Effects of Spinning Process on Intergranular Corrosion Behavior of 5A06 Aluminum Alloy

Aluminum alloy tubes were prepared by tube spinning.The intergranular and electrochemical corrosion tests were used to investigate the intergranular corrosion behavior of the 5A06 aluminum alloy blank sample and the spinning sample.Results showed that the intergranular corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.In addition,the electrochemical corrosion resistance of the spinning sample was higher than that of the blank sample.The EDS maps indicated a uniform element distribution pattern of aluminum and magnesium.Moreover,the phase composition and lattice constant of the samples were obtained by XRD analysis.The differences in microstructure between the aluminum alloy subjected to the spinning process and the untreated aluminum alloy were determined by EBSD.The differences were mainly attributed to the complex interactions among grain size,dislocations and grain boundaries.

Effect of grain refinement induced by wire and arc additive manufacture (WAAM) on the corrosion behaviors of AZ31 magnesium alloy in NaCl solution

Additive manufacturing(AM)of Mg alloys has become a promising strategy for producing complex structures,but the corrosion performance of AM Mg components remains unexploited.In this study,wire and arc additive manufacturing(WAAM)was employed to produce single AZ31 layer.The results revealed that the WAAM AZ31 was characterized by significant grain refinement with non-textured crystallographic orientation,similar phase composition and stabilized corrosion performance comparing to the cast AZ31.These varied corrosion behaviors were principally ascribed to the size of grain,where cast AZ31 and WAAM AZ31 were featured by micro galvanic corrosion and intergranular corrosion,respectively.

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of sintered NdFeB magnet modified by intergranular additions of MgO and ZnO

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of sintered Nd15Dy1.2Fe77Al0.8B6 and Nd22Fe71B7 magnets modified by intergranular addition of MgO and ZnO were investigated. Both the remanence and sintering density of the magnets increased slightly with intergranular additions of MgO and ZnO. There was a remarkable increase in coercivity of Nd22Fe71B7 after addition. Besides, the effects on magnetic properties and an improved corrosion resistance were observed. Compared with the native magnets without addition, corrosion potential of the magnets with MgO and ZnO additives was more positive and the current density in the anodic branch of the polarization curve was reduced. Corrosion resistance resulting from autoclave testing （2×10^5 Pa of steam pressure, 120 ℃） showed that the corrosion rate of NdFeB magnets reduced with the increase of additive amount. Microstructure observation revealed that MgO and ZnO additives were incorporated into the intergranular phases in the magnets. With the introduction of MgO and ZnO, more intergranular phase with high oxygen content was formed while keeping the volume fraction of all the intergranular phases almost unchanged, which may contribute to improved corrosion resistance. Furthermore, addition of MgO and ZnO refined the grain size of Nd22Fe71B7.

Intergranular corrosion behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel

The intergranular corrosion （IGC） behavior of high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel （HNSS） sensitization treated at 650-950℃ was investigated by the double loop electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation （DL-EPR） method. The effects of the electrolytes, scan rate, sensitizing temperature on the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS were examined. The results show that the addi-tion of NaCl is an effective way to improve the formation of the cracking of a passive film in chromium-depleted zones during the reactivation scan. Decreasing the scan rate exhibits an obvious effect on the breakdown of the passive film. A solution with 2 mol/L H2SO4＋1 mol/L NaCl＋0.01 mol/L KSCN is suitable to check the susceptibility to IGC of HNSS at a sensitizing temperature of 650-950℃ at a suitable scan rate of 1.667 mV/s. Chromium depletion of HNSS is attributed to the precipitation of Cr2N which results in the susceptibility to IGC. The synergistic effect of Mo and N is suggested to play an important role in stabilizing the passive film to prevent the attack of IGC.

