Current status of medical support in military operations other than war in domestic and overseas

Objective: To investigate the current status of medical support in military operations other than war (MOOTW) in domestic and overseas. Methods: This paper mainly adopts the descriptive, comparative and induction research methods. The current status of medical support in MOOTW in China, America, Russia, Israel, Canada, had been studied through some official papers, and series of professional books by analysis the precise date in various kinds of emergency event. Results: The contrast shows that there is still a quite huge development in medical support in MOOTW, no matter in China, or in other countries. Conclusion: In order to strengthen the forces, besides building professional rescue teams, it is necessary to take a regular revise of plans, according to missions` needs.

Practice parameters for the use of actigraphy in the military operational context: the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Operational Research Kit-Actigraphy(WORK-A)

Background: The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research(WRAIR) Operational Research Kit-Actigraphy(WORK-A) is a set of unique practice parameters and actigraphy-derived measures for the analysis of operational military sleep patterns. The WORK-A draws on best practices from the literature and comprises 15 additional descriptive variables. Here, we demonstrate the WORK-A with a sample of United States Army Reserve Officers’ Training Corps(ROTC) cadets(n=286) during a month-long capstone pre-commissioning training exercise.Methods: The sleep of ROTC cadets(n=286) was measured by Philips Actiwatch devices during the 31-day training exercise. The preliminary effectiveness of the WORK-A was tested by comparing differences in sleep measures collected by Actiwatches as calculated by Philips Actiware software against WORK-A-determined sleep measures and self-report sleep collected from a subset of ROTC cadets(n=140).Results: Actiware sleep summary statistics were significantly different from WORK-A measures and self-report sleep(P≤0.001). Bedtimes and waketimes as determined by WORK-A major sleep intervals showed the best agreement with self-report bedtime(22:21±1:30 vs. 22:13±0:40, P=0.21) and waketime(04:30±2:17 vs. 04:31±0:47, P=0.68). Though still significantly different, the discrepancy was smaller between the WORK-A measure of time in bed(TIB) for major sleep intervals(352±29) min and self-report nightly sleep duration [(337±57) min, P=0.006] than that between the WORK-A major TIB and Actiware TIB [(177±42) min, P≤0.001].Conclusions: Default actigraphy methods are not the most accurate methods for characterizing soldier sleep, but reliable methods for characterizing operational sleep patterns is a necessary first step in developing strategies to improve soldier readiness. The WORK-A addresses this knowledge gap by providing practice parameters and a robust variety of measures with which to profile sleep behavior in service members.

Brief Cases on Military Treatise of English Translation of The Art of War Based on Functionalist Translation Theory

Katharina Reiss put forward the functionalist translation theory in 1970 s.It promotes the status of the translators and provides options that translators could get in order to make the good translation.As China' s military treasure,The Art of War exerts great influence on the military development for its profound theory and careful logic.Combined with the theory,the paper finds different strategies in translating the military terminology of the cases.

Israel＇s Changing Attitude Toward the Arab National Minority： Between Ben Gurion and Eshkol Military Rule as a Test Case

In August 1963, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the procedure for terminating the martial law in effect since the end of the War of Independence （1948） with regard to Israeli Arabs. Martial law discriminated against Israel＇s Arab minority, as opposed to the majority of Israel＇s society, as part of different issues bound up with this population＇s daily functioning. The aim of the paper is to present the reasons why Eshkol＇s doing away with the martial law stemmed was its ineffectiveness, while the other, and this makes up the core of our concern here, was his changing attitude toward the Arab minority in Israel, by contrast with that of his predecessor, David Ben Gurion The main conclusion of the paper is that even though Eshkol＇s ideas about the Arab minority were not very different from Ben Gurion＇s ideas one insisted on maintaining the military government in Israel, while the other saw this as unnecessary, and so brought it to an end. In August 1963, a few months after assuming office, Israel＇s Prime Minister Levi Eshkol initiated the first steps leading to the annulment of military rulet which had applied to Arabs in the State of Israel ever since the end of the War of Independence （1948）. This process was concluded some three years later. Military rule was lifted in effect on December 1, 1966. In the presentation, the author would like to look into the considerations which prompted Eshkol to take such a step, in light of the fact that his predecessor, Ben Gurion, was a staunch opponent of annulling the military regime, convinced as he was, even after the conclusion of his term in office, that the current state of affairs should remain in effect.

