Six Amino Acids among Natural Moisturizing Factors Responsible for Skin Hydration: Improvement and Anti-Aging of Skin by Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-PiteraTM Containing Skin Moisturizer

Background: Natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) are filaggrin-derived components in the cornified layer that are critical for maintaining healthy skin moisturization and barrier function. However, studies have reported conflicting findings on the relationship between NMF levels and aging, while few studies have investigated this relationship clinically. To fill this research gap, we determined the levels of major NMF components such as free amino acids, pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, and urocanic acids, and individually verified their relationships with skin hydration, barrier function, age, and skin aging. Purpose: The objective of this study was to clinically investigate the relationship between NMF components levels and skin aging in facial skin. The main NMF components were obtained from facial skin and quantified. We then selected NMF components showing strong relationships to skin hydration, and analyzed the relationships of the levels of these selected NMF components with signs of skin aging, namely, texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). We also examined the efficacy of treatment with a skin care formula (SK-II Facial Treatment Essence, called SK-II FTE hereafter) including Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF, PiteraTM) on the selected NMF component levels associated with skin hydration and barrier function, and the signs of skin aging of texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). Method: We conducted two clinical trials in this research. In Study 1, we measured 23 NMF components using tape-stripped cornified layer to quantify them via an HPLC method in 196 Asian females aged 20 to 59 (mean S.D., 38.6 9.4). Facial visual aging parameters [texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value)], as well as elasticity (R7), skin hydration, and TEWL, were quantified using facial skin imaging and skin physical property measurement devices. Study 2 was performed to evaluate whether the facial application of SK-II FTE affects the NMF levels and skin aging parameters in 63 Asian female volunteers aged 20 to 55 (38.4 9.03). During the course of Study 2, 0.6 mL of SK-II FTE was applied to the face twice daily in the morning and afternoon. Skin measurements were performed at the start of the day (baseline) and at week 8. Results: In Study 1, we examined the stratum corneum levels of 23 NMF components comparing to the skin hydration status in 196 female subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups using the median of each measured NMF component. Skin hydration values were compared between the two groups defined for each NMF component. The results showed that subjects with higher levels of six amino acids, alanine, arginine, asparagine, glutamine, glycine, and histidine, exhibited significantly higher skin hydration than those with lower amino acid levels. No significant differences in skin hydration values were found for the other 17 NMF components. We then analyzed whether the sum of these six amino acid NMF components (called 6-AA-NMFs, hereafter) is affected by aging. The 6-AA-NMF level peaked in the subjects aged 25-29, and then gradually and significantly decreased with age. Interestingly, the 6-AA-NMF level was significantly correlated with the skin hydration value, but not with TEWL. In addition, the 6-AA-NMF level demonstrated significant correlations with the signs of skin aging of texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). Then, in Study 2, we examined whether the daily application of SK-II FTE affects the 6-AA-NMF level and visual aging parameters in 63 females. SK-II FTE demonstrated significant increases of the levels of 6-AA-NMFs and each of its components associated with hydration and barrier function, and improvements of skin texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value) during the 8 weeks of treatment of facial skin. Conclusion: These clinical studies with large numbers of subjects across a wide age range revealed that six amino acids as NMF components were highly correlated with facial skin hydration in the stratum corneum. The levels of these six NMF components were also found to decrease at ages after the 30 s and were significantly correlated with major signs of skin aging. Notably, these six NMF components (6-AA-NMFs) were increased by SK-II FTE treatment associated with improvements of skin hydration and signs of skin aging, namely, texture, pores, wrinkles, and dullness (L-value). These studies were limited by the lack of investigation of why some NMF components were not associated with skin hydration. More clinical trials examining various NMF components and their relationship with aging are anticipated.

