Current status of medical support in military operations other than war in domestic and overseas

Objective: To investigate the current status of medical support in military operations other than war (MOOTW) in domestic and overseas. Methods: This paper mainly adopts the descriptive, comparative and induction research methods. The current status of medical support in MOOTW in China, America, Russia, Israel, Canada, had been studied through some official papers, and series of professional books by analysis the precise date in various kinds of emergency event. Results: The contrast shows that there is still a quite huge development in medical support in MOOTW, no matter in China, or in other countries. Conclusion: In order to strengthen the forces, besides building professional rescue teams, it is necessary to take a regular revise of plans, according to missions` needs.

Survey of the research on dynamic weapon-target assignment problem

The basic concepts and models of weapon-target assignment （WTA） are introduced and the mathematical nature of the WTA models is also analyzed. A systematic survey of research on WTA problem is provided. The present research on WTA is focused on models and algorithms. In the research on models of WTA, the static WTA models are mainly studied and the dynamic WTA models are not fully studied in deed. In the research on algorithms of WTA, the intelligent algorithms are often used to solve the WTA problem. The small scale of static WTA problems has been solved very well, however, the large scale of dynamic WTA problems has not been solved effectively so far. Finally, the characteristics of dynamic WTA are analyzed and directions for the future research on dynamic WTA are discussed.

A Predator-prey Particle Swarm Optimization Approach to Multiple UCAV Air Combat Modeled by Dynamic Game Theory

Dynamic game theory has received considerable attention as a promising technique for formulating control actions for agents in an extended complex enterprise that involves an adversary. At each decision making step, each side seeks the best scheme with the purpose of maximizing its own objective function. In this paper, a game theoretic approach based on predatorprey particle swarm optimization (PP-PSO) is presented, and the dynamic task assignment problem for multiple unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) in military operation is decomposed and modeled as a two-player game at each decision stage. The optimal assignment scheme of each stage is regarded as a mixed Nash equilibrium, which can be solved by using the PP-PSO. The effectiveness of our proposed methodology is verified by a typical example of an air military operation that involves two opposing forces: the attacking force Red and the defense force Blue. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

Organization and implementation of mass medical rescue after an earthquake

Over the past century, over 40 earthquakes measuring ≥7 on the Richter scale have occurred worldwide; of those, 10 took place in China and killed 600,000 people(accounting for 53% of the total number of global deaths due to earthquakes). On May 12, 2008, an 8.0-magnitude earthquake occurred in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province. In this disaster, 69,000 people were killed, 18,000 people were reported missing, and 37,000 people were injured, including more than 10,000 who were seriously injured. Trauma was the most commonly observed type of injury, with fractures accounting for 74% of all injury cases. On April 14, 2010, a 7.1-magnitude earthquake occurred in Yushu, in Qinghai Province. In this disaster, 2,698 people were killed, 270 people were reported missing, and 11,000 people were injured, including more than 3,100 who were seriously injured. Fracture injury accounted for 58.4% of all injury cases. After each earthquake, the Chinese Army Medical Services responded promptly, according to the previously established guidelines, and sent out elite forces to the disaster areas, with the objectives of organizing, coordinating and participating in an efficient and evidence-based medical rescue effort. After the Wenchuan earthquake, 397 mobile medical service teams including 7,061 health workers were sent to the disaster areas. A total of 69,000 casualties were treated, and 22,000 surgeries were performed. After the Yushu earthquake, 25 mobile medical service teams involving 2,025 health workers were sent. They performed 1,635 surgeries and created an astounding outcome of "zero deaths" in the aftermath of the earthquake during their treatment of casualties in a high-altitude region. Within a week after each earthquake, the military teams rescued approximately 60% of the total number of rescued casualties and evacuated approximately 80% of the total number of evacuated sick or wounded victims, playing a critical role and making invaluable contributions to earthquake relief. The experience and lessons learned from the rescue efforts of the Chinese military after the two earthquakes have highlighted several key aspects in emergency medical rescue: 1) medical rescue theories must be updated; 2) military-civilian cooperation must be stressed; 3) professional rescue forces must be strengthened; 4) supporting facilities must be improved; and 5) international exchanges and cooperation must be deepened.

An Optimal Method to Schedule Dynamic Maintenance Task with Subject Taken into Account

The task of maintenance organization is very heavy at wartime.The usability of armaments may be greatly improved by efficient task scheduling.In order to recover the battle effectiveness of units in battlefield as fast as possible,dynamic maintenance scheduling models with subject taken into account were built on the basis of analysis the feature of maintenance task.Maintenance task scheduling problem is very complicated.So it is decomposed into two sub-problems:static maintenance task scheduling and dynamic maintenance task scheduling problem with subject taken into account.Corresponding mathematic models were built to these sub-problems and their solutions were proposed.Dynamic maintenance task scheduling with subject taken into account is on the basis of static maintenance task scheduling.With the task changing in battlefield,dynamic task scheduling can be realized by repeatedly call of static maintenance task scheduling with subject taken into account.The experimented results show that dynamic maintenance task scheduling method with maintenance subject taken into account is valid.

