立修正模型,消除月球影响,得到合理的辐射定标结果。风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实测数据分析表明：月球对风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨辐射定标结果影响最严重时一天内可干扰4~5条轨道,每条轨道有近100个扫描周期受到污染。月球影响致使冷空定标观测数据跳升1000个计数值,如果不进行污染滤除会造成对地观测亮温下降约20 K,导致辐射资料无法同化进入数值天气预报模式。通过与同类载荷的交叉比对分析,修正月球影响后,风云三号卫星微波湿度计在轨实时辐射定标结果精度与在轨测试结果相当。

FY-3A MWHS资料偏差订正方法研究

作为中国新一代极轨气象卫星,风云三号A星（FY-3A）大气垂直探测资料在区域数值天气预报中的同化应用至关重要。为实现FY-3A大气湿度垂直探测仪（MWHS）资料的直接同化应用,重点研究MWHS资料偏差订正问题。根据MWHS资料特征,在参考欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）原全球TIROS大气垂直探测仪（TOVS）资料偏差订正方案的基础上,建立适用于FY-3A卫星MWHS辐射率资料的偏差订正方案,分析该方案的订正效果。（1）扫描偏差具有星下点对称性,各通道不同纬度带和扫描角的扫描偏差存在差异,通道1~5的扫描偏差绝对值范围分别为0~1.13 K、0~6.4 K、0~0.76 K、0~0.84 K和0~2.1 K。（2）偏差订正方法有效,订正后的通道2~4观测残差概率分布呈现均值为0的高斯分布,且通道1和5观测残差更接近均值为0的高斯分布。（3）偏差订正后观测残差标准差均有所降低,表明偏差订正能够提高MWHS资料对分析场的调整。试验证明FY-3A MWHS资料具有较高的数据质量以及同化应用的潜力;建立的偏差订正方案可为FY-3A MWHS资料直接同化提供条件。

RTTOV散射模块在FY-3MWHS资料同化中的应用

一直以来,受同化系统中观测算子的限制,云区的卫星微波观测资料在使用时都常会做晴空假设,只考虑大气的吸收作用而忽略散射作用,从而会造成对大气中水汽含量的高估。为了克服这一缺点,文中设计了RTTOV微波散射模块在WRF-3DVAR系统中的应用方案,使得计算辐射能衰减的同时考虑大气的散射作用,并在此基础上通过4组试验进行了风云3-A星微波湿度计亮温以及多普勒雷达反射率因子的同化研究对比。结果表明:RTTOV微波散射模块的引入,能有效抑制晴空辐射模块对大气水汽含量的高估。若先同化雷达反射率因子后再继续同化卫星资料,会发现同化雷达后,同化区域内大气水凝物含量明显增加,受此影响同化卫星资料时大气的散射作用也会随之增大。并且雷达同化区域覆盖率越大,对降水预报的改善效果也愈明显。

Development and Initial Assessment of a New Land Index for Microwave Humidity Sounder Cloud Detection

This paper describes a new quality control （QC） scheme for microwave humidity sounder （MHS） data assimilation. It consists of a cloud detection step and an O-B （i.e., differences of brightness temperatures between observations and model simulations） check. Over ocean, cloud detection can be carried out based on two MHS window channels and two Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A （AMSU-A） window channels, which can be used for obtaining cloud ice water path （IWP） and liquid water path （LWP）, respectively. Over land, cloud detection of microwave data becomes much more challenging due to a much larger emission contribution from land surface than that from cloud. The current MHS cloud detection over land employs an 0-]3 based method, which could fail to identify cloudy radiances when there is mismatch between actual clouds and model clouds. In this study, a new MHS observation based index is developed for identifying MHS cloudy radiances over land. The new land index for cloud detection exploits the large variability of brightness temperature observations among MHS channels over different clouds, It is shown that those MHS cloudy radiances that were otherwise missed by the current O-B based QC method can be successfully identified by the new land index. An O-B check can then be employed to the remaining data after cloud detection to remove additional outliers with model simulations deviated greatly from observations. It is shown that MHS channel correlations are significantly reduced by the newly proposed QC scheme.

