The Status Quo, Dilemma and Path Innovation of the Citizenization of the New Generation of Migrant Workers

The citizenization of the new generation of migrant workers is the only way to promote China’s urbanization.Based on the development status of the new generation of migrant workers,this paper summarizes the difficulties encountered in the four aspects of employment,housing,social security and the education of migrant workers'children in the process of citizenization,finally explores four innovative ways of citizenization of the new generation of migrant workers,such as,strengthening vocational skills training to improve the employment quality of the new generation of migrant workers,improving the housing security mechanism to ensure that they have a place to live,improving the social security system to safeguard that they can be treated for their illnesses and the elderly,improving the distribution of educational resources to promote fair education for the children of them.

Establishment of Indication System for Evaluating the Citizenization Level of New Generation Migrant Workers and Its Application

Scientific and reasonable indicator system is the key for evaluating citizenization level of new generation migrant workers. With reference to basic connotation of endogenous and exogenous variables and in view of citizenization characteristics of new generation migrant workers,it built an evaluation indicator system including endogenous indicators based on micro-individual and exogenous indicators based on mesourban environment and macro-national policies. Besides,combining current situation of new generation migrant workers in Jiangsu Province,it evaluated citizenization level of the indicator system,in the hope of providing certain reference for evaluating citizenization level of new generation migrant workers.

Optimization for Dissemination Factors of Core Socialist Values in the Process of Citizenization of Migrant Workers

With the implementation of the national"urbanization"strategy,the citizenization of migrant workers has become an important part of China's urbanization process.The citizenization of migrant workers not only relies on the institutional reform to promote the exogenous citizenization,but also depends on the dissemination and cultivation of core socialism values,and it transforms traditional migrant workers into real urban citizens.Therefore,it is particularly urgent to strengthen the dissemination of core socialist values to the migrant workers,and it is necessary to systematically optimize the four elements of dissemination subject,dissemination object,dissemination medium and dissemination environment.

Study on the lack of social security employment in the process of citizenization of the new generation of migrant workers in Jilin Province

Jilin Province, the new generation of migrant workers is an important force in the modernization construction of our province, the new generation of migrant workers into the city is the urbanization of new generation migrant workers directly affects the industrialization in the province, city and modernization level, the new generation of migrant workers into the city has an important role in the urban and rural development. The citizenization of migrant workers is a necessary measure to conform to the trend of historical development, and the government has also been committed to the promotion of the citizenization of migrant workers. The problem of the citizenization of the new generation of migrant workers in our province is based on giving full consideration to the actual situation of migrant workers in our province and drawing on the problems of migrant workers＇ integration into cities in other areas. The citizenization of migrant workers is an important way to improve the urbanization of our province, has a direct impact on the modernization process of our province. To promote and realize the integration of the new generation of migrant workers into the city is an inevitable requirement for China＇ s national conditions and the development of the times.

Non-equilibrium Analysis of Migrant Workers ' Medical Insurance System under the Background of Citizenization

The participation of migrant workers in medical insurance of urban workers is a formal institutional arrangement. However,in reality,the insurance participation rate of migrant workers is low and the medical insurance taken by the migrant workers is not sufficient,which seriously hinders the process of the citizenization of migrant workers. The main reason lies in the unbalanced supply and demand of the current system. With the continuous advancement of the citizenization process,the rural migrant workers' demand for medical insurance has changed.However,our research found that the supply of medical insurance system for migrant workers is seriously inadequate,the system and the institutional environment are disconnected,the internal contradictions of the system are increasing,and a large amount of potential profits are accumulated under the current system. Potential profit is the motive force to promote institutional innovation and promote the reform of current system to strike a balance.

Migrant workers' citizenization creates demand for consumption

This paper examines the mechanism and avenues through which China’s current urbanization pattern acts uponeconomic growth.Drawing distinctions among rural residents, migrant workers and urban citizens, this paper provesthat citizenization will promote balanced and sound economic growth by reducing income gaps and enlarging urbansize and human capital.The mechanism and influences are simulated using the CGE model, and the result suggeststhat an increase of 10 million urban citizens (7 million migrant workers plus their dependents) can push the economicgrowth rate up one percentage point.Citizenization will promote China’s domestic consumption and fixed-assetinvestments, reduce dependence on international trade and create greater demand for services, all important means fortransforming China’s growth pattern awareness.

