Comprehensive security risk factor identification for small reservoirs with heterogeneous data based on grey relational analysis model

Identification of security risk factors for small reservoirs is the basis for implementation of early warning systems.The manner of identification of the factors for small reservoirs is of practical significance when data are incomplete.The existing grey relational models have some disadvantages in measuring the correlation between categorical data sequences.To this end,this paper introduces a new grey relational model to analyze heterogeneous data.In this study,a set of security risk factors for small reservoirs was first constructed based on theoretical analysis,and heterogeneous data of these factors were recorded as sequences.The sequences were regarded as random variables,and the information entropy and conditional entropy between sequences were measured to analyze the relational degree between risk factors.Then,a new grey relational analysis model for heterogeneous data was constructed,and a comprehensive security risk factor identification method was developed.A case study of small reservoirs in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in China shows that the model constructed in this study is applicable to security risk factor identification for small reservoirs with heterogeneous and sparse data.

Assessment of Sedimentation Impacts on Small Dams—A Case of Small Reservoirs in the Lotsane Catchment

Sedimentation is a major problem for agricultural dams in Botswana, as it reduces the storage capacity and life span of the reservoirs. The process of sedimentation starts from day one of the impounding of water in any given reservoir. Even though a provision is made for every reservoir during planning for a certain storage capacity, specifically for sediment deposition, called dead storage, a major portion of the sediment gets deposited for many years of the reservoir’s life in areas other than the dead storage, and this trend cannot be reversed at easy cost. This study is aimed at the analysis of prevailing sedimentation processes in the nearby dozens of dams found in the Lotsane catchment located within the Limpopo Basin of Botswana, and focuses on assessment of annual sedimentation rate. A spatial analysis and modelling study was conducted based on the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and GIS to determine sediment yield and degree of impact of each reservoir for a given landscape, rainfall and catchment heterogeneity. Field observations and soil sampling were carried out in order to determine the factors that lead to reservoir sedimentation. Spatial data on the dams in Lotsane catchment were also collected from Ministry of Agriculture, which were used for ground-truthing, GIS-based calculations and model validation. The average sediment rate and sediment delivery ratio were found to be 1.74 t/ha/year and 81%, respectively. These are useful parameters to estimate service life of the dams and plan remedial measures related to sedimentation problems.

Estimation of Small Reservoir Sedimentation in Semi-Arid Southern Zimbabwe

Small surface reservoirs play an important role of providing ready and convenient source of water for various uses in semi-arid areas which are characterized by erratic and low rainfall. Lack of current data on reservoir capacity loss due to sedimentation is one of the challenges to the sustainable management of surface reservoirs. The study investigated the capacity loss due to sedimentation from 2000-2012, and estimated the trap efficiency of the Mutangi reservoir which is located in semi-arid Chivi, Southern of Zimbabwe. Hydrographic surveys, grab sampling and water depth-capacity methods were used to determine the capacity of the dam as of 2012. To compute capacity loss from 2000 to 2012, the 2000 and 2012 dam capacities were compared whilst the trap efficiency of the reservoir was determined using a set of empirical models that relates trap efficiency to the capacity-watershed area ratio and capacity-inflow ratio. The results show that Mutangi reservoir has a trap efficiency of 95% - 98% (av = 96.4%) and has lost 37% of its capacity due to sedimentation in 12 years (2000 and 2012). Rates of sedimentation were 8539 t·yr-1, 9110?t·yr-1 and 8265 t·yr-1 for the hydrographic survey, grab sampling and water depth-capacity method respectively, and the little difference in these figures demonstrates that any method can be used to determine sedimentation rates. The area specific sediment yield (ASY) ranged from 14 - 15.5 t·ha-1·yr-1 (av = 14.956 t·ha-1·yr-1). At the current rate of sedimentation the projected dead level of the reservoir will be lost to sedimentation in 8 years while the useful life of the reservoir is estimated to be 30 years. Capacity loss due to sedimentation is further complicating the already strained water scarcity situation in semi-arid areas and management decisions should be made based on the current sedimentation rates estimated by different methods. These results imply that management practices that reduce erosion, hence sedimentation in these small reservoirs should be practiced in order to prolong their lifespan.

Impact of the Small Town Construction on Original Inhabitants in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area——A Case Study in Lishu Village, Changling Town, Chongqing Municipality, China

Based on the five-year long dynamic tracking and investigation of the peasant households of the Lishu village, the influences by small town construction on the economy and employment of the original peasant households are discussed. On the one hand, small town construction plays a positive role in adjustment of the industrial structure of the original peasant households and in the transfer of their employment towards non-agricultural industries. On the other hand the economic growth of the original peasant households is not so well sustainable, and is so fluctuating. Moreover, the unbalance of income distribution of the said households has been furthered, and small town construction has made the existing labor surplus of the original peasant households more serious, particularly the women labor surplus.