An Exploration of the British Army Female Nursing Service during World War I

After the outbreak of World War I,the British War Office decided to dispatch female nursing personnel to the front lines due to the severe casualties among soldiers,the underdeveloped military medical services of the allied forces,and the maturity of the British Army female nursing service.Despite the harsh working conditions and the complexities of nurse-patient relationships under wartime restrictions,the female nursing staff also experienced moments of leisure that allowed them to relax and recuperate.The wartime British Army Female Nursing Service had a positive effect in reducing casualties and promoting the development of the official nurse registration movement.

A Predator-prey Particle Swarm Optimization Approach to Multiple UCAV Air Combat Modeled by Dynamic Game Theory

Dynamic game theory has received considerable attention as a promising technique for formulating control actions for agents in an extended complex enterprise that involves an adversary. At each decision making step, each side seeks the best scheme with the purpose of maximizing its own objective function. In this paper, a game theoretic approach based on predatorprey particle swarm optimization (PP-PSO) is presented, and the dynamic task assignment problem for multiple unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) in military operation is decomposed and modeled as a two-player game at each decision stage. The optimal assignment scheme of each stage is regarded as a mixed Nash equilibrium, which can be solved by using the PP-PSO. The effectiveness of our proposed methodology is verified by a typical example of an air military operation that involves two opposing forces: the attacking force Red and the defense force Blue. © 2014 Chinese Association of Automation.

War and Peace in Ukraine.A Legal-Linguistic Perspective

The current research overlaps a linguistic and a legal analysis of public international law in the Ukrainian case.Based on both official documents and public declarations,it explains the grounds for the wide range of understandings that the two common concepts-peace and war-may be bearing depending of the angle of looking at the matter and depending on the actor invoking them.The study develops the reasons likely to have been considered by President Putin when insisting to refer to the Russian military action started in Ukraine in February 2022 as“special military operation”instead of“war”and the cardinal difference in terms of legal impact for such a linguistic choice.It also builds on the elements which could serve as a basis for achieving a deal in obtaining peace in Ukraine,while tackling on the possible geopolitical,public communication and diplomatic hurdles,and offering clues for strategic analysis of the matter.

基于NETWARS框架的网络仿真研究

分析研究网络战仿真(NETWARS)体系框架,应用于海上通信网的仿真研究中,提出了通信网络仿真的研究方法,基于0PNET软件对海上通信网的设备、链路、应用业务进行仿真建模和实现,构建海上通信网的仿真模型库;并针对典型场景进行仿真研究,仿真模型的可重用性好,仿真结果可用于通信网络的性能分析和系统体系结构研究的支撑。

Gastrointestinal problems in modern wars: clinical features and possible mechanisms

Gastrointestinal problems are common during wars, and they have exerted significant adverse effects on the health of service members involved in warfare. The spectrum of digestive diseases has varied during wars of different eras. At the end of the 20 th century, new frontiers of military medical research emerged due to the occurrence of high-tech wars such as the Gulf War and the Kosovo War, in which ground combat was no longer the primary method of field operations. The risk to the military personnel who face trauma has been greatly reduced, but disease and non-battle injuries(DNBIs) such as neuropsychological disorders and digestive diseases seemed to be increased. Data revealed that gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and noncardiac chest pain are common among military personnel during modern wars. In addition, a large number of deployed soldiers and veterans who participated in recent wars presented with chronic gastrointestinal complaints, which fulfilled with the Rome III criteria for functional gastrointestinal disorders(FGIDs). It was also noted that many veterans who returned from the Gulf War suffered not only from chronic digestive symptoms but also from neuropsychological dysfunction; however, they also showed symptoms of other systems. Presently, this broad range of unexplained symptoms is known as "Gulf War syndrome". The mechanism that underlies Gulf War syndrome remains unclear, but many factors have been associated with this syndrome such as war trauma, stress, infections, immune dysfunction, radiological factors, anthrax vaccination and so on. Some have questioned if the diagnosis of FGIDs can be reached given the complexity of the military situation. As a result, further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal disease among military personnel.