Quantification of In Vivo Epidermal Keratinocyte Architecture Associated with the Signs of Skin Aging and the Skin Benefit Evaluation by Application of Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (Pitera)-Containing Skin Care Product

Background: Aged skin exhibits visual alterations such as wrinkles, rough texture, pore dilation, and dull skin tone, as well as physiological aging, namely, decreased hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Recent advances in coherence tomography have also revealed that skin aging affects in vivo epidermal keratinocyte architecture. However, the interconnectivity between spatial architectural aging and visual/physiological aging parameters remains largely unknown. Purpose: To elucidate whether the tomographic keratinocyte architectural aging is correlated with visual and physiological skin aging parameters and to quantitatively evaluate the improvements of the architectural, visual, and physiological aging parameters by the daily treatment of the skin care formula containing Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate (GFF, 8X PiteraTM). Method: We measured the in vivo keratinocyte cellular architecture with two-photon stereoscopic tomography obtaining by-layer epidermal section images in 78 Asian females of various ages. Visual aging parameters were analyzed using a portable image capture system. Hydration and TEWL were also assessed. The anti-aging effects of GFF-containing skin moisturizer (SK-II LXP CreamTM) were also examined in two studies after twice-daily application for 2 (N = 35) and 4 (N = 32) weeks. Results: As for the keratinocyte cellular architecture, skin aging was significantly associated with decreased cell density and increased cell uniformity. These architectural aging parameters were significantly correlated with visual and physiological aging parameters, namely, rough texture, wrinkles, pore dilation, dull skin tone, dehydration, and increased TEWL. The strong interconnectivity allowed us to develop formulae to estimate the keratinocyte architecture from visual aging parameters. Moreover, twice-daily application of SK-II significantly improved the keratinocyte architecture associated with multiple skin aging visual and physiological parameters. Conclusion: Skin aging is a process involving mutual interconnections among epidermal keratinocyte cellular architecture, visual, and physiological parameters. The GFF-containing moisturizer SK-II effectively improves spatial architecture of keratinocytes in epidermis and these evaluated skin aging parameters in a new trajectory over the course of treatment. .

Expanded Follicle-Sulcus-Crack Complex Is an Early Warning Sign of Facial Skin Aging: Improvement by Application of Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-Containing Skin Product

Background: Wrinkles, pigmented spots, and roughness are representative parameters reflecting facial skin aging. Sulci cutis connecting to follicular orifices frequently form perifollicular cracks, which join together adjacent sulci. This follicle-sulcus-crack complex (FSCC) is exacerbated by dehydration. Purpose: Although dehydration is associated with facial skin aging, FSCC’s implications in facial skin aging remain unresolved. Method: We measured facial skin parameters in 1999 and 2010 in 108 Japanese women, and in 2006 and 2016 in 182 Chinese women. We addressed whether expansion of FSCC is associated with other skin aging parameters. We also examined whether skin moisturizer can reverse the expanded FSCC. Results: In both clinical studies, FSCC severity as well as wrinkles, spots, and roughness significantly deteriorated with age. Notably, FSCC significantly increased as early as in subjects in their 20s, whereas wrinkles, spots, and roughness became conspicuous in those in their 40s or older. Moreover, subjects with more severe FSCC in the initial measurement exhibited significantly worse wrinkles, spots, and roughness in the second measurement a decade later. Dehydration was significantly correlated with expanded FSCC. Furthermore, FSCC expansion was reversed after appropriate moisturization by daily application of Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF)-containing skincare product (SK-II Skin Power Cream) for 4 weeks in 37 women. Conclusion: The expanded FSCC is likely to be an early indicator of facial skin aging. Appropriate moisturization may reduce FSCC formation and decelerate facial skin aging.

Trends of Noninvasive Radiofrequency and Minimally Invasive Treatment for the Management of Facial Aging

Various treatments for the management of facial aging have been performed among which noninvasive radio-frequency (RF;i.e., thermage) treatment and minimally invasive treatments are on the rise. The purpose of this study was to analyze trends of the treatment of facial aging in Korea and to investigate relationships between the use of noninvasive RF and minimally invasive treatments. A retrospective analysis conducted on data from 4021 patients showed that thermage treatment increased by 134.9% over 5 years. As a person ages, the rate of facial treatment with both the botulinum toxin (for the masseter and lines of the glabella, lateral canthus, and forehead) and the PDO thread lift increases. The use of the treatments, nasolabial fold filler and Silhouette Soft Thread, however, was not associated with aging. The patients receiving thermage treatment were less likely to undergo any of the other treatments including PDO thread lift, Silhouette Soft Thread, nasolabial fold filler, or any of the botulinum toxin treatments. Overall, the results showed that patients who had received noninvasive RF tended to receive less minimally invasive treatment.