The Influence of Land Use and Fish Farming on the Contents of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, K⁺and Na⁺in Pond and Reservoir Ecosystems in an Agricultural Small Watershed, China

It is not understood well that how the effects of land use and fish farming on the contents of alkali metals (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+) in small water bodies of pond and reservoir ecosystems at the watershed scale. In this study, the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ in water bodies were measured for 103 ponds and reservoirs used as fish farming or surrounded by different agricultural land use types in the subtropical hilly watershed of Jinjing (105 km2), China. The two important environmental factors of fishing farming and agricultural land use influenced the spatial variation the contents of alkali metals. The ponds and reservoirs in residential area had significantly higher concentrations of Ca2+ and Na+ than those with other land use types, reflecting the influence of domestic wastewater. Compared with those of natural ponds with non-fish farming, no significant increase of alkali metal contents occurred in fish farming ponds, due to the regular cleaning of ponds by farmers. However, the effect of fish culture on alkali metal contents was still supported indirectly by the fact that the alkali metal contents significantly correlated with nitrate contents in fish farming ponds and but high related with that of DIP in natural ponds. The suitability assessment for irrigation on the pond water indicated that almost all of ponds were suitable for irrigation except some ponds surrounded by residential area and tea plantation. Generally, our results demonstrated that fish farming and agricultural land use affected the contents of alkali metals in ponds and reservoirs. The agricultural water irrigation would be with caution from the ponds with tea plantation and residential area in the subtropical hilly watershed.

基于改进YOLOX的水库水面漂浮物目标检测算法

针对目前水库水面小目标漂浮物检测识别精度低的问题,提出基于改进YOLOX的水库水面漂浮物目标检测算法。此算法引入新型dark2模块融入主干网络并拓展主干网络的分支输出结构,提升主干网络对图片的特征提取能力。在此基础上,提出改进特征融合模块(ZL-FPN),用于增强特征图信息融合,提高对水库水面小目标漂浮物的检测精度。结果表明:改进后算法的mAP值比YOLOv4和原YOLOX算法分别提升了29.93%和12.11%,有效提升了水库水面漂浮物检测精度。研究成果可为提升水库智能化管理水平提供有效技术支撑。

基于Django的小水库雨水工情一体化监测平台研究与开发

文章基于Django的开发框架,研究开发了小型水库雨水工情一体化监测信息管理平台,解决了平台开发过程中Web应用扩展开发困难、表单处理能力不足、数据库开发要求较高等问题,可实现小型水库雨量、水位、大坝渗压自动监测和信息综合展示功能。工程数据试验表明,该平台可靠、可高速运行。

山东省小型水库专业化管护模式实践研究

小型水库专业化管护是破解小型水库安全难题的重要举措,随着小型水库管理体制改革不断深化,各地探索实行的管护模式具有相似性,也表现出区域差异性。以山东省小型水库管护模式建设为例,在梳理山东省基层管护现状、管护模式分类和管护模式组织机构基础上,选取16个典型县区进行管护模式实践成效分析,总结得到不同管护模式的适应条件与建设要点。从管护模式推行、工程基础、管护企业培育、巡库员队伍建设、智慧化管护等方面提出了小型水库专业化管护模式长效运行相关建议。

沿海中小河流域地表-地下水库联合调控洪水资源利用研究:Ⅰ.方法与模型

针对沿海中小河流域地表-地下水库复杂工程系统,因缺少联合调控方法而导致洪水资源利用难的问题,解析地表-地下水库系统结构与功能,定量模拟地表水库调度、闸坝调控下河流和地下水动力过程,并利用智能替代模型提升水动力过程计算速度;在此基础上通过研发时/日/月多时间尺度模型耦合嵌套方法,构建了兼顾计算精度与效率的地表-地下水库联合调控模型。该模型实现了洪水、地表-地下水相互作用和供水等时间尺度差异明显的调节过程的统一调配,可为沿海中小河流域洪水资源利用提供新思路与技术支撑。

