Background:The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)became a global pandemic within several months after it was first reported at the end of December,2019.Countries in the Northern Hemisphere have been affected the most,...Background:The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)became a global pandemic within several months after it was first reported at the end of December,2019.Countries in the Northern Hemisphere have been affected the most,including the United States and European countries.Contrary to the common knowledge that infectious diseases are more prevalent in low-and middle-income countries,COVID-19 appears to affect wealthy countries more.This paper attempts to quantify the relationship between COVID-19 infections and levels of economic development with data from the U.S.and Europe.Methods:Public domain data on the confirmed COVID-19 cases during January 1 and May 31,2020 by states and territories in the U.S.and by countries in Europe were included.Incidence rate was estimated using the 2019 total population.COVID-19 cases were associated with 2019 gross domestic product(GDP)using regression models after a logarithmic transformation of the data.The U.S.data and European data were analyzed separately,considering significant heterogeneity between the two.Results:A total of 2451691 COVID-19 cases during a 5-month period were analyzed,including 1787414 from 50 U.S.states and territories and 664277 from 28 European countries.The overall incidence rate was 5.393/1000 for the U.S.and 1.411/1000 for European countries with large variations.Lg(total cases)was significantly associated with lg(GDP)for U.S.states(=1.2579,P<0.001)and European countries(=0.7156,P<0.001),respectively.Conclusion:This study demonstrated a positive correlation between COVID-19 case incidence and GDP in the United States and 28 European countries.Study findings suggest a potential role of high-level development in facilitating infectious disease spread,such as more advanced transportation system,large metropolitan cities with high population density,better domestic and international travel for businesses,leisure,and more group activities.These factors must be considered in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic.This study focuses on the impact of economic development,many other factors might also have contributed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in these countries and states,such as differences in national and statewide anti-epidemic strategies,people's behavior,and healthcare systems.Besides,low-and middle-income countries may have an artificially low COVID-19 case count just due to lack of diagnostic capabilities.Findings of this study also encourage future research with individual-level data to detect risk factors at the personal level to understand the risk of COVID-19.展开更多
Complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)is a set of different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,as well as the use of natural products for the treatment of patients,derived from previously known traditional met...Complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)is a set of different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,as well as the use of natural products for the treatment of patients,derived from previously known traditional methods and enriched with modern scientific knowledge.The present article reviews the available data regarding the use of CAM and the legislation behind it in European countries.The use of CAM is recorded in Europe as a whole and varies between 1070%of the population of individual European countries.At least 300,000 registered CAM providers have been identified in the European Union(EU),of which slightly more than half includes non-medical practitioners.The most practiced discipline is acupuncture,followed by homeopathy.CAM regulation and legislation in Europe is not precisely defined and is constantly striving to find a common approach.Since legal frameworks for CAM are not defined,each European country has its own regulations and legislation.In order to define universal legislation for CAM,the EU created the CAMbrella project,a project of the EU designed to find a unique system that would include the treatment of CAM in Europe.According to the data from CAMbrella,from 39 countries in the EU,17 have general CAM legislations.The status of CAM in Europe is characterized by enormous heterogeneity in all aspects,including terminology,methods,prevalence and ultimately,legal status,regulations and legislation.展开更多
The objective of this article is to analyze the new cooperation of the European Union,in particular with middle and upper-middle-income countries,in order to understand the development policy of the Union in view of t...The objective of this article is to analyze the new cooperation of the European Union,in particular with middle and upper-middle-income countries,in order to understand the development policy of the Union in view of the new global scenario,taking into account the new status that these countries have acquired and the implications of this entails in international cooperation processes.This leads us to delve into how the EU cooperates with the middle-income countries and more advanced developing countries.The contribution of this work addresses some of the challenges and perspectives that are currently being planned about the EU’s development policy,providing different elements of analysis and reflection on its future evolution.展开更多
With the admission of eight Central/East European countries in May 1, 2004 in sight, realization of the objective of EU’s first phase eastern extension will signify a major step toward the concept of "a Europe k...With the admission of eight Central/East European countries in May 1, 2004 in sight, realization of the objective of EU’s first phase eastern extension will signify a major step toward the concept of "a Europe kept far away from war" through promoting regional integration.展开更多