SFSR-Age:一种基于人脸强语义的年龄识别算法

针对因光照、拍摄角度及图片质量等因素导致的经典深度学习算法难以有效提取人脸特征、人物身份识别准确率难以达到理想精度的问题,提出一种基于人脸强语义的年龄识别算法.首先,通过注意力矩阵增强人脸区域的特征权重,达到提取特征区域的目的;其次,使用级联双向长短期记忆(Bi-LSTM)网络学习时序帧之间的特征依赖关系,弥补部分特征缺失对识别精度的影响.在人脸数据集IMDB-WIKI和数据集Adience上进行测试,该算法的年龄识别准确率分别达到78.34%和77.89%.实验结果表明,相比于其他基于深度学习算法的方法,该算法在基于图片数据集的人物年龄识别任务上具有更高的准确率.

Facial Beautification Method Based on Age Evolution

This paper proposes a new facial beautification method using facial rejuvenation based on the age evolution. Traditional facial beautification methods only focus on the color of skin and deformation and do the transformation based on an experimental standard of beauty. Our method achieves the beauty effect by making facial image looks younger, which is different from traditional methods and is more reasonable than them. Firstly, we decompose the image into different layers and get a detail layer. Secondly, we get an age-related parameter： the standard deviation of the Gaussian distribution that the detail layer follows, and the support vector machine （SVM） regression is used to fit a function about the age and the standard deviation. Thirdly, we use this function to estimate the age of input image and generate a new detail layer with a new standard deviation which is calculated by decreasing the age. Lastly, we combine the original layers and the new detail layer to get a new face image. Experimental results show that this algo- rithm can make facial image become more beautiful by facial rejuvenation. The proposed method opens up a new way about facial beautification, and there are great potentials for applications.

基于自适应尺度混合海森滤波器的面部皱纹检测及评分

为解决全面部皱纹缺乏量化评价方法的问题,提出了一种基于自适应尺度混合海森滤波器(adaptive scale hybrid Hessian filter,ASHHF)的面部皱纹检测方法及评分机制。根据受试者年龄自适应调整海森滤波器的尺寸(σ)范围及步长参数并对其面部高分辨率图像进行滤波,基于81个面部特征点在滤波结果中去除五官、背景,仅保留面部皱纹,使用不同颜色将不同深度的皱纹检测结果标注在原始图像中,最后计算得分量化皮肤衰老程度。以专业医生标注皱纹为参考,50名受试者(年龄为22~65岁)的检测结果表明,相比于传统的固定尺度混合海森滤波器(fixed scale hybrid Hessian filter,FSHHF),ASHHF方法的检测准确率平均提升68.57%,运行时间平均缩短26.26%,评分机制结果与检测准确率的变化趋势一致。综上,本文检测方法能够准确、快速检测面部皱纹分布、深度及宽度,所提评分机制能够科学反映受试者皮肤衰老程度,有望为化妆品、医疗美容等抗衰方法提供功效量化评价手段。

面部深层脂肪室研究进展及临床应用

面部脂肪被肌肉、韧带、筋膜等组织分隔为一个个的独立的脂肪室,且被浅表肌肉腱膜系统(SMAS)分为深浅两层。面部深层脂肪室大部分位于SMAS及骨膜之间,起着缓冲、润滑、支撑等作用。深层脂肪室随年龄出现选择性的增大或萎缩能导致面部外观出现皱褶、凹陷等老化表现。在临床针对面部年轻化的治疗中,可以通过对面部深层脂肪室进行提升或填充等处理以达到恢复年轻外观、重现青春活力等效果。本文就面部深层脂肪室的解剖、老化改变及相关填充技术进行综述。

MEBO和SD-Ag治疗241例面部烧伤的疗效分析

目的:评价湿润烧伤膏(MEBO)在面部烧伤中的治疗效果。方法:分别采用MEBO和SD-Ag治疗面部烧伤,对其效果进行分析。结果:经统计学处理,采用Raddit分析,MEBO组治疗的浅Ⅱ度、深Ⅱ度、Ⅲ度烧伤创面效果明显优于SD-Ag组。结论:面部烧伤可首选MEBO治疗。