小型水库洪水预报模型研究及应用

针对缺资料地区小型水库入库洪水预报难的问题,构建了一种小型水库入库洪水预报模型,其产流模块采用SCS模型,汇流模块采用地貌瞬时单位线,模型参数基于高精度地形地貌数据确定,不依赖于实测流量资料进行模型参数率定,并在安徽省永堌水库进行了应用。采用1818号台风“温比亚”期间永堌水库强降雨洪水进行了验证分析,应用结果表明,构建的模型对该场次洪水过程两次洪峰模拟值与专家反推的入库洪峰较为一致,相对误差分别为3.2%和-11.8%,均在±20%以内,峰现时差均为0,径流深模拟相对误差为-19.2%,确定性系数为0.949,说明建立的小型水库入库洪水预报模型对本次降雨洪水模拟效果较好,对其他小型水库入库洪水预报具有较好的参考和借鉴意义。

广东雨窝地形下中小水库极端降水及其发生时间的特征分析

广东清新—佛冈—龙门是广东三大暴雨中心之一,历史上曾多次发生洪涝灾害,大秦、银盏、良洞和黄龙带四座中小水库地处该雨窝中心,因而提升其防洪减灾及水资源管理能力亟待研究。利用研究区域内93个站点的历史逐日雨量数据,基于EEMD分解、圆形统计和R/S分析等方法,对这四座中小水库的极端降水及其发生时间的特征进行分析。结果表明,四座水库各极端降水指数主要表现为准3、7年的年际变化周期;四座水库的极端降水主要发生在前汛期,且未来发生时间仍会高度集中;良洞水库具有最强的降水强度和极值降水,大秦和银盏水库的降水极端性在未来有增强趋势,应特别关注;在年初的冬季至秋季需做好四座水库灾害性天气的监测和预警,其中春夏季需重点关注良洞水库极端降水的发生。

江苏油田复杂小断块高含水油藏注采井网优化技术

江苏油田复杂小断块油藏经过长期的注水开发后,目前处于中高含水开发期。现阶段储层非均质性对注采井网的影响更加突出,局部存在低效无效注水循环问题,亟需优化调整注采井网。根据非均质油藏剩余油富集类型和影响因素,在原井网基础上,利用油藏数值模拟方法,开展相控条件下的注采井网优化技术政策研究。根据模拟结果,确立了抽稀井网和转注高含水油井两种注采井网优化技术的政策界限,指导陈2断块、韦2断块注采井网优化调整,取得了良好的应用效果,为改善高含水油藏水驱开发效果提供了技术支撑。

上游水库实际调度对桓仁水库入库洪水影响分析

本文以浑江流域2010年两场洪水为研究背景,分析桓仁水库上游中小型水库实际调度对桓仁水库入库洪水的影响,得出以下结论:在2010年7月28日—8月3日7天洪水过程中,上游4库的调度运行使桓仁水库入库水量增加1306万m3,占桓仁水库同期来水量的1.12%,整个洪水期,上游水库的调度使桓仁水库入库总水量有所增加。在2010年8月27日—9月2日7天洪水过程中,上游4库的调度运行使桓仁水库入库水量减少670万m^(3),占桓仁水库同期来水量的0.71%,上游水库的调度使桓仁水库入库总水量有所减少。应用此研究成果可提高浑江流域水文预报的精确度,研究成果为同类调度提供参考。

Discovery and petroleum geological significance of delta in the third member of Oligocene Lingshui Formation in southern Baodao Sag,Qiongdongnan Basin,South China Sea

Based on the 3D seismic data and the analysis and test data of lithology,electricity,thin sections and chronology obtained from drilling of the Qiongdongnan Basin,the characteristics and the quantitative analysis of the source-sink system are studied of the third member of the Upper Oligocene Lingshui Formation(Ling 3 Member)in the southern fault step zone of the Baodao Sag.First,the YL10 denudation area of the Ling 3 Member mainly developed two fluvial systems in the east and west,resulting in the formation of two dominant sand transport channels and two delta lobes in southern Baodao Sag,which are generally large in the west and small in the east.The evolution of the delta has experienced four stages:initiation,prosperity,intermittence and rejuvenation.Second,the source-sink coupled quantitative calculation is performed depending on the parameters of the delta sand bodies,including development phases,distribution area,flattening thickness,area of different parent rocks,and sand-forming coefficient,showing that the study area has the material basis for the formation of large-scale reservoir.Third,the drilling reveals that the delta of the Ling 3 Member is dominated by fine sandstone,with total sandstone thickness of 109-138 m,maximum single-layer sandstone thickness of 15.5-30.0 m,and sand-to-strata ratio of 43.7%-73.0%,but the physical properties are different among the fault steps.Fourth,the large delta development model of the small source area in the step fault zone with multi-stage uplift is established.It suggests that the episodic uplift provides sufficient sediments,the fluvial system and watershed area control the scale of the sand body,the multi-step active fault steps dominate the sand body transport channel,and local fault troughs decide the lateral propulsion direction of the sand body.The delta of the Ling 3 Member is coupled with fault blocks to form diverse traps,which are critical exploration targets in southern Baodao Sag.

