The Family Stipend Program （Bolsa Famflia--BF） has been implemented since 2003 as the main strategy to face poverty in Brazil. Its benefit is the transfer of income to poor and extremely poor families as well as to ...The Family Stipend Program （Bolsa Famflia--BF） has been implemented since 2003 as the main strategy to face poverty in Brazil. Its benefit is the transfer of income to poor and extremely poor families as well as to articulate the monetary income transfer with some structural policies, mainly education, health, and work. The BF has already reached almost 14 million of families and is implemented in all the 5,545 Brazilian municipalities, i.e. about ~ of the Brazilian population. The program requires the fulfillment of some conditionalities in the field of education and health, such as： enrollment and attendance of the children and adolescents in school; children must get basic health care; and pregnant women must receive prenatal care. The BF is considered in Brazil, according to Eduardo Suplicy＇s Law Bill 266/2001 sanctioned by President Lula on ]anuary 8 of 2004, as the first step towards creating a Citizenship Basic Income. The goal of this proposal is to present and to problematize the recent political and economic post Lula and Dilma Administrations situation in order to demonstrate the climate of regression in the social protection programs and the dismantling of the same social rights already conquered by the worker class and the poor population. Among the programs to be mentioned is the BF. The intention is to highlight the economic situation of a long recession and rise in unemployment rates besides the decrease of the workers＇ income and the repression of social movements, in order to develop an analysis of the BF in this context.展开更多
With the implementation of the policy of popularization of education, rural families make the choice of interests and behavior decisions through the calculation of their own benefits and costs, and gradually become th...With the implementation of the policy of popularization of education, rural families make the choice of interests and behavior decisions through the calculation of their own benefits and costs, and gradually become the main body of rural education investment decisions. The relationship between educational cost and income plays a major role in the rural family education investment. Based on the current situation of rural education in our country, this paper focuses on the risk of rural education investment and rural education costs and benefits, and then puts forward scientific, operational measures and suggestions.展开更多
Whether the generation affected by the family planning will benefi t directly is the key to test whether the policy implications are the same to collective and individual.There are researches on the family planning...Whether the generation affected by the family planning will benefi t directly is the key to test whether the policy implications are the same to collective and individual.There are researches on the family planning's consequences are usually in the macro-level.In order to discovery how family planning directly affects the individual,this paper use micro data from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS) 2010 to test the impact of family planning on children's personal income.The results shows that"quantity-quality tradeoff"hypothesis holds on human capital levels in China,and the implementation of family planning policy effectively increases children's education level,but the social capital effect of siblings is also reduced by the family planning policy.Considering the two kinds of effects,the family planning policy has not signifi cantly affect children's personal income.展开更多
Background: Cervical cancer is a significant health concern in Bangladesh, with high mortality rates due to limited awareness and costly treatments. The disease stages influence treatment protocols, ranging from surge...Background: Cervical cancer is a significant health concern in Bangladesh, with high mortality rates due to limited awareness and costly treatments. The disease stages influence treatment protocols, ranging from surgery and radiotherapy for early stages to chemotherapy and radiation for advanced stages, but survival rates decrease as the cancer progresses. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the economic impact of the disease and recommend cost-efficient strategies for prevention and treatment. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with a stratified sample of cervical cancer patients from selected healthcare facilities across Bangladesh. Data collection involved structured interviews and validated questionnaires. The study measured the economic impact, treatment costs, and other related expenses. Quantitative data analysis was performed using SPSS v22, MS-Excel, and R Programming, with Multivariate regression analysis and Post Hoc tests, including the chi-square test, applied to selected indicators. Results: All respondents in the study were female, aged 34 - 75, with 72.3% aged 40 - 50. Most were illiterate (38.6%) and housewives (95.0%). Additionally, 98% were married, 85.10% married before age 18, and 46.50% experienced their first menstruation before age 12. Families typically had a monthly income of 10,000 - 30,000 Taka, spending similar amounts on treatment. Significant relationships were found between educational qualifications, occupation, personal hygiene practices, history of oral contraceptive use, and age of marriage (p Conclusion: The article emphasizes the impact of monthly family income on cervical cancer treatment costs, stressing the need for comprehensive support services to address the financial and emotional burdens faced by patients. Improving access to quality care and implementing measures can enhance outcomes for cervical cancer patients in Bangladesh.展开更多