农民工市民化影响城乡融合发展的理论阐释与实证分析

将农民工市民化与城乡融合发展纳入统一分析框架,在构建城乡融合发展进程评价指标体系和计算农民工城市融入工资测算农民工市民化程度的基础上,基于2009—2021年省级面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型,实证检验农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的影响。研究发现:推进农民工市民化能够显著促进城乡融合发展;分区域看,农民工市民化对城乡融合发展的促进作用在中西部地区更加明显;通过加快农业现代化、加快农村现代化、促进基本公共服务均等化以及提高新型城镇化质量等作用渠道推进农民工市民化促进城乡融合发展。

义务教育可及性对农民工居留意愿的影响

利用2017年中国流动人口动态监测调查(CMDS)数据,结合地级及以上城市特征数据,以义务教育阶段子女随迁作为义务教育可及性的代理变量,研究了义务教育可及性对农民工居留意愿的影响。研究发现:义务教育可及性显著促进了农民工的居留意愿;社会融入是义务教育可及性影响农民工居留意愿的一个重要机制;义务教育可及性对农民工居留意愿的影响在有小学阶段子女、低学历和跨省流动农民工群体中更大;相对于超大特大城市和中小城市,义务教育可及性对在大城市居留的农民工影响更明显。

农民工还将长期处于“半市民化”阶段吗?——基于“嵌入态”生存理论

作为城镇化推进的重要力量,农民工在为城市创造财富的同时,却往往无法获得与市民同等的权利。随着新生代农民工群体对于融入城市、成为市民的需求越来越迫切,农民工市民化问题也逐渐成为社会焦点。基于对西方空间社会学理论的辨析和对中国农民工进入城市历史及现状的思考而提炼出的以“嵌入态”为核心的中国农民工市民化理论认为,“嵌入态”最终会演化成三种状态,即“嵌入”“融入”和“脱嵌”。农民工市民化过程就是农民工从“嵌入”到“融入”的演化过程。农民工“嵌入—融入”度是对农民工在此演化过程具体状态的评估,也就是农民工市民化程度,其取值范围介于0分至100分之间。2012年、2018年开展的调查显示,农民工“嵌入-融入”度一直处于“半市民化”阶段。随着新型城镇化的不断推进,越来越多农民工正沿着“城乡二分”→“表层嵌入”→“中度嵌入”→“深度嵌入”→“初步融入”→“基本融入”的方向演化。现阶段我国农民工正处于由“深度嵌入”向“初步融入”,从农民工市民化“瓶颈突破期”向“巩固发展期”转化的关键时期,农民工“半市民化”困境正在破局。

医疗卫生服务可及性对农民工市民化意愿的影响研究

本文基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据和中国地级市层面宏观数据,综合运用CMP模型、PSM方法、KHB分解方法等实证分析了医疗卫生服务可及性对农民工市民化意愿的影响,并进一步讨论了其影响机制及异质性。研究结果表明:第一,医疗卫生服务可及性会正向影响农民工市民化意愿,且这一结论在考虑内生性问题和进行稳健性检验后仍然稳健。第二,医疗卫生服务可及性的3个维度(可获得性、可达性、可负担性)均对农民工市民化意愿具有显著的正向影响。相比较而言,医疗卫生服务可及性对农民工市民化意愿的正向影响在第一代农民工和高人力资本水平、无患病经历、跨省流动与流入地为大城市的农民工群体中更为明显。第三,机制分析显示,医疗卫生服务可及性通过社会融入对农民工市民化意愿产生影响,间接效应占总效应的比重为42.744%。

农牧民工就地市民化的意愿情由与韧性赋能

推进以县城为重要载体的城镇化建设的根本初衷是促进农牧民工就地市民化,其首要之举是增强农牧民工就地市民化意愿。应用计划行为理论进行分析发现,农牧民工就地市民化意愿介于主动融入和回避退却之间,其就地市民化意愿是基于行为态度、主观规范、知觉行为控制、政策制度等因素考量的结果。从韧性视角出发,提出增强个人、家庭、社区3个层面的韧性,以及加强其优势资源联结度与打造韧性社区等策略,提升农牧民工的挫折应对能力,对其进行韧性赋能,促进其就地市民化。

社交能力、就业质量与农民工市民化

农民工市民化是现阶段推进农民工走向共同富裕的重要渠道。文章基于2016年与2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),实证检验了社交能力对农民工市民化的影响,以及就业质量在其中的调节作用。研究结果表明:社交能力能够促进农民工个人、子女及其家庭融入城市。在此过程中,就业质量有着显著的调节作用:就业收入、就业安全、就业晋升等因素均有不同程度的影响;农民工就业质量的提高能够缓解社交能力差异带来的市民化融入差距。因此,国家在促进农民工就业技能培训的同时,还应重视对农民工社交能力等非认知能力的培养,提高农民工的就业质量,为农民工有效融入城市社会、立足城市社会打下坚实基础。

数字化时代农民工市民化的“双重鸿沟”与跨越

数字化时代农民工市民化的乡城鸿沟演化成了乡城鸿沟和数字鸿沟的“双重鸿沟”。基于“双重鸿沟”的现实背景和框架分析了“数字鸿沟”引致的农民工“数字化贫困”及双重资本贫困对农民工市民化的阻尼效应。农民工由浅到深五个层级的“原生性数字鸿沟”会引发“衍生性数字鸿沟”,进而形成“数字化资本贫困”。“双重鸿沟”及“双重贫困”将对农民工市民化进程产生四个方面的阻尼效应,表现为劳动力就业市场上的分化效应、社会发展差异的强化效应、身份认同的排斥效应以及生活方式的固化效应。农民工“数字鸿沟”的跨越需要通过“架桥”联通工程、“搭梯”进阶工程、“填沟”托举工程、“善治”弥合工程和“赋能”助推工程,从数字化硬设施、软环境、培训、教育与赋能等方面组合施策。

