Separate-layer balanced waterflooding development technology for thick and complex carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East

Based on the waterflooding development in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East,in order to solve the problem of the poor development effects caused by commingled injection and production,taking the thick bioclastic limestone reservoirs of Cretaceous in Iran-Iraq as an example,this paper proposes a balanced waterflooding development technology for thick and complex carbonate reservoirs.This technology includes the fine division of development units by concealed baffles and barriers,the combination of multi well type and multi well pattern,and the construction of balanced water injection and recovery system.Thick carbonate reservoirs in Iran-Iraq are characterized by extremely vertical heterogeneity,development of multi-genesis ultra-high permeability zones,and highly concealed baffles and barriers.Based on the technologies of identification,characterization,and sealing evaluation for concealed baffles and barriers,the balanced waterflooding development technology is proposed,and three types of balanced waterflooding development modes/techniques are formed,namely,conventional stratigraphic framework,fine stratigraphic framework,and deepened stratigraphic framework.Numerical simulations show that this technology is able to realize a fine and efficient waterflooding development to recover,in a balanced manner,the reserves of thick and complex carbonate reservoirs in Iran and Iraq.The proposed technology provides a reference for the development optimization of similar reservoirs.

Coupling and Long-term Change Characteristics of Forest Carbon Sink and Forestry Economic Development in China

[Objectives]To analyze the changes in of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,provide reference for relevant management decisions,ecological governance and resource and environment management,and promote the development of green low-carbon economy in China.[Methods]Based on the data of six forest resource inventories from 1989 to 2018 and related studies,the comprehensive evaluation model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,the coupling degree model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development,and the coupling coordination degree model of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development were adopted.The coupling degree of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development from 1992 to 2018 was analyzed.Stepwise regression and ARIMA model were used to analyze the influencing factors and lagging characteristics of forest carbon sink.The coupling degree between forest carbon sink and forestry economic development in China from 2019 to 2030 was predicted by autoregression and ADF test.The coupling between forest carbon sink and forestry economic development in China and its long-term change characteristics were also discussed in this study.[Results](i)The investment of ecological construction and protection,the actual investment of forestry key ecological projects,GDP and the import of forest products had a significant impact on forest resources carbon stock.The total output value of forestry industry,the actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects and the export volume of forest products had a significant impact on the forest carbon sink,and the actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects has the greatest impact on the two.(ii)The impact of actually completed investment of forestry key ecological projects had a lag of 2 years on the forest resources carbon stock and a lag of 1 year on the forest carbon sink.When investing in forest carbon sink,it is necessary to make a good plan in advance,and do a good job in forest resources management and time optimization.(iii)From 1992 to 2018,the coupling degree of forest resources carbon stock,forest carbon sink and long-term development of forestry economy in China was gradually increasing.Although there were some fluctuations in the middle time,the coupling degree of forest resources carbon stock and the long-term development of forestry economy increased by 9.24%annually,and the degree of coupling coordination increased from"serious imbalance"in 1992 to"high-quality coordination"in 2018.From 1993 to 2018,the coupling degree of forest carbon sink and long-term development of forestry economy increased by 9.63%annually,slightly faster than the coupling coordination degree of forest resources carbon stock and long-term development of forestry economy.The coordination level also rose from level 2 in 1993 to level 10 in 2018.(iv)The prediction shows that the coupling coordination degree of forest resources carbon stock,forest carbon sink and the long-term development of forestry economy would increase from 2019 to 2030.The coupling coordination degree(D)values of both were close to 1,the coordination level was also 10 for a long time,and the degree of coupling coordination was also maintained at the"high-quality coordination"level for a long time.[Conclusions]Forest has multiple benefits of society,economy and ecology,and forest carbon sink is only a benefit output.The long-term coupling analysis of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development is a key point to multiple benefit analysis.The analysis shows that the spillover effect and co-evolution effect of forest carbon sink in China are significant.From 1992 to 2018,the coupling coordination degree of forest carbon sink and forestry economic development was gradually rising.The prediction analysis also indicate that the coupling coordination degree between the forest carbon sink and the long-term development of forestry economy will remain at the level of"high-quality coordination"for a long time from 2019 to 2030.Therefore,improving the level of forest management and maintaining the current trend of increasing forest resources are the key to achieving the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in China.

