Artificial Intelligence;a Pragmatic Approach to Implementation in Medicine, a Review of the literature and a Survey of Local Practice in Midlands in UK

The use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) for clinical pathway management and decision making is believed to improve clinical care and has been used to improve pathways for treatment in most medical disciplines. Methods: A literature review was undertaken to identify the hurdles and steps required to introduce supported clinical decision-making using AI within hospitals. This was supported by a survey of local hospital practice within the Midlands of the United Kingdom to see what systems had been introduced and were functioning effectively. Results: It is unclear how to practically implement systems using AI within medicine easily. Algorithmic medicine based on a set of rules calculated from data only takes a clinician so far to deliver patient centred optimal treatment. AI facilitates a clinician’s ability to assimilate data from disparate sources and can help with some of the analysis and decision making. However, learning remains organic and the subtleties of difference between patients, care providers who exhibit non-verbal communication for instance make it difficult for an AI to capture all the pertinent information required to make the correct clinical decision for any given individual. Hence it assists rather than controls any process in clinical practice. It also must continually renew and adapt considering changes in practise and trends as the goalposts change to meet fluctuations in resources and workload. Precision surgery is benefiting from robotic-assisted surgery in parts driven by AI and being used in 80% of trusts locally. Conclusion: The use of AI in clinical practice remains patchy with it being adopted where research groups have studied a more effective method of monitoring or treatment. The use of robotic-assisted surgery on the other hand has been more rapid as the precision of treatment that this provides appears attractive in improving clinical care.

A Toxicological Assessment of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals Found in the BMW (Border, Midland and Western) Region of Ireland

A battery of tests was established to determine the oestrogenic, mutagenic and genotoxic potential of two categories of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), phthalates and alkylphenols. Diisononylphthalate (DINP), diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), dibutylphthalate (DBP), diisododecylphthalate (DIDP) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) were oestrogenic in the yeast estrogen screen (YES) assay and potently oestrogenic in the MVLN and E-SCREEN assays at environmentally relevant concentrations. DINP and 4-NP were mutagenic in the Ames assay and also induced significant levels of unscheduled DNA synthesis and DNA strand breakage. Significant induction in the percentage of cells containing micronuclei was observed after treatment with DINP, DEHP and 4-NP. In addition, sewage effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the Border, Midlands and Western (BMW) region of Ireland were significantly oestrogenic in the YES assay. Moreover, analysis of levels of phthalates and alkylphenol identified in Irish rivers receiving treated effluent showed potent oestrogenicity in the YES assay. The proliferative and genotoxic ability of the phthalates and alkylphenol, and the oestrogenicity of the treated effluents reported here, is significant as these EDCs and EDCs within the effluent may play a role in the etiology of human abnormalities.

Agent Orange Chemical Plant Locations in the United States and Canada: Environmental and Human Health Impacts