Agent Blue Spraying in the Mekong Delta during the Vietnam War: Fate of the Arsenic Based Herbicide Weapon Used to Destroy Rice Crop and Mangrove Forests

Agent Blue, a mixture of cacodylic acid (CH3) As O2H) and sodium cacodylate (C2H6 AsNaO2), was a tactical arsenic-based herbicide used during the Vietnam War to destroy grasses and rice crops. Natural and synthetic sources of arsenic can degrade into water-soluble forms and persist in groundwater and potentially contribute to elevating As levels in drinking water. The United States Department of Defense (DOD) and United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) Operation Ranch Hand records for tactical herbicides including Agent Blue sprayed in southern Vietnam during the Vietnam War (1961-1971) are very detailed, rather complete and publicly available. The same is not true for tactical herbicides sprayed by the Republic of Vietnam (RV) during the Khai Quang program which was supported by the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in the Mekong Delta. Agent Blue was sprayed by the RV military for three years before the official start of the American-Vietnam War. Few, if any, RV military, US Army, US Navy and CIA spray records exist from 1962 to 1965. Vietnam War veterans, historians and scholars have reported the spraying of 3.2 million liters (468,008 kg As) of Agent Blue on rice paddies and mangrove forests in the Mekong Delta and Central Highlands by the RV military with the support of the US Army, US Navy and CIA. The Institute of Medicine estimated that 3.2 million liters (468,000 kg As) were sprayed during the RV Khai Quang program. This was in addition to the U.S. Air Force’s Operation Ranch Hand spraying of the tactical herbicide Agent Blue primarily by C-123 aircraft. The Operation Ranch Hand missions maintained location and quantities of herbicides sprayed (over 4,712,000 liters (664,392 kg As) from 1961-1971. The RV military and US military (Army and Navy) spray equipment included hand and backpack sprayers, sprayers mounted on Brown Water Navy boats, on Army track vehicles and Army land-based helicopters and helicopters based on the decks of Blue Water Navy ships. Some of these spray missions were a military secret and spray records were classified or if kept were not maintained. Agent Blue containing cacodylic acid had a short half-life and degraded to water-soluble arsenic, which was released into the surface water and/or leached into the groundwater. Once the water-soluble arsenic leached into the Vietnam Mekong Delta groundwater, the arsenic-rich water was pumped back to the surface by tens of thousands of tube wells for urban and agricultural use. The primary objectives of this research are to explore the conditions during the Vietnam War under which 1) the RV military herbicide spray program with the support of the US Navy, CIA and US Army, and 2) the US Air Force spray program during Operation Ranch Hand may have significantly contributed to the natural and anthropic As spikes found in the Mekong Delta today. The environmental impacts of Agent Blue, on the Menominee River at manufacturing sites in the United States, were studied to identify possible As remediation and mitigation strategies. The lessons previously learned at the manufacturing sites in Wisconsin and Michigan, United States can be considered and applied to the Mekong Delta to help mitigate and remediate the arsenic-rich surface water, soil, sediment and groundwater found in the Mekong Delta.