Optimum development options and strategies for water injection development of carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East

Through the research on several carbonate reservoirs developed in the Middle East, the basic characteristics of different types of carbonate reservoirs are determined, and a set of high-efficiency water injection development options and strategies are presented. Hidden baffles and barriers exist in carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East, so the reservoirs could be divided into different separated development units based on the baffles and barriers characteristics. Flexible and diverse profile control techniques such as high angle wells and simple and applicative zonal water injection have been introduced to improve the control and development degree of reservoirs. Three principal water injection development methods suitable for different carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are proposed, including the combination of crestal gas injection and peripheral water injection, bottom interval injection and top interval production(buoyancy underpinning), and "weak point and strong plane" area well pattern. Based on the characteristics of very low shale content, fast and far pressure transmission in the Middle East carbonate reservoirs, a large well-spacing flood pattern is recommended, and reasonable development strategies have been made such as moderate water injection rate and maintaining reasonable production pressure drawdown and voidage replacement ratio, so as to maximize the recovery of reservoirs in the none or low water cut period.

Comparative Analysis on Transition Trap and Middle Income Trap in Current ＇ Economic Development

China now is in the vital stage of the economic transition,which is facing the severe challenge of spanning the middle- income trap.Only the clear recognization of current domestic and overseas situations,the vigorous implementation of self- dependent innovation,and the energetic exploitation of international market will contribute to the fundamental industrial restructuring and the early achievement of marching into high- income countries.

Spatial and temporal synthesized probability gain for middle and long-term earthquake forecast and its preliminary application

The principle of middle and long-term earthquake forecast model of spatial and temporal synthesized probability gain and the evaluation of forecast efficiency (R-values) of various forecast methods are introduced in this paper. The R-value method, developed by Xu (1989), is further developed here, and can be applied to more complicated cases. Probability gains in spatial and/or temporal domains and the R-values for different forecast methods are estimated in North China. The synthesized probability gain is then estimated as an example.

Life after recovery from SARS,influenza,and Middle East respiratory syndrome: An insight into possible long-term consequences of COVID-19

Viral infectious diseases have become an increased public health issue in the past 20 years.The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARSCoV-1)in 2002,influenza H1N1 in 2009,Middle East respiratory syndrome-CoV in 2012,and the current new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 have shown that viral infectious diseases are a major concern in the 21st century.As the world lives under the pandemic of a new coronavirus(COVID-19),knowing the clinical characteristics from those past diseases and their long-term outcomes is important to understand the current coronavirus pandemic and its complications and consequences better and plan for possible future outbreaks.Several long-term complications have been described with these respiratory viral diseases,such as decreased pulmonary function,pulmonary fibrosis,chronic fatigue syndrome,avascular necrosis of bone,polyneuropathy,encephalitis,posttraumatic stress disorder,depression,and anxiety.This article summarizes several studies describing chronic complications and long-term outcomes of patients recovered from these viral syndromes.

The ＂Middle Income Trap＂ in Economic Growth in Different Economies

Nowadays,more than 50%of the world population live in middle-income economies.Economies in the middle-income development stage are confronted with a number of challenges,such as economic restructuring,industrial upgrade and income growth.Therefore,academia around the world have paid much attention to theoretical and empirical researches of the "middle income trap " and long-term trends of global economic growth.Based on analyses about the long-term growth path of the world economy and the characteristics of different stages of economic development,this paper defines the "middle income trap" and its characteristics and examines,through a large number of cases from different economies,the reasons why "growth slowdown " arises during the middle-income development stage.These theoretic and empirical researches have reference value and heuristic meaning for China to actively respond to the challenges of the "middle income trap ".

The New Shift in the Cooperation of the European Union With Middle and Upper-Middle-Income Countries

The objective of this article is to analyze the new cooperation of the European Union,in particular with middle and upper-middle-income countries,in order to understand the development policy of the Union in view of the new global scenario,taking into account the new status that these countries have acquired and the implications of this entails in international cooperation processes.This leads us to delve into how the EU cooperates with the middle-income countries and more advanced developing countries.The contribution of this work addresses some of the challenges and perspectives that are currently being planned about the EU’s development policy,providing different elements of analysis and reflection on its future evolution.