透明质酸无针水光注射配合黄金微针射频治疗皮肤老化的效果观察

目的探析透明质酸无针水光注射配合黄金微针射频治疗皮肤老化的效果。方法回顾性分析2021年7月~2023年12月来桂林市人民医院皮肤科要求改善面部皮肤老化的就医者60例,按治疗方式的差异将其分为A组与B组,各30例。A组患者采用单独黄金微针射频治疗,B组患者采用黄金微针射频联合透明质酸无针水光注射治疗(于射频治疗后第1周、第2周、第3周、第4周给予透明质酸无针水光注射)。两组患者均间隔3个月进行一次黄金微针射频治疗,2次为1个疗程。比较两组临床疗效、面部年轻化程度[面部皱纹量表(FWS)、皱纹严重程度评价量表(WSRS)]、面部VISIA评分、不良反应。结果治疗24周结束时,B组有效率高于A组(P<0.05);治疗24周,两组FWS、WSRS评分均高于治疗前,且B组更高(P<0.05);两组治疗前VISIA评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后4周、治疗后12周、治疗后24周两组VISIA评分高于治疗前,且B组治疗后4周、治疗后12周、治疗后24周VISIA评分均高于A组(P<0.05);两组患者不良反应比较,无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论透明质酸无针水光注射配合黄金微针射频治疗皮肤老化的疗效确切,可显著实现面部年轻化。

人际互动中沉没成本效应的年龄差异:面孔与行为可信度的作用

探讨人际互动中互动对象可信度对沉没成本效应的影响,及在不同年龄群体中的变化趋势。共设计两个实验,结果显示:(1)面孔信任度对沉没成本效应的影响存在年龄差异,即与年轻人相比,老年人与高信任面孔互动时表现出更大的沉没成本效应,(2)不同可信度信息对沉没成本效应的影响存在差异。老年人的沉没成本效应主要受面孔可信度的持续影响,而行为可信度对其影响较小。年轻人的沉没成本效应在初期主要受面孔可信度影响,但随着互动次数的增加,行为可信度逐渐起主导作用。研究揭示在人际互动中不同年龄群体对可信度信息的处理存有差异,提示在设计信息传递方式和决策支持系统中应当针对不同年龄段的个体采取差异化策略。

含有延缓皮肤衰老组合物的护肤品在面部皮肤年轻化中的应用效果

探讨含有一种专利延缓皮肤衰老组合物的精华液与面霜对面部皮肤年轻化的改善效果。将上述产品分别开展4周单一产品试验和12周组合产品试验。两类试验均为自身前后对照研究,分别通过仪器测试或医生评估,评价受试者皮肤光泽度、弹性、纹理等指标。结果显示,研究结束时,受试者相关评价指标均有改善,与基线数据相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。表明含该组合物的护肤品有助于促进面部皮肤年轻化。

融合主动形状与局部二值模式的年龄估算方法

为了更好地利用人脸图像中所蕴含的生物信息来提升人脸年龄估算的精确度,提出了一种基于主动形状与局部二值模式的年龄估算方法(An Age Estimation Method Based on Active Shape Model and Local Binary Pattern,AEM-ASLB)。首先,提取人脸图像的特征集合,该特征集合由脸部几何特征点和纹理特征信息组成。利用主动形状模型来定位脸部关键位置的特征点,面部皮肤的纹理信息则采用局部二值模式进行抽样提取;然后,利用高斯过程回归模型对提取到的几何特征信息进行训练,得到特征的直方图,并进一步归一化为纹理特征向量。经过实验证明,该方案能够利用人脸图像对年龄进行精准地估算,实现上也可以减少分类器的使用,整个方法思路清晰且简单易实现。

面部吸脂加埋线提升联合超声炮治疗对面颈部衰老患者的效果观察

目的探究面部吸脂加埋线提升联合超声炮治疗对面颈部衰老患者的临床疗效。方法选取2022年9月至2024年1月于驻马店广济心血管病医院接受面部年轻化治疗的60例患者,通过随机数字表法将其分为两组,对照组(30例)采用面部吸脂加埋线提升治疗,观察组(30例)在对照组基础上联合超声炮治疗,比较两组患者临床疗效、治疗前后皮肤状态、面部年轻化程度与疼痛程度及皮肤屏障功能。结果观察组临床疗效优于对照组,皮肤状态及面部年轻化程度优于对照组,视觉模拟量表(VAS)、经皮水分丢失量(TEWL)评分均低于对照组,皮肤油脂与含水量均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论面部吸脂加埋线提升联合超声炮治疗面颈部衰老患者临床疗效显著,可有效改善患者皮肤状态,促进面部年轻化,提升皮肤屏障功能,且对患者造成的痛感较低。