Masquelet technique in military practice:specificities and future directions for combat-related bone defect reconstruction

Because of its simplicity,reliability,and replicability,the Masquelet induced membrane technique(IMT)has become one of the preferred methods for critical bone defect reconstruction in extremities.Although it is now used worldwide,few studies have been published about IMT in military practice.Bone reconstruction is particularly challenging in this context of care due to extensive soft-tissue injury,early wound infection,and even delayed management in austere conditions.Based on our clinical expertise,recent research,and a literature analysis,this narrative review provides an overview of the IMT application to combat-related bone defects.It presents technical specificities and future developments aiming to optimize IMT outcomes,including for the management of massive multi-tissue defects or bone reconstruction performed in the field with limited resources.

面向战区联合作战的空间需求响应任务规划

针对战区联合作战中的空间需求响应问题,描述了面向战区联合作战的空间需求响应任务规划的背景;从空间资源能力、空间需求响应机制、空间需求响应效益和代价等方面,分析了空间需求响应任务规划所需考虑的主要因素;定义并描述了任务规划模型,设计了任务规划计算方法,并结合战区联合作战实际进行了案例仿真与分析,验证了模型和方法的有效性,为战区联合作战中空间需求的有效响应提供了理论和方法支撑。

抗战时期武术家朱国福武术活动的历史考察

文章运用文献资料、历史研究等方法,通过新史料的发掘,基于政治社会史视角,以有“武状元”之称的著名武术家朱国福为研究对象,对其早年武术行迹与抗战时期武术活动进行历史考察。研究发现,朱国福早年在冀津两地拜师学艺,后从天津至上海从事护院镖客职业;在南京的国术国考夺魁后,他应邀至南京中央国术馆任教务处长。九一八事变后,朱国福为切实实现“练为战”武术思想,辗转至湖南湘西积极投身军队武术训练事业。之后他到重庆,应地方政府官员要求组建重庆市国术馆;七七事变爆发后,为配合战时国民体育政策,朱国福与当地政府和社团紧密合作,通过开展武术竞赛、武术义演与武术培训等活动,努力践行着“强国强种”“武术救国”的抗战事业,在助力军事抗战的同时,亦推动了当地武术事业的发展。朱国福在抗战时期的各种武术活动,不仅体现了武术在战争中所扮演的角色和具有的社会功能,且折射出了近代中国武术在战争影响下日益国家化的演变态势。

系统的情报观到系统的安全观:兵家情报思想探赜

[研究目的]中国传统情报思想已经受到广泛关注,但传统的情报思想究竟折射出何种情报观,并且其背后蕴含何种国家安全意蕴,还需要系统梳理。全景把握古代情报思想,能够为推进新时代国家安全建设提供启示。[研究方法]以中国古代兵家为研究对象,选取《孙子兵法》《六韬》《吴子》三个代表性的兵家著作为具体分析文本,系统提炼兵家的情报观,并从“情报—反情报”“情报—决策—安全”两个维度剖析古代情报观及其背后蕴含的安全观。[研究结论]兵家的情报思想体现出一种从宏观到微观的情报工作体系,包含了“情报工作周期”的各个要素,并构建了情报与安全之间相关关系。总体来看,中国古代情报史仍具有良好的现代价值,在提升国家安全工作效能方面具有重要借鉴作用。

战时从军日记的甲午战争书写——以佐川和辅《日清战争从军记》为中心

扩充史料或再读史料是继续推进和突破现有甲午战争史研究的一个较为踏实和可靠的研究路向。尽管甲午战争相关的日记类文献存量较少,且公开有限,但其深具“个体生命体验”的独特视角,可在一定程度上增益或弥补基于官方档案“主流叙述”的不足。本文通过对一个普通参战士兵佐川和辅所撰写的《日清战争从军记》的个案解读及由此衍生出的相关问题进行讨论,希冀对“甲午战争史像”愈加具体、生动、丰富和立体地呈现有所小补。