小型水库大坝无人机巡检和行人定位方法

针对小型水库大坝缺少准确的坐标转换参数,无人机识别的行人目标难以精确三维定位的问题,提出无人机坐标系与坝体局部坐标系的转换方法。实际工程应用结果表明,坐标转换后生成的点云与激光扫描点云基本一致,对坝顶目标的非接触测量精度优于10cm。提出方法可以从任意角度和位置准确测量小目标行人在坝体结构上的位置,为小型水库大坝无人机常规巡检和建立电子围栏等提供高效且经济的方法。

基于气象水文耦合的水库实时洪水预报方法

以水库实时洪水预报为研究对象,针对中小流域预见期短,流域天然预见期难以满足水利工程生产要求的问题,研究水库实时洪水预报方法,构建基于气象水文耦合的水库实时洪水预报模型。首先,采用短时临近外推技术及STMAS-WAF中尺度天气模式,建立24 h降水预报模型;然后将气象预报成果耦合至水文预报,实现气象水文的时空尺度匹配;最后建立基于来水预报成果反馈的降水预报修正方法,根据前期规律滚动修正未来24 h降水预报成果,将修正后的降水预报输入水文模型,实时预测水库来水,使水文模型从源头上实现准确输入,实现高精度长预见期的水库实时洪水预报,解决了传统水文模型预见期不足的问题。以新安江水库为例开展了模型的实例研究,编制新安江水库气象水文耦合预报方案,进行水库实时洪水预报,并探讨不同降雨输入形式对预报精度的影响,研究结果表明:基于气象水文耦合的水库实时洪水预报方法考虑了气象水文的双向反馈,将新安江水库实时洪水预报预见期从6 h左右提升至18 h,确保18 h预见期内预报精度在80%以上。与不考虑降水预报及使用未修正降水预报的2种传统方法的有效预见期相比,新方法的有效预见期分别提升了200%和29%,有效延长了水库实时洪水预报预见期,提高了洪水预报服务能力,给水库实时洪水预报提供了一种行之有效的方法。

广东省某县小型水库除险加固设计中遇到的隐患及对策分析

广东省内某县的小型水库大多建设在20世纪的50、60年代,以均质土坝为主。这些水库建设时期较早,大多存在土坝漏水、牛皮胀、输水涵管老化破漏和土溢洪道经常受冲破坏等一系列问题。基于此,通过分析小型水库中存在的常见问题,结合现今的加固技术,从挡水建筑、泄水建筑及输水建筑3个方面分别叙述、讨论针对常见问题适用的加固措施,为今后类似的小型水库加固设计项目提供一定的参考。

小型水库调洪演算及日常管养工作研究

以晋江市东山水库为例,根据小型水库调查测绘情况,梳理水库设施存在的问题并分析原因,提出相应的措施建议.对试运行的小型水库山围塘日常管理和养护制度进行评估分析,提出更科学合理、契合当地实际的日常管养方案,研究维修养护部分(除草、灭蚁、灌浆)市场化运作方案及成本核算等.其成果可为其他地区小型水库山塘调洪演算及日常管养工作提供借鉴参考.

小型水库除险加固防渗提升技术应用研究

水利工程除险加固对于水库的长期安全运行至关重要,水磨坑水库建成年代早,影响水库安全稳定的工程地质条件复杂,同时坝体存在渗流安全稳定隐患,亟需提升大坝防渗能力。以水磨坑水库为研究背景,从混凝土防渗墙、坝基帷幕灌浆和重设排水棱体等多方面,针对大坝渗流和安全稳定进行加固优化提升,并进行复核分析,提出合理的变形渗流监测补充措施。

塔河油田碳酸盐岩小尺度缝洞体的预测识别技术研究及应用

针对塔河油田小尺度缝洞体分布零散、种类复杂、识别动用难度大的特点,常规缝洞体检测技术如反演阻抗、分频振幅、杂乱度等方法不能很好刻画小尺度缝洞体。基于绕射波识别的方法原理,从小尺度缝洞正演模拟分析入手,运用绕射波分离技术,在地震数据中去除反射波,对绕射波进行单独成像。实际资料应用表明,绕射波分离成像技术提高小尺度缝洞体的横向分辨能力,对小尺度缝洞有明显聚焦成像效果,提升小尺度缝洞体的预测精度,提高缝洞型储层的油气藏识别能力,实现对有利储层发育区的有效预测。