During the Vietnam War, millions of liters of six tactical herbicides were sprayed on the southern Vietnam landscape to defoliate forests, to clear military perimeters and to destroy enemy food supplies. The environmental and human health impacts of spraying these herbicides, especially Agent Orange and those formulated with mixtures that included 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) which was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetracholorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) have been documented over the last 60 years. The dioxin TCDD clean-up efforts at former military bases and other Vietnam hotspots are ongoing. However, the lesser-told story was the environmental and human health impacts on the communities and chemical plant workers who manufactured Agent Orange and other herbicides that became contaminated with dioxin TCDD in the manufacturing processes at seven locations in the United States and one site in Canada. The pollution at these chemical plant sites, adjacent rivers and groundwater is well known within each affected state or province but not widely recognized beyond their localities. In this paper we assess the national long-term effects on land, groundwater and river resources where Agent Orange and other agricultural herbicides containing 2,4,5-T with unknown amounts of dioxin TCDD were manufactured, transported, and temporarily stored. The sites where residual tactical herbicides with contaminated by-products were applied to public lands or disposed of by military and civilian workers within the United States and Canada are identified. After 60 years, these communities are still paying the price for the U.S. Government, DOD and USDA decisions to provide and use agricultural herbicides as tactical chemical weapons during the Vietnam War (1962-1971). There have been human health issues associated with the chemical manufacture, transport, storage and disposal of these herbicides related to workers who moved these chemical weapons from United States and Canada to SE Asia. Most of these dioxin contaminated tactical herbicides were transported via railroads to ports at Mobile, Alabama and Gulfport, Mississippi. They were then loaded on ocean-going ships and transported via the Panama Canal for use during the Vietnam War. The objective of this study is to document the environmental and human consequences of the manufacture of tactical herbicides with dioxin TCDD and arsenic on the chemical plant, transportation, application, storage and disposal workers. The costs of cleanup of these North America chemical plant sites, transportation corridors, temporary and long-term storage areas, supply chain storage facilities with residual tactical herbicide, application, and disposal sites to date, is in the billions of dollars. Billions have been spent on hazardous waste incineration to destroy the dioxin TCDD or bury it in certified landfills. Government mandated environmental covenants are on titles of properties still contaminated with high levels of dioxin TCDD. If landowners attempt to rescind land use restrictions, many more billions of dollars will be needed to finish the environmental cleanup and restore natural resources. These cost estimates do not include the billions of dollars needed to treat the effects of dioxin TCDD exposure of U.S. and Canadian civilian workers who manufactured and handled these contaminated herbicides during the Vietnam War as well as address human health issues of their offspring.

The Urbanization of Chinese Midland and the Development of SME

The dual structure of industrialization and urbanization in China causes domestic under-demand in recent years. The development strategy of the small town determines the economy can only meet lower equilibrium. The route that emerges in the Midland is chosen to develop the regional key city or city to enclose actively, but this process will lead to new non-equilibrium that is pulled by the investment of government. Establishing a two-product model, this paper verifies that the endogenous motive force of growth of the urbanization is the division of labor, which also promotes the SME. So we draw a conclusion that the SME is the main force that can promotes the urbanization of the Midland.

What besides redox conditions? Impact of sea-level fluctuations on redox-sensitive trace-element enrichment patterns in marine sediments

Concentrations of redox-sensitive trace-element(RSTE) in marine shales have long been interpreted simply as redox proxies. However, the impact of other non-redox factors(e.g., sea-level fluctuation and seawater chemistry) on the enrichment of RSTE, especially molybdenum(Mo) and uranium(U), in sediments has been rarely reported. This study presents newly obtained RSTE datasets from the Upper Pennsylvanian organic-rich Cline Shale in the silled Midland Basin, U.S., to illustrate the influence of sea-level fluctuation on the authigenic accumulation of RSTE in marine sediments. A previously established transgressive-regressive sequence of the Cline Shale, a well-constrained high-amplitude glacio-eustatic fluctuation curve, and an accompanying episodic resupply of aqueous RSTE from the Panthalassic Ocean provide an ideal stratigraphic framework for determining the spatial and temporal variations of sediment RSTE enrichment patterns that responded to the episodic variations of seawater chemistry in this marginal silled paleomarine basin. Results suggest that although slightly higher median RSTE concentrations were observed in sediments from more reducing environments, the overall variation ranges of RSTE concentrations largely overlap among sediments deposited from a wide redox spectrum(from oxic to euxinic conditions) or different sea-level statuses in the Cline Shale. In contrast to the sediment RSTE enrichment patterns, the variations of sediment Mo/TOC and U/TOC ratios are coupled with glacio-eustatic fluctuation. The highest Mo/TOC and U/TOC ratios are commonly observed in sediments deposited during the highest relative sea-level(RSTE resupply), whereas the lowest Mo/TOC and U/TOC ratios usually appear in sediments deposited during the lowest relative sea-level(RSTE depletion). Our findings suggest that the benthic redox conditions recorded in sediment Mo and U concentrations can be greatly obscured and weakened by depleted aqueous Mo and U concentrations in highly restricted basins. Thus, the use of sediment Mo and U concentrations as redox proxies in these highly restricted basins should be tested and calibrated with other redox proxies.