War and Peace in Ukraine.A Legal-Linguistic Perspective

The current research overlaps a linguistic and a legal analysis of public international law in the Ukrainian case.Based on both official documents and public declarations,it explains the grounds for the wide range of understandings that the two common concepts-peace and war-may be bearing depending of the angle of looking at the matter and depending on the actor invoking them.The study develops the reasons likely to have been considered by President Putin when insisting to refer to the Russian military action started in Ukraine in February 2022 as“special military operation”instead of“war”and the cardinal difference in terms of legal impact for such a linguistic choice.It also builds on the elements which could serve as a basis for achieving a deal in obtaining peace in Ukraine,while tackling on the possible geopolitical,public communication and diplomatic hurdles,and offering clues for strategic analysis of the matter.

The ‘Freedom of Navigation’ Issue in Sino-US Relations

The ‘Freedom of Navigation' issue has been volatile and often influenced by Sino-US relations in recent years. This problem was rooted in different interpretation of the UNCLOS by China and the US. It has also reflected their different national Interests and maritime strategies. This issue has caused frequent frictions between the two sides and may lead to their future contest for sea power. At the same time, it also urges the both sides to set up new mechanism for confidence building that may help them to manage it in a more rational way.

Experimental study on neuroendocrinological and immunological characteristics of the military-trained artillerymen

Background Over one million soldiers were treated for battle- or training-fatigue during World War I1. Of all ground combat troops, 37% were discharged for psychiatric reasons due to fatigue. The neuroendocrinological and immunological systems played important roles in the work-related fatigue of military personnel. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of fatigue associated with military operations, and we observed changes in the regulatory functions of the neuroendocrinological and immunological systems that may provide theoretical support for improving the combat effectiveness of armies. Methods A total of 240 soldiers from the Field Artillery regiment were selected as subjects. Researchers and subjects received training before participating in the study. Data of the subjects＇ medical histories, physical examinations, scores on a fatigue assessment scale, and assessments of pituitary-adrenal hormones （adrenal cortical hormone （ACTH）, cortical hormone （F）, and 24-hour urine-free cortisol （UFC））, pituitary-gonadal hormones （luteinizing hormone （LH）, follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）, testosterone, estradiol （E2）, and prolactin （PRL））, pituitary-thyroid hormones （thyroid-stimulating hormone （TSH）, thyroxine （TT4）, triiodothyronine （TT3）, free thyroxine （FT4）, and free triiodothyronine （FT3））, and cellular immune parameters （CD3~, CD4~, CD8~, CD4~/CD8＋, B, and NK cells） were investigated before and after large-scale and high-intensity field exercises. Data were statistically analyzed with Student＇s t test using SPSS software （version 13.0）, and P values 〈0.05 were deemed to be significant. Results After the high-intensity military training, the scores on the fatigue scale reflected significant increases of feeling of unpleasantness among soldiers. Additionally, the symptom checklist showed notable increases in somatization scores and significant decreases in psychoticism scores. After intensive military work, levels of plasma ACTH, F, and UFC of soldiers were decreased （P 〈0.01）. The level of testosterone decreased significantly after the maneuver （（23.51_＋6.49） versus （18.89_＋5.89） nmol/L; P 〈0.001）, whereas the thyroid function （＇1-1-3, FT4, and FT3） was markedly increased after the maneuver （P 〈0.01）. The number of CD3~, CD4~, CD4~/CD8~ cells, and B lymphocytes were decreased （P 〈0.05）, and NK cells were increased （P 〈0.001） after the maneuver. Conclusions Following high-intensity military operations, the psychological tolerance of soldiers was depressed. And the hypoadrenocorticism （the functional decreases of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and abnormal pituitary-thyroid axis） contributed to the increased levels of fatigue. Hypoimmunity may increase the susceptibility to diseases after high-intensity military operations.

The Probability Analysis for the Many-Versus-One Guerrilla War

This paper discusses a stochastic duel model between two forces. On one side is the guerrilla(or terrorists) which has only one weapon(or person), and on the other an organized force of some sort which has many weapons. The model is called the many-versus-one guerrilla war. The guerrilla side has a number of advantages such as choice of location and time of engagement, concealment by topography, observation of the intended target, and line of fire. The authors present these advantages in what they believe are a realistic scenario of a duel between the guerrilla force and the organized force. By the four suppositions coinciding with the practical duel background, the paper presents the formulas to calculate the satisfying probability, the weak satisfying probability, and the acceptable probability of the attack side.