The called paper presents logistics cooperation activities in European countries, which are put in the situation of establishment of ASEAN Economic Community, particularly South East countries. This will be considered...The called paper presents logistics cooperation activities in European countries, which are put in the situation of establishment of ASEAN Economic Community, particularly South East countries. This will be considered as the experience in managing by government officers as well as the board management of logistics. The authors＇ methodology is almost descriptive, theoretical analyses. In addition, conducting information-related survey and in-depth interviews by experts will be considered in case of necessary. This paper focuses on Logistic Corporation leading to result in some benefits including bringing on effective in transportation, cutting cost, and saving time; improving the transportation connectivity among countries in ASEAN area; facilitating the construction of infrastructure and legal framework, and assisting to develop regional logistic activity. In this research, the authors focus on analyzing in the period before and after 2015, they attempt to investigate the turning point in the installment of ASEAN Economic Community, including 10 countries with the signed print by the prime minister in these nations. For future research, it is suggested that the cooperation is worth taking into consideration as the innovation related to management activities in microscopes （inside business） as well as macro scopes （countries） in logistics sector. Furthermore, lessons from the success of the European market are the basis foundation for the ASEAN Economic Community in setting up a common market in the field of logistics, shortening time to avoid mistakes and making the intended plan more possible to develop regional logistic activity. Logistic cooperation among nations has played an important and critical role in formation and development of country collaboration, creating the efficiency and capacity of trade among nations of region. Consequently, this paper can provide valuable pointers for shaping AEC.展开更多
Editor:At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a fifteenmember delegation of 7 NGOs and relevant agencies from Poland,Hungary,Bulgaria,Serbia and Cuba visited China to atten...Editor:At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a fifteenmember delegation of 7 NGOs and relevant agencies from Poland,Hungary,Bulgaria,Serbia and Cuba visited China to attend the Seminar on Knowing about China from July 16 to 27.They went to Beijing,Shandong Province and Jiangxi展开更多
The aim of the paper is to clarify the mechanisms of external Europeanization. Studies so far claim that the more distant a country is from the EU core the more indirect the mechanisms of the external Europeanization ...The aim of the paper is to clarify the mechanisms of external Europeanization. Studies so far claim that the more distant a country is from the EU core the more indirect the mechanisms of the external Europeanization are. The paper problematizes this claim. Empirically it focuses on the case of social conditionality （SC） as applied in the area of social trade policy. Theoretically it follows Normal Accident Theory, as adapted in the area of the EU studies. The paper focuses on the interactions of the web of actors found in this policy area. It distinguishes between complex and tightly linked interactions. It hypothesizes that the less complex and the more tightly linked actors are the more direct the mechanisms of external Europeanization. SC is a ＂social＂ trade policy instrument that the EU includes to its trade agreements with developing countries through the Generalized System of Preferences （GSP） in order to promote the ratification and application of basic human rights, and labor, sustainable development and good governance standards. The GSP is a trade policy program that allows the exemption of developing countries from exports tariffs as a way of assisting their growth and development. SC is a ＂hard＂ instrument in the sense that it consists of both a positive aspect （carrots） and a negative one （sticks）. Developing countries that ratify and apply basic human rights, and labor, sustainable development and good governance standards qualify for additional trade preferences （carrots）, while failure of compliance results to the withdrawal of the preferences （sticks）.展开更多
文摘Background:The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)became a global pandemic within several months after it was first reported at the end of December,2019.Countries in the Northern Hemisphere have been affected the most,including the United States and European countries.Contrary to the common knowledge that infectious diseases are more prevalent in low-and middle-income countries,COVID-19 appears to affect wealthy countries more.This paper attempts to quantify the relationship between COVID-19 infections and levels of economic development with data from the U.S.and Europe.Methods:Public domain data on the confirmed COVID-19 cases during January 1 and May 31,2020 by states and territories in the U.S.and by countries in Europe were included.Incidence rate was estimated using the 2019 total population.COVID-19 cases were associated with 2019 gross domestic product(GDP)using regression models after a logarithmic transformation of the data.The U.S.data and European data were analyzed separately,considering significant heterogeneity between the two.Results:A total of 2451691 COVID-19 cases during a 5-month period were analyzed,including 1787414 from 50 U.S.states and territories and 664277 from 28 European countries.The overall incidence rate was 5.393/1000 for the U.S.and 1.411/1000 for European countries with large variations.Lg(total cases)was significantly associated with lg(GDP)for U.S.states(=1.2579,P<0.001)and European countries(=0.7156,P<0.001),respectively.Conclusion:This study demonstrated a positive correlation between COVID-19 case incidence and GDP in the United States and 28 European countries.Study findings suggest a potential role of high-level development in facilitating infectious disease spread,such as more advanced transportation system,large metropolitan cities with high population density,better domestic and international travel for businesses,leisure,and more group activities.These factors must be considered in controlling the COVID-19 epidemic.This study focuses on the impact of economic development,many other factors might also have contributed to the rapid spread of COVID-19 in these countries and states,such as differences in national and statewide anti-epidemic strategies,people's behavior,and healthcare systems.Besides,low-and middle-income countries may have an artificially low COVID-19 case count just due to lack of diagnostic capabilities.Findings of this study also encourage future research with individual-level data to detect risk factors at the personal level to understand the risk of COVID-19.