氧化还原敏感元素在海相沉积物中富集的其他控制因素——海平面波动

海相沉积物中氧化还原敏感元素(RSTE)的含量长期以来被简单地解释为指示沉积期古氧化还原条件的参数.然而,其他非氧化还原因素(如海平面波动、水化学条件)对沉积物中RSTE,尤其是钼(Mo)和铀(U)元素富集的影响鲜有报道.研究分析并报道了美国Midland盆地上宾夕法尼亚统Cline页岩中最新的RSTE数据,揭示了沉积物中RSTE富集模式与海平面波动之间的时空耦合关系.前人建立的Cline页岩海侵-海退层序地层格架、海平面升降旋回以及来自泛大洋的周期性海水RSTE补给模型为揭示RSTE在Midland盆地海相沉积物中富集模式的时空变化提供了良好的基础.研究结果表明,尽管还原环境更强的沉积物中具有略微更高的RSTE含量,但Cline页岩中RSTE含量与沉积期古氧化还原条件或海平面波动未展现出良好耦合关系.相反, Cline页岩中Mo/TOC和U/TOC比值与海平面波动相耦合:Mo/TOC和U/TOC最大值通常出现在最大海泛期(盆内海水中RSTE得到补给);而最小值通常出现在最大海退期(盆内海水中RSTE快速消耗).因此,研究认为在水循环高度受限的封闭或半封闭海相盆地中,氧化还原条件对沉积物中Mo和U元素富集的影响被海平面波动和盆内水化学条件严重削弱.对于这类封闭或半封闭的盆地而言,在使用Mo和U元素作为氧化还原指标进行古环境恢复之前,需要与其他氧化还原指标进行校准和评估.

Machine learning classification approach for formation delineation at the basin-scale

Machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches have rapidly gained popularity for use in many subsurface energy applications.They are seen as novel methods that may enhance existing capabilities,providing for improved efficiency in exploration and production operations.Furthermore,their inte-gration into reservoir management workflows may shape the future landscape of the energy industry.This study implements a framework that generates predictive models using multiple machine learning classification-based algorithms which can identify specific stratigraphic units(i.e.,formations)as a function of total vertical depth and spatial positioning.The framework is applied in a case study to 13 specific formations of interest(Upper Spraberry through Atoka/Morrow reservoirs)in the Midland Basin,West Texas,United States;a prominent hydrocarbon producing sub-basin of the larger Permian Basin.The study dataset consists of over 275,000 records and includes data fields like formation iden-tifier,true vertical depth(in feet)of formations observed,and latitude and longitude coordinates(in decimal degrees).A subset of 134,374 data records were relevant to the 13 distinct formations of interest and were extracted and used for machine learning model training,validation,and testing.Four super-vised learning approaches including random forest(RF),gradient boosting(GB),support vector machine(SVM),and multilayer perceptron neural network(MLP)were evaluated and their prediction accuracy compared.The best performing model was ultimately built on the RF algorithm and is capable of an overall prediction accuracy of 93 percent on holdout data.The RF-based model demonstrated high prediction accuracy for major oil and gas producing zones including the San Andres,Upper Spraberry,Lower Spraberry,Clearfork,and Wolfcamp at 98,94,89,94,and 94 percent respectively.Overall,the resulting data-driven model provides a robust,cost-effective approach which can complement contemporary reservoir management approaches for multiple subsurface energy applications.

MIDLAND轧辊制造有限公司的制造技术和发展

为了满足现代轧机的迫切需要,轧辊已发展成为需要更先进的制造方法的复杂产品。 Midland轧辊制造有限公司专门制造轧辊。自1952年以来工厂的生产能力已扩大到年产20,000t成品辊,并且熔炼设备也由燃煤的熔炼炉变为感应炉和电弧炉。 Midland轧辊制造公司使用两种生产方式制造各类铸造轧辊,包括静态浇铸,即金属注入静态的铸模,和离心浇铸,即将金属注入旋转着的铸模。