十六国时期战争中的军粮问题研究

以十六国时期战争中的军粮问题为研究对象,考察了战前军粮筹备、战时军粮供给对战争的影响。认为粮食对根据地的选择有制约作用;军粮补给状况是交战双方制定相应征讨策略的重要依据;军粮供应危机的化解是战争能否取胜的关键。十六国时期,征战双方在军粮问题上展开的一系列颉颃,展现了军粮在战争中的复杂性和丰富性。

历史语义学视角下孙子兵学的核心概念:“兵”“将”“计”“战”“攻”“胜”

孙子兵学作为一个理论体系,建构于一系列核心概念。这些核心概念主要包括“兵”“将”“计”“战”“攻”“胜”六个词语。“兵”指军队和战争;“将”指将领,是用兵作战的军事主官;“计”指计算、计谋,是战争决策和实施的原则和方法;“战”即野战,亦指会战、决战;“攻”指进攻、攻击,或指攻城作战;“胜”即胜利,多指预测性的胜利。每一个词语加上前缀或后缀,又分别构成一组核心概念。孙子以这些核心概念为基础,系统论述战争、战争指导和军队建设问题,并把战争指导原则和方法置于核心位置,从而具有鲜明的军事谋略特质。所以准确地说,《孙子兵法》主要是一部军事谋略著作。

黄埔元老郑洞国——纪念黄埔军校建校100周年

郑洞国的军旅生涯是从国共合作的黄埔军校开始的。北伐期间他深切感受到共产党领导的民众运动的强大力量,但他一直把校长蒋介石作为革命领导者来拥戴,在国民党右派发动“清共”后继续留在国民党军队里。随着日本加紧侵华、民族矛盾上升,有着爱国情怀的郑洞国率部奋起抗日,在长城古北口、台儿庄、昆仑关等地不断抗击日军。后指挥中国驻印军反攻日军,为收复缅北及支援整个缅甸战场作出了贡献。1948年春,郑洞国受命困守长春对抗解放军,10月18日,在长春西城率部4.7万人投诚。之后在共产党的帮助下逐渐转向人民立场。中华人民共和国成立后,历任国防委员会委员,全国政协委员、常委,国民党革命委员会副主席,黄埔军校同学会副会长,为祖国统一民族振兴做了许多有益的工作。老一辈无产阶级革命家毛泽东、周恩来、徐向前、聂荣臻等人都做过郑洞国的工作,从郑洞国身上,可以看到党的统战政策的巨大感召力和影响力。

美军及北约联合作战信息交互标准研究

信息交互是联合作战体系的神经系统,它连接了每一个作战单元,确保了从战术行动到战略决策的连贯性和高效性。在信息化战争时代,拥有先进信息交互能力的作战部队能够更好地应对复杂多变的战场挑战,实现军事任务目标。本文基于信息交互概念,总结了信息交互的相关概念内涵,通过分析MIL-HDBK-524《可互操作系统管理与需求转换(IS MART)过程》和北约APP-15《北约信息交互要求程序》,归纳了联合作战信息交互标准文件的生成和管理过程,为开展联合作战信息交互标准化工作提供参考。

智能化对弈:军用人工智能对现代战争攻防平衡的重塑

当前,人工智能发展取得了重大进步并加速向军事领域延伸,军用人工智能已成为各国发展自身军事力量的重要动力。攻防理论以攻防平衡为核心概念、以技术和军事任务执行能力为关注焦点,是结构现实主义的重要分支理论。军用人工智能通过提高军事能力、影响军事战略制定和军事组织形态、推动军队作战方式和指挥方式改变、强化军队综合保障能力,引发了攻防能力的深刻变化。大国之间军用人工智能水平和能力的对比变化远高于常规军事力量,这使得强弱方的更替明显加速、攻防平衡的稳定性减弱。在这一情况下,智能赋能为国家创造了更多打破均衡、突破传统攻防作战极限的可能性与优势,丰富了攻防理论的研究论域。