Effects of Aging Treatment on Intergranular Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking Behavior of AA7003

In order to study the effects of aging treatment on the intergranular corrosion（IGC） and stress corrosion cracking（SCC） of 7003 aluminum alloy（AA7003）, the intergranular corrosion test, electrochemical test and slow strain rate test（SSRT）, combined with optical microscopy（OM） and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） as well as transmission electron microscopy（TEM） observations have been carried out. The IGC and electrochemical test results showed that the IGC resistance of AA7003 for peak aged（PA） temper is the lowest, with double peak aged（DPA） the moderate, and retrogression and re-aging（RRA） the highest among three tempers, which is attributed to the continuous feature of precipitation on grain boundary of PA temper and the interrupted feature of precipitation on grain boundary of DPA and RRA tempers, as well as the wide precipitation free zones（PFZ） of RRA temper. In addition, the SSRT results indicated that all three tempers AA7003 are susceptible to SCC in IGC solution, and the change tendency of SCC susceptibility（ISCC） of AA7003 for three tempers follows the order： ISCC（RRA）

Effect of mold and core preheating temperature on corrosion resistance of casting Al-12Si alloy U-shaped cooling channel

Temperature has an important impact on the corrosion resistance of mold with cooling channels prepared by casting method.The effect of preheating temperature of the mold and the carbon fiber core on the roughness and corrosion resistance of U-shaped cooling channels made of Al-12Si alloy was examined in depth.The experimental results suggest that as the preheating temperature increased from 273 K to 573 K,the roughness of the inner wall of the cooling channel reduced from 96.6μm to 77.0μm.When the preheating temperature continued to increase to 723 K,the roughness increased to 85.3μm.The wetting between the Al melt and the carbon fiber will reduce micro bubbles and waves on the channel wall as the preheating temperature rises,thereby reducing the roughness.However,with the further increase of preheating temperature,it will increase the solidification time of the Al melt.At this time,the carbon fiber and Al melt will take more time to react,which increases the roughness of the channel wall to a certain extent.The results of exfoliation corrosion show that the larger roughness will aggravate exfoliation corrosion.The prolongation of high temperature reaction time between the carbon fiber and the Al melt will lead to the segregation of Si,which is easy to cause intergranular corrosion.Therefore,reasonable preheating temperature has an important impact on the roughness and corrosion resistance of U-shaped cooling channels.

Improvement of Intergranular Stress Corrosion Crack Susceptibility of Austenite Stainless Steel through Grain Boundary Engineering

Intergranular stress corrosion crack susceptibility of austenite stainless steel was evaluated through threepoint bending test conducted in high temperature water. The experimental results showed that the frequent and efficient introduction of low energy coincidence site lattice boundaries through grain boundary engineering resulted in an apparent improvement of the intergranular stress corrosion crack resistance of austenite stainless steel.

Corrosion behavior of two heat treatment Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys in different intergranular corrosion solution

The electrochemical behavior of two kinds of artificial aged Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys in two intergranular corrosion （IGC） solutions were studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） and open circuit potential （OCP） at steady-state. EDAX result indicates that different artificial ageing methods change the composition and content of Cu and Zn in different zones. Zn/Cu depleted precipitation-free zone that plays a very important role in IGC is formed by heating the solubilized Al alloy for 135 ℃ at 16 h. All impedance spectra of the two alloys in two IGC solutions can be divided into three types. The two different states Al alloys takes on one time constant and two capacitive arcs at high-mediate frequency and low frequency in the NaCl+（NH4）2SO4 solution respectively; but in the NaCl+HCl solution, impedance displays one capacitive arc at the high-mediate frequency and an inductive loop at low frequency. OCP results show that more micro-galvanic cells in the NaCl+（NH4）2SO4 solution than that in the NaCl+HCl solution results in more potential fluctuation amplitude, and long-term drift of OCP is due to the long-term variation of the cathodic and anodic corrosion processes.