The Prospects of Blue Economy to Promote Bangladesh into a Middle-Income Country

This paper draws attention to the prospects of sea-based economy to promote Bangladesh in a middle-income country through the sustainable use of marine resources. About three-fourths of the earth is covered by the seas. It plays the vital role in two important functions from ancient time known as the means of communication and the source of huge living and non-living natural resources. At present, the countries are becoming very much concerned about their marine resources to resolve many of the present and future challenges of their economies. Generally for Bangladesh, ocean is contributing a significant role to its overall socio-economic progress through rising up the economic activities across the country and especially to the coastal zone at southern part. This paper investigates how much Bangladesh is capable to take of or handle the challenges to become a middle income country through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In addition, it has attempted with a closer-look to find out the barriers or limitations of these activities from different angles if exist.

Continuing Professional Development: Perspectives of Kenyan Nurses and Midwives

Background: The purpose of this paper is to report the perceptions of continuous professional development by the nurses and midwives in a low resource country. These findings are part of a larger study on the experiences of nurses and midwives providing postpartum care in rural areas of Kenya. Besides being the main healthcare providers in rural areas, nurses in low resource countries have limited access to continuous professional development. Research design: This is a qualitative research guided by critical theory and Foucault’s concepts of power and knowledge. Focused ethnography provided the framework of data collection and analysis. 23 in-depth interviews were contacted, and thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Reflexive memos kept throughout the research process helped to ensure the trustworthiness of data. Findings: This paper will focus on the theme of continuing professional development (CPD) as a resource for a healthy work environment. While the knowledge of the nurses and midwives allowed them to provide care to the mothers and their infants adequately, personal and structural barriers prevented them from participating in continuing professional development. Discussion and Conclusion: A well-prepared nursing and midwifery workforce could have the capacity to transform the health outcomes of their clients through the application of evidence-based practices. Therefore, courses that are context-appropriate and meet the needs of different learners should be available to support the nurses’ and midwives’ professional growth. There is a need for more research on the nurses’ and midwives’ participation in CPD in Kenya, and the effect of CPD on specific health outcomes.

中东地区碳酸盐岩油藏钻井工程技术现状及发展趋势

中国石油自进入中东地区以来在该地区5个国家获得14个项目,已钻井3 200余口,其中作业者项目1 100余口。中东地区碳酸盐岩油藏通常从上到下分布4~7套储层,井深及温度压力变化范围大,主要采用立体井网多井型组合丛式平台钻井。巨厚碳酸盐岩地层岩性及压力系统复杂,地层软硬交错,漏失通道复杂,同层漏垮矛盾突出,钻井过程中普遍存在漏失、垮塌阻卡频发等问题。为此,系统总结了十多年来中国石油及西方石油技术服务公司在该地区的钻井工程技术进展与实践成果,着重介绍了中东碳酸盐岩防漏堵漏技术、典型薄弱地层防塌技术及定向井钻井技术,分析了中国石油在该地区与西方公司在钻井工程技术方面存在的差距,并结合中东地区油田目前钻井存在的问题及未来开发面临的新形势与新要求,指出中东地区未来钻井工程将面临深部油藏、低渗透及超低渗透油藏、大平台钻井、分层规模注采和老井利用等方向的发展需求,为该地区未来钻井工程技术发展提供了参考。

长江中下游城市内涝与雨季污染协同治理对策

针对长江中下游城市内涝与雨季污染协同治理的突出问题,对城市水安全、雨季水体返黑返臭风险和河湖水生态退化三方面存在的问题进行了论述。发现长江中下游城市河网密度高、降水量大、暴雨多发,同时人口密集、经济发展水平高,内涝、污染、生态退化等水问题突出;城市内涝频发,雨季污染造成某些城市水体局部返黑返臭,严重影响城市水环境品质,成为制约长江中下游城市绿色发展的重要瓶颈问题。提出了建立三级内涝协同防治体系、构建城市“绿-灰-蓝”设施耦合工程体系、协同推进水体品质提升与生态修复等建议。