Polarization signature from the FengYun-3 Microwave Humidity Sounder

Microwave Humidity Sounders （MHS） onboard NOAA- 15, - 16, - 17, - 18, - 19, and EUMETSAT MetOp-A/B satellites provide radiance measurements at a single polarization state at any of five observed frequen- cies. The Microwave Humidity Sounder （MWHS） onboard the FengYun-3 （FY-3） satellite has a unique instrument design that provides dual polarization measurements at 150 GHz. In this study, the MWHS polarization signal was investigated using observed and modeled data. It is shown that the quasi-polarization brightness temperatures at 150GHz display a scan angle dependent bias. Under calm ocean conditions, the polarization difference at 150 GHz becomes non-negligible when the scan angle varies from 10° to 45° and reaches a maximum when the scan angle is about 30°. Also, the polarization state is sensitive to surface parameters such as surface wind speed. Under clear-sky conditions, the differences between horizontal and vertical polarization states at 150GHz increase with decreasing surface wind speed. Therefore, the polarization signals from the cross-track scanning microwave measurements at window channels contain useful information about surface parameters. In addition, the availability of dual polarization measurements allows a one-to-one conversion from antenna brightness temperature to sensor brightness temperature ifa cross-polarization spill-over exists.

Calibration of the space-borne microwave humidity sounder based on real-time thermal emission from lunar surface

Calibration is a key issue for quantitative application of meteorological satellite data. The complex space environment may cause many uncertainties in data calibration. A highly stable and reliable calibrator in flight is needed. Because the Moon has no atmosphere and no environmental variation, the physical and chemical properties of its surface are stable in the long term. The Moon might be an ideal candidate for in-flight thermal calibration. In advanced satellite-borne microwave remote sensing such as NOAA-18, the deep space view(DSV) of the microwave humidity sounder(MHS) has viewed the Moon many times every year.Using the thermal-physical properties of the lunar regolith derived from the Diviner infrared(IR) brightness temperature(TB) data,we solve the one-dimensional heat conduction equation to obtain the temperature profile of the near side of the lunar regolith medium. The loss tangents of the regolith medium are retrieved from microwave TB data of the Chinese satellite Chang’e-2. The integrated radiative transfer equation is used to simulate the weighted disk-average TB of the lunar surface for the MHS channels at89, 157, and 183 GHz for the year 2011. The Moon is taken as an extended circular target. The simulated TBs are used to correct the full width at half maximum(FWHM) fitted with the MHS counts. We analyze the influences of the distance between the satellite and the Moon, the lunar phase angle, and the FWHM of the radiometer on the inverted FWHM. The corrected TB data are compared with the simulation. This paper presents a new method for thermal calibration of spaceborne in-flight microwave and millimeter-wave radiometers with the weighted disk-average TB of the lunar surface.

Reprocessing 12-yr Microwave Humidity Sounder Historical Data of Fengyun-3 Satellites

Atmospheric water vapor is an essential climate variable(ECV)with extensive spatial and temporal variations.Microwave humidity observations from meteorological satellites provide important information for climate system variables,including atmospheric water vapor and precipitable water,and assimilation in numerical weather prediction(NWP)and reanalysis.As one of the payloads onboard China’s second-generation polar-orbiting operational meteorological Fengyun-3(FY-3)satellites,the Microwave Humidity Sounder(MWHS)has been continuously observing the global humidity since 2008.The reprocessing of historical FY-3 MWHS data is documented in detail in this study.After calibrating and correcting the data,the quality of the reprocessed dataset is evaluated and the improvement is shown in this study.The results suggest that MWHS observations bias is reduced to approximately 0.8 K,compared with METOP-A Microwave Humidity Sounder(MHS).The temporal variability of MWHS is highly correlated with the instrument temperature.After reprocessing,the scene temperature dependency is mitigated for all 183 GHz channels,and the consistency and stability between FY-3A/B/C are also improved.

风云三号C星微波湿度计资料全天候同化对台风玛莉亚预报的影响

随着风云三号系列卫星的成功发射,越来越多的卫星微波直接观测资料应用于数值天气预报的资料同化系统。并且由于卫星微波全天候同化技术可以充分利用晴天及云雨区微波观测资料,在增加同化使用的观测数据的基础上,有效提高数值天气预报准确率,该技术在卫星资料同化领域也颇受瞩目。本研究选取2018年7月的台风玛莉亚,利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式及其同化系统WRFDA(WRF Data Assimilation)中三维变分方法,探讨风云三号C星微波湿度计观测资料的全天候同化技术在区域模式中的适用性,以及其在不同模式驱动场中的预报表现。通过对比仅同化晴空区域卫星资料的试验和全天候同化的试验结果发现,全天候条件下更多的云雨区域观测资料被有效利用,能够更好地模拟出台风玛莉亚核心区域的暖心和对称风速结构,有效改善湿度场的预报,对台风路径的预报误差平均降低了大约34%~62%,且这种正面影响均能在不同模式驱动场中得到体现。