Acoustic emission detection of 316L stainless steel welded joints during intergranular corrosion

This study analyzes acoustic emission （AE） signals during the intergranular corrosion （IGC） process of 316L stainless steel welded joints under different welding currents in boiling nitric acid. IGC generates several AE signals with high AE activity. The AE technique could hardly distinguish IGC in stainless steel welded joints with different welding heat inputs. However, AE signals can effectively distinguish IGC characteristics in different corrosion stages. The IGC resistance of a heat-affected zone is lower than that of a weld zone. The initiation and rapid corrosion stages can be distinguished using AE results and microstructural analysis. Moreover, energy count rate and amplitude are considered to be ideal parameters for characterizing different IGC processes. Two types of signals are detected in the rapid corrosion stage. It can be concluded that grain boundary corrosion and grain separation are the AE sources of type 1 and type 2, respectively.

INTERGRANULAR AND EXFOLIATION CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF 8090Al-Li ALLOY

The A1-2.79Li-1.3Cu-0.7Mg-0.12Zr(8090) alloy has excellent resistance to intergranular and exfoliation corrosion as naturally aged, worst as peak aged and rather better as underaged than as overaged. The corrosion behaviour of the alloy is closely dependent on its microstructure. Under the peak aging condition, the coarse T_2 phase, which is continuously distributed along grain boundaries, has so low corrosion potential in comparison with the ma- trix, this makes the corrosion resistance of the alloy to be deteriorated by anodic dissolution along grain boundaries.

INTERGRANULAR CORROSION AND PHOSPHOR SEGREGATION AT GRAIN BOUNDAR1FS OF NON-SENSITIZED SUPERPURE AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL 00Cr25Ni22Mo2N

The corrosion behaviour and mechanism of superpure austenitic stainless steel 00Cr25Ni22Mo2N in urea processing environment was studied using metallography,SEM, TEM,SIMS and AES techniques.The results show that the gas extraction tube made of non-sensitized 00Cr25Ni22Mo2N steel suffered intergranular corrosion.Corrosive media penetrated not only into the tube wall through grain boundaries but also expanded from the boundary towards the interior of the grain.Neither depletion of Cr nor precipitates were found at the grain boundaries.However,P(and Si)was segregated at the grain boundaries to a great extent.Semiquantitative calculation indicates that the P content at the grain boundaries is about 25 wt-%,three orders of magnitude higher than the content within the grain.Sugges- tion is made that the potential difference between the grain and its boundary due to the segre- gation results in the observed intergranular corrosion.

Corrosion of Artificial Aged Magnesium Alloy AZ80 in 3.5 wt pct NaCl Solutions

The corrosion morphologies of aged magnesium alloy AZ80 were investigated by immersion corrosion tests, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, electrochemical measurement. The T5 heat treatment was carried out in a vacuum furnace, holding for 16 h at 177℃, and then cooling in air. The results showed intergranular corrosion （IGC） occurred as an aged AZ80 sample was immersed in 3.5 wt pct NaCI aqueous solution for 1 h and the narrow path attack progressed predominantly along the bulk β phase in the grain boundaries or took place in the eutectic areas. IGC was attributed to the network distribution of β phase along the grain boundaries, the depleted aluminium in the precipitation areas and the breakdown potential.

Corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steel with 15wt% chromium for the automobile exhaust system

The effect of chloride ion concentration, pH value, and grain size on the pitting corrosion resistance of a new ferritic stainless steel with 15wt% Cr was investigated using the anodic polarization method. The semiconducting properties of passive films with different chloride ion concentrations were performed using capacitance measurement and Mott-Schottky analysis methods. The aging precipitation and intergranular corrosion behavior were evaluated at 400- 900℃. It is found that the pitting potential decreases when the grain size increases. With the increase in chloride ion concentration, the doping density and the flat-bland potential increase but the thickness of the space charge layer decreases. The pitting corrosion resistance increases rapidly with the decrease in pH value. Precipitants is identified as Nb（C,N） and NbC, rather than Cr-carbide. The intergranular corrosion is attributed to the synergistic effects of Nb（C,N） and NbC precipitates and Cr segregation adjacent to the precipitates.

