Drying Kinetics and Energy Consumption in Vacuum Drying Process with Microwave and Radiant Heating

The general objective of this work is to analyze energy input in a vacuum process with the incorporation of microwave heating. Thus, necessary criteria for designing an efficient freeze-drying operation are considered through the analysis of strategies based on the combination of different intensities of radiant and microwave heating.The other aim of this research topic is to study the kinetics of drying in relation to mass transfer parameters.Five freeze-drying strategies using both heating systems were used. Consequently, energy input could be related to diffusivity coefficients, temperature and pressure profiles during dehydration of the product and analyzed in comparison to a conventional freeze-drying process.

A valid evaluation method for UPLC fingerprint analysis and moisture ratio prediction model:application to microwave vacuum drying of Radix isatidis extract

Background:Drying is a necessary component of traditional Chinese medicine extracts.The heating principle of microwave vacuum drying is different from that of the conventional heat method.However,at present,there is paucity of information on the drying process of traditional Chinese medicine extract by microwave vacuum drying,and the results of such process are unclear.Methods:To study the dynamic changes in the chemical characteristics of microwave vacuum drying under different drying conditions,ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography fingerprint profiles were established using Radix isatidis extract as a model drug and analyzed using similarity analysis,partial least squares-discriminant analysis,and semi-quantitative analysis.In addition,a backpropagation artificial neural network model was developed to predict the moisture ratio of the drying process.Results:Qualitative results showed that the similarity between different drying conditions was greater than 0.95,and 2 amino acid components(peaks 5 and 6)affected by process fluctuations were screened out.The quantitative results showed that the mass concentration of component 1 fluctuated after drying,while that of component 2 increased.The optimal backpropagation artificial neural network model structure used to predict the moisture ratio was 5-4-1,with regression and mean squared error values of 0.996 and 0.0003,respectively,after training,which were well fitted and had a strong approximation ability.Conclusion:Upon comparison of fingerprints and the evaluation of statistical methods,common components of Radix isatidis extract had little variation under different drying conditions,and the selected components provided a reference for the establishment of process evaluation indexes.The establishment of backpropagation artificial neural network provides a theoretical basis for the application of microwave vacuum drying technology and online monitoring of moisture ratio.

Effects of different drying methods on quality,bacterial viability and storage stability of probiotic enriched apple snacks

Effects of four different drying methods on the colour, texture, sensory quality, microstructure, bacterial viability and storage stability of probiotic-enriched apple snacks were assessed. The drying methods were air drying （AD）, freeze drying （FD）, freeze drying followed by microwave vacuum drying （FD＋MVD） and air drying followed by explosion puffing drying （AD＋EPD）. Overall, FD＋MVD can be used as a suitable drying method for the development of probiotic enriched apple snacks in consideration of colour, texture, sensory quality, bacterial viability and storage stability. Probiotic bacteria in FD＋MVD-dried samples remained above 1×106 CFU g 1 for 120 days at 25℃C. Interestingly, bacterial viability in FD＋MVD-dried samples turned out to be significantly higher than FD-dried samples during storage for 120 days.

Effect of different drying methods on the taste and volatile compounds,sensory characteristics of Takifugu obscurus

Pufferfish is prone to deterioration due to abundant nutrients and high moisture content.Drying technology can extend the shelf life and enhance the flavor quality of aquatic products.The study investigated the effect of hot air drying(HAD),microwave vacuum drying(MVD)and hot air assisted radio frequency drying(HARFD)on the taste and volatile profiles of Takifugu obscurus.Different drying methods had significant influence on the color,rehydration,5’-nucleotides,free amino acids and volatile components(P<0.05).The results showed that HAD and HARFD could promote the flavor of T.obscurus by producing higher equivalent umami concentration(EUC)values,which were about two times of MVD group,and more pronounced pleasant odor according to sensory analysis.HAD is more appropriate for industrial application than HARFD and MVD considering the economic benefits.This study could provide a reference for the industrial application of drying T.obscurus.

Freeze and microwave vacuum combination drying technique for sea cucumber

To improve the quality and efficiency of sea cucumber drying,an orthogonal experiment of freeze and microwave vacuum combination drying technique was carried out.Factors and levels were FD time of conversion point(8 h,16 h and 24 h),initial microwave power density(1.7 W/g,2.0 W/g and 2.3 W/g)and microwave intermittent ratio(12s-on/18s-off,14s-on/16s-off and 20s-on/10s-off).Results showed that the optimal parameters of FD-MVD were 8 h FD conversion point,1.7 W/g initial microwave power density,12 s-on/18 s-off microwave intermittent ratio,and the maximum rehydration rate of 280.71%,the lowest shrinkage rate of 14.48%,the least drying time of 9.25 h and energy consumption of 77316 kJ could be obtained.