Regional Profiles and Precipitation Retrievals and Analysis Using FY-3C MWHTS

The 89 and 150 GHz channels operated in window are sensitive to precipitation and humidity. The 183 GHz humidity-sensitive channels and 118 GHz temperature-sensitive channels of the Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder (MWHTS) on the Chinese Feng Yun 3C MWHTS (FY-3C MWHTS) polar-orbit meteorological satellite responds in part to precipitation. Combining 118 and 183 GHz channels, the paper develops a passive sub-millimeter atmospheric profile and precipitation retrievals algorithm for MWHTS onboard the FY-3C (Feng Yun-3C) satellite. The retrieval algorithm employs a number of back propagation neural network estimators trained and evaluated using the validated global reference physical model NCEP/WRF/ARTS and works for land and seawater with latitude between -40 to 40 degree. NCEP data per 6 hours were downloaded to run the Weather Research and Forecast model WRF, and to derive the typical precipitation data for the whole world. The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator ARTS is feasible for performing simulations of atmospheric radiative transfer. The results show that the profile retrievals using BP-NN algorithm has the best correlation with those from radiosonde, which is less than 18% and 1 K of root mean square error, respectively. For precipitation rate retrievals, a much better agreement is reached with rain gauge and ECMWF datasets, the RMS is between 0.80 to 30.24 mm/h for sea surface and 0.789 to 33.11 mm/h for land surface according to the classification by precipitation type. Also, the analysis of retrievals located in Tibetan plateau is provided as an example to justify the robustness and performance of retrieving model.

Precipitation Detection and Retrieving Based on FY-3C MWHTS

The paper develops a passive sub-millimeter precipitation retrievals algorithm for Microwave Humidity and Temperature Sounder(MWHTS)onboard the Chinese Feng Yun 3C(FY-3C)satellite.The retrieval algorithm employs a number of neural network estimators trained and evaluated using the validated global reference physical model NCEP/WRF/ARTS,and works for seawater.NCEP data per 6 hours are downloaded to run the Weather Research and Forecast model WRF,and derive the typical precipitation data from the whole world.The Atmospheric Radiative Transfer Simulator ARTS is feasible for performing simulations of atmospheric radiative transfer.Rain detection algorithm has been used to generate level 2 products.Retrievals are reliable for surface precipitation rate higher than 0.1 mm/h at 15km resolution,which is in good agreement with those retrieved using the Precipitation retrieval algorithm version 1(ATMP-1)for Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder(ATMS)aboard Suomi NPP satellite.

风云气象卫星微波大气探测回顾与展望

基于风云三号(FY-3)三个批次极轨气象卫星微波湿度计的研制历程,取得的技术突破与研制进展,涵盖关键技术实现以及关键技术指标的设计与测试评估,微波湿度计在数值天气预报、台风暴雨等灾害性天气预报与监测等方面的科学应用,阐述了星载被动微波大气探测技术的提升。分析微波大气探测的研究现状与发展趋势,重点展望了极轨气象卫星微波大气探测在气象参数探测能力、探测精度、时空分辨率、应用效能等方面的潜力。对标世界气象组织(WMO)2040年愿景规划,针对中国风云五号新一代极轨气象卫星,提出了具有跨代表征的高性能新体制微波大气综合探测系统——高光谱微波大气探测仪,简要陈述了在轨定量化提升的技术途径与应用前景,为风云五号气象卫星微波大气探测载荷研制奠定基础。

风云3号卫星微波湿度计的系统设计与研制

微波湿度计(MWHS)是风云3号卫星的主要有效载荷之一,其频率为150GHz(双极化)和183.31GHz(三通道),采用垂直于飞行方向的交轨扫描方式,科学目标是探测大气湿度的垂直分布。本文简要介绍微波大气湿度探测的基本原理,阐述了微波湿度计的系统构成及工作原理;描述了微波湿度计的性能指标要求。测试结果表明,微波湿度计性能指标满足设计要求。