Study on Grain Boundary Structure and Corrosion Behavior of Copper Alloys

The grain boundary structure of Cu alloy was observed and the characteristic of the boundaries was studied,including 70∶30 cupronickel and 70∶30 brass. The results show that in the case of the 70∶30 cupronickel thin platelets with nickel and iron enrichment in it precipitate intergranular so that the alloy was sensitive to seawater corrosion. In the case of 70∶30 brass the situation of grain boundary segregation of different inclusions made the corrosion resistance of the alloy even worse. All of those were discovered through the corrosion behavior of the two different copper alloys served in various environments. The experimental methods used here were, scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and energy dispersive of X ray(EDX). The intergranular corrosion morphologies of those copper alloys served in engineering or exposed to seawater for a long term were given.

Study on the corrosion properties of 0Cr11 ferritic stainless steel for automotive exhaust systems

This study investigates the corrosion properties of 0Cr11Ti and 0Cr11NbTi ferritic stainless steels （FSS） for automotive exhaust systems. The results indicate that the base metal and weld seam of 0Cr11NbTi steel exhibit better intergranular and condensate corrosion resistant properties because carbon and nitrogen are stabilized by Nb and Ti, and the precipitation of Cr carbide is retarded in grain boundaries.

Through-thickness inhomogeneity of localized corrosion in 7050-T7451 Al alloy thick plate

The through-thickness corrosion inhomogeneity of 7050-T7451 Al alloy thick plate was studied using immersion tests, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), slow strain rate testing(SSRT) technique combined with optical microscopy(OM), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and transmission electron microscopy(TEM). The results show that the through-thickness corrosion resistance is ranked in the order of T/2>surface>T/4. And the 75 mm-thick 7050 alloy plate presents better corrosion resistance than the 35 mm-thick plate. The results are discussed in terms of the combined effect of recrystallization and cooling rate in quenching. Alloy with lower volume fraction of recrystallization and smaller grain aspect ratio displays better corrosion resistance. The lower corrosion resistance caused by the slower cooling rate results from the higher coverage rate of grain boundary precipitates and larger width of precipitate free zone.

Exfoliation corrosion of T6- and T8-aged Al_xCu_yLi_z alloy

The exfoliation corrosion behavior of a novel Al-Li alloy treated by T6- and T8-peak ageing was studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) technique. The surface morphology of corroded samples was examined by scanning electron microscope(SEM). The microstructure of un-corroded samples was observed by transmission electron microscope(TEM). At early stage of immersion in EXCO, EIS plots of the two differently processed samples are composed of a capacitive arc in the high frequency range and an inductive loop in the low frequency range. Inductive loop disappears with the increasing of immersion time and two capacitive arcs appear. T6-treated alloy has higher exfoliation susceptibility than T8-treated one, suggested by different exfoliation starting time, which is 23 h and 27 h respectively. T1 phase and equilibrium precipitate at the grain boundary of T6-treated alloy are larger in amount and size than those of T8-treated alloy. This is the main reason for the higher exfoliation susceptibility of T6-treated alloy.

Effect of aging on mechanical properties and localized corrosion behaviors of Al-Cu-Li alloy

The effects of aging on mechanical properties, intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion behaviors of a 2197 type Al-Li alloy were investigated, and the mechanisms were studied through microstructure observation and electrochemical measurement of simulated bulk phase. The main strengthening precipitates of the alloy aged at 175 ℃ and 160 ℃ are δ′ and T1. T1 precipitation in the alloy aged at 160 ℃ is delayed, which results in its slower age strengthening and over-aging behavior than the alloy aged at 175 ℃. Meanwhile, aging temperature of 160 ℃ causes more uniform distribution and finer size of T1, resulting in its better strengthening effect. As aging time and aging temperature are increased, the size of T1 at grain boundaries and the width of PFZ along grain boundaries are increased, leading to an increase in the susceptibility to intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion. It is suggested that better comprehensive properties can be obtained when the alloy is aged at 160 ℃.