文摘Complementary and alternative medicine(CAM)is a set of different diagnostic and therapeutic procedures,as well as the use of natural products for the treatment of patients,derived from previously known traditional methods and enriched with modern scientific knowledge.The present article reviews the available data regarding the use of CAM and the legislation behind it in European countries.The use of CAM is recorded in Europe as a whole and varies between 1070%of the population of individual European countries.At least 300,000 registered CAM providers have been identified in the European Union(EU),of which slightly more than half includes non-medical practitioners.The most practiced discipline is acupuncture,followed by homeopathy.CAM regulation and legislation in Europe is not precisely defined and is constantly striving to find a common approach.Since legal frameworks for CAM are not defined,each European country has its own regulations and legislation.In order to define universal legislation for CAM,the EU created the CAMbrella project,a project of the EU designed to find a unique system that would include the treatment of CAM in Europe.According to the data from CAMbrella,from 39 countries in the EU,17 have general CAM legislations.The status of CAM in Europe is characterized by enormous heterogeneity in all aspects,including terminology,methods,prevalence and ultimately,legal status,regulations and legislation.
文摘The objective of this article is to analyze the new cooperation of the European Union,in particular with middle and upper-middle-income countries,in order to understand the development policy of the Union in view of the new global scenario,taking into account the new status that these countries have acquired and the implications of this entails in international cooperation processes.This leads us to delve into how the EU cooperates with the middle-income countries and more advanced developing countries.The contribution of this work addresses some of the challenges and perspectives that are currently being planned about the EU’s development policy,providing different elements of analysis and reflection on its future evolution.
文摘With the admission of eight Central/East European countries in May 1, 2004 in sight, realization of the objective of EU’s first phase eastern extension will signify a major step toward the concept of "a Europe kept far away from war" through promoting regional integration.
文摘The called paper presents logistics cooperation activities in European countries, which are put in the situation of establishment of ASEAN Economic Community, particularly South East countries. This will be considered as the experience in managing by government officers as well as the board management of logistics. The authors＇ methodology is almost descriptive, theoretical analyses. In addition, conducting information-related survey and in-depth interviews by experts will be considered in case of necessary. This paper focuses on Logistic Corporation leading to result in some benefits including bringing on effective in transportation, cutting cost, and saving time; improving the transportation connectivity among countries in ASEAN area; facilitating the construction of infrastructure and legal framework, and assisting to develop regional logistic activity. In this research, the authors focus on analyzing in the period before and after 2015, they attempt to investigate the turning point in the installment of ASEAN Economic Community, including 10 countries with the signed print by the prime minister in these nations. For future research, it is suggested that the cooperation is worth taking into consideration as the innovation related to management activities in microscopes （inside business） as well as macro scopes （countries） in logistics sector. Furthermore, lessons from the success of the European market are the basis foundation for the ASEAN Economic Community in setting up a common market in the field of logistics, shortening time to avoid mistakes and making the intended plan more possible to develop regional logistic activity. Logistic cooperation among nations has played an important and critical role in formation and development of country collaboration, creating the efficiency and capacity of trade among nations of region. Consequently, this paper can provide valuable pointers for shaping AEC.
文摘Editor:At the invitation of the Chinese Association for International Understanding(CAFIU),a fifteenmember delegation of 7 NGOs and relevant agencies from Poland,Hungary,Bulgaria,Serbia and Cuba visited China to attend the Seminar on Knowing about China from July 16 to 27.They went to Beijing,Shandong Province and Jiangxi
文摘The aim of the paper is to clarify the mechanisms of external Europeanization. Studies so far claim that the more distant a country is from the EU core the more indirect the mechanisms of the external Europeanization are. The paper problematizes this claim. Empirically it focuses on the case of social conditionality （SC） as applied in the area of social trade policy. Theoretically it follows Normal Accident Theory, as adapted in the area of the EU studies. The paper focuses on the interactions of the web of actors found in this policy area. It distinguishes between complex and tightly linked interactions. It hypothesizes that the less complex and the more tightly linked actors are the more direct the mechanisms of external Europeanization. SC is a ＂social＂ trade policy instrument that the EU includes to its trade agreements with developing countries through the Generalized System of Preferences （GSP） in order to promote the ratification and application of basic human rights, and labor, sustainable development and good governance standards. The GSP is a trade policy program that allows the exemption of developing countries from exports tariffs as a way of assisting their growth and development. SC is a ＂hard＂ instrument in the sense that it consists of both a positive aspect （carrots） and a negative one （sticks）. Developing countries that ratify and apply basic human rights, and labor, sustainable development and good governance standards qualify for additional trade preferences （carrots）, while failure of compliance results to the withdrawal of the preferences （sticks）.