Microstructure changing and moisture removing of lychee during microwave vacuum drying

Micrographs of lychee pericarp and pulp during microwave vacuum drying were tested and analyzed in order to illuminate the microstructure change of lychee and effect of the change on moisture removing in lychee.The results showed that the pericarp consisted of three parts:outer layer with cuticle,inter layer and inner layer.Outer layer and inter layer cells are easily destroyed than inner layer because of small and intact inner layer cells.Furthermore,micrographs showed that the moisture content of pulp keep constant with the temperature increasing at first 40 min due to the inner layer cells prevent the moisture removing from pulp.The long tubular structure of pulp cell would become break and lost over time,because the intercellular spaces reduced and the moisture removing was slow down in pulp.Meanwhile,the microstructure of lychee dried with temperature control was better than that without temperature control.

不同载体剂对冻干生姜粉末品质的影响

为探究麦芽糊精、海藻糖、阿拉伯胶对冻干生姜粉品质的影响,对添加载体剂后冷冻干燥的生姜粉的得率、物理特性、活性成分、粒径进行测定,用差示扫描量热法分析生姜粉在升温过程中的热流变化,并用傅里叶红外光谱法对特征基团进行分析,结果显示:与直接冻干的生姜粉相比,添加载体剂制备的样品的得率、物理特性及活性成分含量均有所提高,阿拉伯胶组得率最高;麦芽糊精组色差、吸湿性最小,生姜蛋白酶活力最高(65.84 U/g),姜辣素含量最高(24.4 mg/g);海藻糖组溶解度最高。DSC曲线显示:添加载体剂的生姜粉玻璃态转化温度均有所提高,其中阿拉伯胶组最高,性质更稳定。通过红外光谱分析,3种生姜粉的主要基团无明显变化。综合考虑,麦芽糊精是冷冻干燥生姜粉生产中保留生化活性和保持功能特性的最佳载体剂。

不同切分处理草莓的冻干效果比较

为明确适宜冻干加工的草莓切分方式,以整颗草莓为对照,将对半纵切、四半纵切、纵切片、横切片等4种不同切分方式的草莓进行冻干处理,分别考查了预冻速率、冻干速率等工艺参数指标,脱水率、复水率、维C含量、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量等营养理化指标,以及草莓冻干前后的色泽变化和感官评分。结果表明,横切片处理最佳,纵切片与对半纵切次之,四半纵切最差。其中,横切片冻干速率最快(0.50/h),横切片次之(0.48/h),冻干后草莓的维C含量以纵切片最高(保留率97.57%)、可溶性固形物含量以对半纵切最高(保留率97.12%)、可滴定酸含量以整颗处理最高(保留率96.19%),感官评分以横切片最高(89.6分),2种切片处理冻干后表皮及切面的亮度、红色程度均显著增加。可提高草莓附加值、减少损耗、降低生产耗能,为北京及周边地区草莓冻干加工的工业化生产提供有益参考和借鉴。

热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干品质及益生活性的影响

[目的]研究热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干品质及益生活性的影响,为高品质龙眼果干工业化节能干燥模式提供理论依据.[方法]以热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥龙眼果干为对照,比较分析热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对脆性龙眼果干水分含量、水分活度、皱缩率、复水比等理化特性和总糖、多糖等营养品质的影响.同时采用GC-MS测定风味物质变化,电量表测定能源消耗量.并选用植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌发酵龙眼果干,比较发酵过程中活菌数、总糖、还原糖以及短链脂肪酸的变化,评价热风-真空冷冻联合干燥对龙眼体外益生活性的影响.[结果]热风-真空冷冻联合干燥龙眼果干的水分含量、水分活度和皱缩率显著低于热风干燥,而复水比显著高于热风干燥.在总糖、多糖含量以及挥发性风味物质种类和总量上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥低于真空冷冻干燥而高于热风干燥.在能源消耗上,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥比真空冷冻干燥节约干燥时间12.16%,节约单位能耗25.40%.在益生活性方面,植物乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌均能通过发酵龙眼干增加活菌数量,利用龙眼干中的总糖产生短链脂肪酸,降低发酵液pH,且益生效果受干燥方式和菌株种类的影响较大.当植物乳杆菌发酵热风-真空冷冻干燥的龙眼果干48 h后,活菌数生长最多可达12.40 lg cfu/mL,高于真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥和新鲜龙眼.嗜酸乳杆菌发酵48 h后,热风-真空冷冻联合干燥活菌数达11.84 lg cfu/mL,与真空冷冻干燥接近,低于热风干燥,但高于新鲜龙眼.[结论]热风-真空冷冻联合干燥结合了热风干燥和真空冷冻干燥两种干燥方式的特点,可以显著缩短干燥时间,节约能耗,提高干燥效率和果干品质.