风云三号C星微波湿温探测仪的定标和验证

风云三号C星（FY-3C）已经于2013年9月23日发射升空,其上装载的微波湿温探测仪（MWHTS）已于9月30日开机正常工作.MWHTS具有对大气温度和湿度垂直分布进行同步探测的能力.MWHTS为跨轨扫描式微波辐射计,在89-191GHz毫米波段内设置了十五个探测通道,其中包括118.75GHz氧气吸收线附近的8个大气温度探测通道,183.31GHz水汽吸收线附近的5个大气湿度探测通道,以及89GHz和150GHz两个窗区通道.设置在118.75GHz的一组毫米波探测通道是国际上业务卫星首次使用的大气探测通道,这组通道和183.31GHz通道对大气进行联合探测,将获得更加精细的大气温湿度垂直分布数据,为数值预报和气候研究提供丰富信息.为保证MWHTS观测资料的定量应用,对仪器性能和定标精度进行了在轨测试.利用MWHTS在轨正常工作后的三个月数据,对仪器在轨定标的基础数据：冷空和黑体计数值,黑体和仪器温度进行监测分析和质量检验,经过质量检验的在轨定标基础数据,结合发射前真空试验得到的非线性订正项在轨定标生成MWHTS观测亮温数据.评估MWHTS在轨辐射定标结果的精度和偏差特性使用了三种方法：1通过场地定标试验获取大气温湿廓线和地面温度等大气参数信息,结合微波逐线正演辐射传输模式MonoRTM（Monochromatic Radiative Transfer Model）模拟MWHTS的上行微波辐射亮温,与MWHTS实际观测结果进行对比分析;2两个通道特性一致的同类星载被动微波载荷同时观测同一目标,观测亮温的差异主要取决于两个载荷的定标系统偏差.选取美国SNPP上搭载的微波探测仪器ATMS作为MWHTS的参考载荷,基于SNO（simultaneous nadir overpass）技术,对两个仪器的观测亮温进行交叉比对,观测亮温时空匹配及均匀性检验的条件为：观测时间差异小于20min,观测像元中心距离小于3km,观测角度在星下点附近差异小于5°,观测像元周围3×3像元内的亮温标准差小于1K;3基于美国国家环境预测中心的全球数据同化系统GDAS（Global Data Assimilation System）数据,利用快速辐射传输模式CRTM（Community Radiative Transfer Model）对MWHTS各通道亮温进行正演模拟,模拟结果（O）和仪器实际观测的亮温（B）之间的差异记为＂O-B＂,对偏差值＂O-B＂进行统计特征分析.仪器中心频率的变化、正演模式模拟精度和模式输入廓线自身的误差都会对＂O-B＂产生影响.但是对于首次使用的探测频点而言（如118.75GHz通道）,由于国际上没有同类载荷可以进行交叉比对,借助于正演辐射传输模式计算得到＂O-B＂偏差的分析结果可以在一定程度上反映仪器整体定标情况.外场地定标试验结果显示除通道14外,其他14个通道的亮温差都在1.3K以内;与同类载荷ATMS的在轨观测进行直接交叉比对表明通道14与ATMS的亮温偏差最大,但中心频点一致的5个水汽探测通道的标准差都小于1K;将MWHTS观测结果和正演辐射传输模式模拟结果即＂O-B＂进行偏差分析显示,靠近118.75GHz吸收线中心的通道2—6＂O-B＂标准差小于0.5K,其他通道＂O-B＂标准差和ATMS相应通道的结果相当;MWHTS观测和模拟偏差随角度变化的研究表明通道1,7-13和15观测结果对角度有一定依赖性.

FY-3气象卫星微波水汽三维可视化及其在强天气监测中的应用

基于风云三号(FY-3)气象卫星上的可见光红外扫描辐射计(visible and infrared radiometer,VIRR)和微波湿度计(microwave humidity sounder,MWHS)数据,通过IDL语言开发设计了"FY-3微波水汽三维显示软件"。该软件可根据白天或夜晚监测时次的不同,自动生成由VIRR的3个通道(B6,B2,B1)合成且叠加4个高度(地表、850hPa,500 hPa和300 hPa)的微波水汽分布图(白天)或由VIRR热红外通道(B5)的云顶亮温图叠加微波水汽分布图(夜晚)。在热带气旋和梅雨监测预警中的应用表明:微波水汽三维可视化的结果综合了FY-3可见光红外数据在空间分辨率上和微波湿度数据在不同大气高度层垂直探测能力上各自的优势,其表达形式简洁、直观。该方法可以作为强天气监测预警的有效补充手段,具有一定的推广应用价值。