带油环凝析气藏衰竭式开发中——后期提高采收率

针对塔里木盆地Y5凝析气藏衰竭式开发过程中地层压力和气井产能快速降低、生产气油比逐渐下降、凝析油密度和黏度逐渐升高、开发效果迅速变差等问题,将生产动态特征与地层流体组分评价相结合,重新认识该气藏为带油环层状边水凝析气藏,并采用数值模拟方法确定其油环厚度。为改善开发效果,提高凝析油气采收率,系统开展带油环凝析气藏衰竭式开发中—后期提高采收率机理研究可知:完善井网、实施循环注气开发能大幅提高油气采收率,注入介质以二氧化碳最佳,气藏自产气次之;注气方式以重力辅助气驱模式最佳。基于气藏类型和提高采收率机理研究,编制了该气藏循环注气提高采收率方案,预测原油采收率较衰竭式开发提高29.96%。该气藏循环注气开发后累计注气0.19×10^(8) m^(3),地层压力恢复4.31 MPa,气井产能恢复到方案实施前的3.09倍,可为其他同类型气藏开发中—后期提高采收率提供借鉴。

中东巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏分层系均衡注水开发技术

基于中东碳酸盐岩油藏注水开发实践,以两伊地区(伊拉克和伊朗)白垩系巨厚生物碎屑灰岩油藏为例,针对笼统注采导致开发效果差的难题,提出以隐蔽隔夹层为格架精细划分开发层系、多类型多井型井网有机组合、构建均衡注采体系为核心的巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏均衡注水开发技术。两伊地区巨厚碳酸盐岩油藏具有垂向非均质性强、多成因超高渗透层发育、隔夹层隐蔽性强等特征,基于隐蔽隔夹层识别与刻画技术、封隔能力评估技术,提出均衡注水开发技术,形成常规层系架构、精细层系架构、深化层系架构3种均衡注水开发模式和技术。数值模拟表明,均衡注水开发技术可实现两伊地区巨厚复杂碳酸盐岩油藏精细高效注水开发、均衡动用不同类型储量,并为同类油藏的开发优化提供借鉴。

我国中考体育政策的发展特征及优化策略

中考体育政策的转变指明了中考体育发展与改革的方向,并为中考体育与学校体育相互衔接作出了相应铺垫。回顾我国自改革开放以来制定的众多中考体育政策,梳理发展脉络,总结改革经验,是学史明理的生动体现。运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法对以往相关中考体育政策进行研究,归纳总结出中考体育政策发展历程中,政策的制定呈现管理主体多元化、分值比重扩大化、项目选择多样化、方法手段“强制化”等特征,为此提出优化策略为完善中考体育政策制度体系、加强中考体育政策实施监管、细化中考体育政策具体内容、统一中考体育政策发展目标。

女性中层管理者职业继续发展阻碍因素的探索研究

为定位“玻璃天花板”的最关键因素及特殊阶段呈现的重要因素,文章聚焦“分水岭”阶段的女性中层管理者群体,构建女性职业发展阻碍因素的理论模型。结果表明,影响女性中层管理者职业继续发展的因素及作用机制可以结合能力—动机—机会(Ability-Motivation-Opportunity,AMO)框架加以理解。组织结构同质化、结构性晋升阻碍和职场性别劣势限制了女性中层管理者职业继续发展机会;社会性别分工认同、工作-家庭平衡成功观,以及低职场性别效能削弱了女性中层管理者职业继续发展的动机;由于工作压力和社会性别评价压力,以及职场任务导向认知、工具性内隐领导原型和性别特质的影响,许多女性中层管理者呈现出侧重任务导向,但任务导向执行低效的领导行为特点,降低了女性中层管理者的领导力,进而制约了女性中层管理者的职业继续发展能力。

产业空间关联网络对城市群经济韧性的影响——基于长江中游城市群数据的实证分析

近年来,国内外各式冲击频繁加剧,各区域所面临的内外部环境不确定性与日俱增,因而提高经济系统的抵御、调整和转型能力,即增强经济韧性成为把握新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念和构建新发展格局的题中之义。选取长江中游城市群内27个主要城市为研究对象,应用改进的引力模型构建2010—2019年长江中游城市群产业空间关联网络,并从社会网络分析的角度测算产业空间关联网络中心度特征,实证检验长江中游城市群产业空间关联网络的三大中心度特征对城市群经济韧性的影响。结果表明:产业空间关联促进了城市群经济韧性的提升,并且在金融环境好、市场化程度高的城市以及非工业城市中,产业空间关联对经济韧性的提升作用更加显著。进而提出有助于长江中游城市群产业高质量发展、经济韧性水平攀升的政策建议。