微波真空冷冻干燥对芒果干制品品质特性的影响

为获得较优的芒果干燥方法,以复水性、感官为评价指标,比较微波真空冷冻干燥、热板真空冷冻干燥和热风干燥3种不同干燥方法对芒果干制品品质的影响。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥法的产品各项指标均优于热风干燥法。微波真空冷冻干燥的产品复水性最好,25℃与100℃最大复水比分别为3.363、3.674;其次为热板真空冷冻干燥,两温度条件下与微波真空冷冻干燥产品复水比相差较小;热风干燥产品复水性最差,分别为2.140、3.028。感官指标中色泽、香气和口味3方面均为:微波真空冷冻干燥>热板真空冷冻干燥>热风干燥。

不同干燥方式对杨梅果粉品质的影响

通过比较不同干燥方式所得杨梅果粉的水分含量、溶解性、流动性、色泽、香气成分、VC含量、花色苷含量和总酚含量,研究真空干燥、真空冷冻干燥和热风-微波联合干燥3种干燥方式分别对杨梅果粉品质的影响。结果表明:真空冷冻干燥所得杨梅果粉水分含量(3.68%)最低,溶解性(57.68%)、流动性(34.25°)和色泽(a*值为24.48)最好,干燥后杨梅的特征香气成分损失最少,VC、花色苷和总酚含量(分别为103.51、122.81、144.59 mg/100 g)最高;其次是热风-微波联合干燥;真空干燥效果最差。综合考虑杨梅果粉的品质、干燥效率和成本,热风-微波联合干燥适宜在杨梅果粉加工产业推广应用。

不同干燥方式对铁棍山药品质的影响

以外观、营养成分、复水性及超微结构为指标,比较4种不同的干燥方式对铁棍山药品质的影响。冻干(FD)对铁棍山药品质的保留最好,冻干真空微波联合干燥(FD-MVD)对产品品质的保留接近于FD,且能够使干燥时间缩短31%。微波真空干燥时间最短,但品质不如前两种干燥方式。热风干燥(AD)对感官品质和维生素C破坏较多,但对于多糖含量的保持与其它方法无异。超微结构的结果表明,MVD和AD对结构破坏较多,而FD和FD-MVD很好的保持了原有的细胞结构。

不同干燥工艺的六味地黄提取物的粉体学性能评价

目的考察不同干燥工艺对六味地黄提取物物理性质与粉体学性质的影响。方法选用六味地黄提取物考察了真空干燥、喷雾干燥及冷冻干燥对六味地黄提取物物理性质与粉体学性质的差异。结果六味地黄喷雾干燥所得浸膏粉的黏性较小,所得粉粒较细小、圆整,且压缩度、抗张强度、吸湿速率及平衡吸湿量均比真空干燥的大。冷冻干燥所得浸膏粉的比表面积、孔容均比真空干燥的大。结论干燥方式及原理的不同导致了干燥产物物理性质与粉体学性质的差异,应根据不同制备的需求选择不同的制备工艺。

冷冻干燥与后续真空微波联合干燥开发草莓休闲食品

以草莓为原料,应用真空冷冻干燥和后续真空微波干燥联合的方式做不同转换点试验,目的是降低能耗,改善产品品质。在干燥的过程中研究了前期冷冻干燥后物料的含水率、后续真空微波干燥微波功率等因素对干燥过程的影响,并将得到的产品与普通的冷冻干燥干燥时间和产品品质方面进行比较,确定了联合干燥较佳的转换点为真空冷冻干燥草莓的含水量为40%左右,微波功率为2 100 W。将得到的产品进行调味,开发出一种大众喜爱的休闲食品。