基于特征选择和流形学习的人脸年龄预测研究

近年来,人类外观年龄估计在个人安全和执法等方面的广泛应用,已成为一个热门的研究课题,并引起了学术界和市场的广泛关注。为了实现年龄估计的目标,大量学者提出了相关方法,其中,借助累积属性编码导出的模型通过保留年龄的邻近相似性来达到良好的性能。然而,上述方法忽略了提取的面部特征的几何结构。事实上,数据的几何结构会极大地影响预测的准确性。为此,该文提出一种通过联合特征选择和流形学习范式的年龄估计算法,称为特征选择和保持几何的最小二乘回归。与其他方法相比,该方法不仅保留了面部表征中的几何结构,还选择了有区别性的特征。最后,在Morph2数据集上进行了相关实验,结果证明该方法达到了最佳性能。

氧化物陶瓷与Ag－Cu－Ti钎料的界面反应

研究了氧化铝和氧化铬陶瓷真空钎焊时陶瓷与Ａｇ－Ｃｕ－Ｔｉ钎料合金的界面反应，分析了加热温度（１０７３～１３２３Ｋ）和保温时间（０～３．６ｋｓ）对界面反应的影响规律，扫描电镜和Ｘ射线衍射分析结果表明：两种陶瓷均与Ａｇ－Ｃｕ－Ｔｉ合金发生反应，反应层厚度随着温度和时间的增加而增加，对于氧化铝陶瓷，低子１１２３Ｋ时，反应产物为Ｃｕ２Ｔｉ４Ｏ和ＡｌＴｉ；在１１７３Ｋ以上温度时反应产物则为Ｔｉ２Ｏ、ＴｉＯ和ＣｕＴｉ２，此时，反应层是按Ａｌ２Ｏ３／Ｔｉ２Ｏ＋Ｔｉ０／Ｔｉ２Ｏ＋ＴｉＯ＋ＣｕＴｉ２／ＣｕＴｉ２／Ａｇ－Ｃｕ呈层状过渡分布，对于氧化锆陶瓷，在整个试验温度范围，反应产物均为γ－ＡｇＴｉ３和δ－ＴｉＯ，反应产物也是按ＺｒＯ２／δ－ＴｉＯ／δ－ＴｉＯ＋γ－ＡｇＴｉ３／γ－ＡｇＴｉ３／Ａｇ－Ｃｕ呈层状过渡分布的．

长脉冲1064nm Nd:YAG激光与2940nm Er:YAG激光联合治疗面部年轻化疗效分析

目的:观察长脉冲1 064nm Nd:YAG激光联合2 940nm Er:YAG激光在面部年轻化治疗中的疗效。方法:对49例就医者采用长脉冲1 064nm Nd:YAG激光与2 940nm Er:YAG激光经口腔黏膜和皮肤表面联合治疗,治疗后3次评估其面部皱纹、皮肤松弛、毛孔及皮肤纹理光泽度的改善情况,测量鼻唇沟长度及角度。结果:医生评估:皱纹、皮肤松弛、毛孔、皮肤纹理光泽度的有效率分别为87.76%、85.71%、65.31%、81.63%;就医者自评:皱纹、皮肤松弛、毛孔、皮肤纹理光泽度的有效率分别为81.63%、87.76%、79.59%、75.51%。治疗3次后,面部皱纹、皮肤松弛、毛孔的改善有效率与治疗前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);鼻唇沟长度经治疗后明显缩短,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);双侧鼻唇沟夹角治疗前为(59.77±7.13)°,治疗后3个月为(59.42±6.76)°,治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:长脉冲1 064nm Nd:YAG激光与2 940nm Er:YAG激光联合治疗面部皮肤老化,临床疗效明显、安全且无痛,可有效改善面部老化症状。

80 CASES OF PERIPHERAL FACIAL PARALYSIS TREATED BY ACUPUNCTURE WITH VIBRATING SHALLOW INSERTION

Eighty cases of peripheral facial paralysis were treated by acupuncture with vibratingshallow insertion.The total effective rate was 98.75% and cure rate 88.75%.There was nosignificant difference in therapeutic effect as compared with the conventionalelectroacupuncture method(P】0.5),suggesting that shallow puncture by vibratings canalso yield satisfactory therapeutic results.

Acupuncture Treatment of Facial Paralysis Caused by Craniocerebral Trauma in 50 Cases

Cooperating with doctors in the Department of Brain Surgery, the author have treated 50 cases of facial paralysis caused by craniocerebral trauma in recent 3 years. The results are reported as follows.