文摘The Family Stipend Program （Bolsa Famflia--BF） has been implemented since 2003 as the main strategy to face poverty in Brazil. Its benefit is the transfer of income to poor and extremely poor families as well as to articulate the monetary income transfer with some structural policies, mainly education, health, and work. The BF has already reached almost 14 million of families and is implemented in all the 5,545 Brazilian municipalities, i.e. about ~ of the Brazilian population. The program requires the fulfillment of some conditionalities in the field of education and health, such as： enrollment and attendance of the children and adolescents in school; children must get basic health care; and pregnant women must receive prenatal care. The BF is considered in Brazil, according to Eduardo Suplicy＇s Law Bill 266/2001 sanctioned by President Lula on ]anuary 8 of 2004, as the first step towards creating a Citizenship Basic Income. The goal of this proposal is to present and to problematize the recent political and economic post Lula and Dilma Administrations situation in order to demonstrate the climate of regression in the social protection programs and the dismantling of the same social rights already conquered by the worker class and the poor population. Among the programs to be mentioned is the BF. The intention is to highlight the economic situation of a long recession and rise in unemployment rates besides the decrease of the workers＇ income and the repression of social movements, in order to develop an analysis of the BF in this context.
文摘With the implementation of the policy of popularization of education, rural families make the choice of interests and behavior decisions through the calculation of their own benefits and costs, and gradually become the main body of rural education investment decisions. The relationship between educational cost and income plays a major role in the rural family education investment. Based on the current situation of rural education in our country, this paper focuses on the risk of rural education investment and rural education costs and benefits, and then puts forward scientific, operational measures and suggestions.
文摘Whether the generation affected by the family planning will benefi t directly is the key to test whether the policy implications are the same to collective and individual.There are researches on the family planning's consequences are usually in the macro-level.In order to discovery how family planning directly affects the individual,this paper use micro data from China Family Panel Studies(CFPS) 2010 to test the impact of family planning on children's personal income.The results shows that"quantity-quality tradeoff"hypothesis holds on human capital levels in China,and the implementation of family planning policy effectively increases children's education level,but the social capital effect of siblings is also reduced by the family planning policy.Considering the two kinds of effects,the family planning policy has not signifi cantly affect children's personal income.
文摘Background: Cervical cancer is a significant health concern in Bangladesh, with high mortality rates due to limited awareness and costly treatments. The disease stages influence treatment protocols, ranging from surgery and radiotherapy for early stages to chemotherapy and radiation for advanced stages, but survival rates decrease as the cancer progresses. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the economic impact of the disease and recommend cost-efficient strategies for prevention and treatment. Methods: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted with a stratified sample of cervical cancer patients from selected healthcare facilities across Bangladesh. Data collection involved structured interviews and validated questionnaires. The study measured the economic impact, treatment costs, and other related expenses. Quantitative data analysis was performed using SPSS v22, MS-Excel, and R Programming, with Multivariate regression analysis and Post Hoc tests, including the chi-square test, applied to selected indicators. Results: All respondents in the study were female, aged 34 - 75, with 72.3% aged 40 - 50. Most were illiterate (38.6%) and housewives (95.0%). Additionally, 98% were married, 85.10% married before age 18, and 46.50% experienced their first menstruation before age 12. Families typically had a monthly income of 10,000 - 30,000 Taka, spending similar amounts on treatment. Significant relationships were found between educational qualifications, occupation, personal hygiene practices, history of oral contraceptive use, and age of marriage (p Conclusion: The article emphasizes the impact of monthly family income on cervical cancer treatment costs, stressing the need for comprehensive support services to address the financial and emotional burdens faced by patients. Improving access to quality care and implementing measures can enhance outcomes for cervical cancer patients in Bangladesh.