冻干咖啡粉的研制及风味品质特性研究

冻干咖啡粉的研制可提高咖啡产品的商业价值和咖啡行业经济效益。以单因素加热板温度、物料装载厚度和干燥室压强对干燥速率的影响,确定最佳范围后进行响应面实验设计得到咖啡粉最佳干燥工艺参数并对优化条件下的冻干咖啡粉进行品质分析。通过响应面得到冻干咖啡粉理想参数条件为:加热板温度76.19℃,物料装载厚度1.58 cm,干燥室压强76.84 Pa,实际干燥速率为0.23 h^-1,理论干燥速率为0.22 h^-1;并且3个因素对干燥速率的影响排序为加热板温度>物料装载厚度>干燥室压。品质分析得出冻干咖啡粉的含水率达到3.82%,色差、气味、口感均无显著性差异(P<0.05)。通过咖啡冻干加工工艺参数的优化,为冻干咖啡粉工业化生产提供技术支持。

不同干燥处理方法对鸡肉丁的干燥效果

分别采用热风干燥法(hot air drying)、真空冷冻干燥法(vacuum freeze drying)和微波-热风耦合干燥法(combined microwave and hot air drying)干燥鸡肉,探究3种不同干燥方法对鸡肉丁的干燥曲线、色泽和水分活度、微观结构、复水性、复水后鸡肉丁质构特性和感官评定等指标的影响。结果表明,真空冷冻干燥后鸡肉色泽与水分活度明显优于其他2种干燥方式;环境扫描电镜(environmental scanning electron microscope, ESEM)观察结果表明,干燥后样品微观结构均发生一定程度收缩,真空冷冻干燥收缩最小,微观结构清晰饱满,与未经干燥样品的微观结构最为接近;真空冷冻干燥后的鸡肉复水时间最短,复水率最大,复水后真空冷冻干燥样品表现出良好的质构特性与感官品质,其次为微波-热风耦合干燥,热风干燥效果最差。

胡萝卜冰温干燥实验研究

采用干燥方法可将食品脱水进行长期保存。热风干燥不适合热敏性食品,且干燥后产品品质较差,而采用冷冻干燥,虽能克服上述缺点,但干燥时间长,效率低。文中提出一种冰温干燥新技术,以胡萝卜为实验原料进行了冰温干燥实验研究,并与真空冷冻干燥及热风干燥进行了对比。实验结果表明:在150 Pa的压力下,经过4 h冰温干燥,得到的胡萝卜含水率为4.8%,其复水性优于热风干燥,其干燥样品中的Vc及胡萝卜素等营养成分损失少,外观色泽优良,干燥时间比冷冻干燥显著减少。

真空冷冻干燥蔬菜的品质分析

对真空冷冻干燥及热力干燥的４种蔬菜（胡萝卜、菠菜、韭菜、洋葱）进行品质分析表明，真空冷冻干燥的蔬菜中粗蛋白、总糖、总酸含量分别是热力干燥同种蔬菜的３倍、１．６倍、２倍；ＶＣ、胡萝卜素含量分别比热力干燥蔬菜高４～６倍、２～３倍。真空冷冻干燥蔬菜的粗蛋白、总糖、总酸、胡萝卜素、ＶＣ的保存率分别比热力干燥的高６７％、３０％、３５％、６０％、５０％～７５％。

真空微波与真空冷冻联合干燥金针菇的研究

研究了真空微波与真空冷冻联合干燥金针菇。结果表明,联合干燥方式得到的产品可以达到真空冷冻干燥产品相同的品质,产品具有较好的复水性和稳定的色泽,Vc保留率优于真空微波干燥的产品,并且极大地缩短了干燥时间、降低了加工成本,在节约能耗方面有一定意义。

真空冷冻干燥笋干加工工艺优化研究

本研究以新鲜竹笋为原料,以复水速率(min^(-1))为指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用正交试验设计,考察柠檬酸浓度、漂烫时间、预冻时间、干燥时间对冻干笋品质的影响;并与热风干燥笋干进行品质对比。结果表明:通过正交试验优化所得的最佳加工工艺条件为:柠檬酸浓度0.1%,漂烫时间为6min,预冻时间为4h,干燥时间为20h,在此最佳工艺条件下测得其复水速率为0.393min^(-1);其水分含量和可溶性糖含量低于热风干燥笋干,色泽、组织状态、复水比、复水速率和蛋白质含量均明显高于热风干燥笋干,说明优化出的最佳加工工艺条件具有可行性。