农民工市民化进程中社会保障制度困境及优化研究--基于整体性治理视域

农民工市民化是社会经济发展的必然趋势,是解决农民工问题的根本途径。农民工享有社会保障是其市民化的关键,然而,农民工社会保障存在着法规不完善、制度碎片化、项目不健全和供给模式单一等制度困境,以整体性治理理论为指导,系统地分析农民工社会保障的制度困境,完善农民工社会保障的政府治理体系和支撑制度,优化农民工社会保障的制度环境,创新农民工社会保障制度,维护农民工社会保障权益,促进农民工市民化。

工作收入、社会保障与新职业农民工市民化:城市住房价格的调节效应

人口密集的大型城市催生大量收入较高的新职业,吸引农业转移人口定居,而人口聚集推高的房价又构成外来人口落户的障碍,共同构成新时期我国流动人口城乡双向迁移的重要原因。使用全国代表性数据研究发现:随着务工城市住房价格的提升,工作收入对市民化的作用在下降,而社会保障的作用在上升。实证分析表明,较高的就业质量是农民工市民化的基础,但新职业农民工以“保障换收入”在增加短期货币收入的同时削弱了获取城市公共服务的潜力,对其中长期市民化构成不利影响。

城市化进程中新生代农民工的落户意愿及代际差异——基于全国流动人口卫生计生动态监测调查的实证研究

农民工进城落户意愿是考察城市化进程的重要窗口,本文以受教育水平为依据,将新生代农民工划分为“高知”群体与“普通”群体两个类别,从经济、社会和文化融入等视角,实证分析了新生代农民工落户意愿的代际差异。研究发现,相较于“普通”群体,“高知”群体表现出了较高市民化水平与落户意愿。然而,“高知”群体受制于大城市落户门槛的现实约束,只能通过住房、社会网络等因素获得基本的“市民权”,以增进农民工的社会资本水平与个体发展的机会。因此,应该围绕着基本“市民权”提升农民工在城市落户的意愿,压缩城乡教育产品供给的差距,提升农民工的受教育水平,强化对农民工的职业培训与教育,促使其在经济、社会与文化层面向城市空间的融合。

The process and approach for the“citizenization”of Chinese rural migrant populations

China has a large rural migrant population,the country’s urbanization rate is low,and the cost of urbanization is high.These factors make the promotion of urbanization in China a long,arduous,and expensive task.By identifying and defining key elements of China’s urbanization transformation,this paper calculates the degree of China’s current transformation and proposes an approach based on systemic data to facilitate the continued process of transforming rural populations into citizens with full urban residential rights,herein referred to as“citizenization.”This paper finds that only about 40%of rural migrants had transformed into urban residents in 2011,and this share remained stagnant in 2012.Meanwhile,according to the sixth demographic census,the incomplete urbanization rate-calculated based on the difference between the share of the registered non-agriculture population as a percentage of the total population and the share of permanent urban residents-reached 23 percentage points.This thesis argues that it is necessary to advance the transformation process in a steady,stage-by-stage manner,including by carrying out multi-pronged efforts in various fields at various levels,and establishing a diversified cost-sharing mechanism,so as to achieve higher-quality,rational urbanization in China.

中国城市农民工市民化研究--以上海为例

中国特有的户籍制度,使人口城市化呈不完全、非正规特征。以上海为例,主要从微观角度,考察中国城市化过程中农民工的市民化特征,评价其目前的市民化水平,分析影响其市民化转变的主要因素,从一个侧面探讨和揭示中国不完全、非正规城市化发展的独特性、阶段性与规律性。目前中国城市农民工总体上已达到54%的市民化水平,尤其是其社会关系、心理认同等非物质维度的市民化都已达到接近60%的较高水平。即使受户籍制度以及以此为基础的二元社会体制的屏障,中国城市化过程中农民工的市民化仍然取得较大进展。

北京市农民工市民化水平及影响因素分析

加快实现农民工市民化不仅是城乡二元体制改革的需要,也是不断推动我国城镇化发展的需要。本文基于北京市农民工的居住条件、经济条件、社会融入、政治参与和心理适应五个维度的市民化水平,建立了北京市农民工市民化程度评价指标系统,并对影响北京市农民工市民化的主要因素进行了相关分析并提出了政策建议。

城市农民工市民化意愿影响因素考察——以上海市为例

以上海为例,对目前已迁聚城市并在城市工作、生活的农民工的市民化意愿及其影响因素进行了调查和分析。城市农民工的市民化意愿,主要受个人自然、社会、经济特征及区域环境条件等多种因素的综合影响,其中尤以婚姻状况、在城市的居留时间及找工作的困难等因素的影响最为显著。研究结论可为推进城市农民工的市民化进程及城市化发展提供一定的思路和依据。